新生血管与新生血管生长因子

眼科临床上.糖尿病性视网膜病变、视网膜中央静脉阻塞,老年性黄瑗变性等疾病常常导致视网膜缺血。从而引起视网膜、视神经乳头和虹膜新生血管形成,以至新生血管性背光眼的发生.经过大量的研究。现认为视网膜循坏障碍与细胞的缺血、缺氧、会使缺氧的的细胞产生新生血管生长因子.它诱发眼内新生血管的形成.而对这类疾病.临床上常常缺乏有效的治疗措施.最近许多新生血管生长因子已被分离。从而为临床上预防和治疗新生血管性疾病特别是新生血管性青光眼提供了帮助。本文现就关于新生血管生长因子研究的过去、     

MicroRNA调节视网膜新生血管研究进展

视网膜新生血管是导致失明的主要原因之一,近年来研究表明,血管新生与多种生长因子有着密切的关系,microRNA(miRNA)可能调控这些生长因子的表达.一些miRNA被证明与视网膜新生血管关系密切,例如miR-31、miR-150、miR-184、miR-200 b、miR-126等,它们通过影响相应靶基因的表调控血管新生.miRNA类似物或拮抗物调控血管新生相关因子的已逐渐成为新生血管疾病的治疗新策略,本文对此进行相关综述.     

肝细胞生长因子与视网膜新生血管形成

视网膜新生血管形成可造成眼部多种组织成分的广泛损害,已成为世界范围的致盲性疾病.其发生及发展过程复杂,需要多种因素参与,包括多种生长因子的相互作用等.肝细胞生长因子（HGF）作为多效性生长因子,对新生血管形成的作用逐渐被认识.本文主要探讨HGF在视网膜新生血管发病机制中的作用以及与血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）的关系.     

肝细胞生长因子与视网膜新生血管形成

视网膜新生血管形成可造成眼部多种组织成分的广泛损害,已成为世界范围的致盲性疾病。其发生及发展过程复杂,需要多种因素参与,包括多种生长因子的相互作用等。肝细胞生长因子(HGF)作为多效性生长因子,对新生血管形成的作用逐渐被认识。本文主要探讨HGF在视网膜新生血管发病机制中的作用以及与血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)的关系。     

内皮祖细胞与视网膜新生血管

视网膜新生血管可见于多种眼部疾病,是引起视力损害的重要原因之一.新近研究发现,循环中的血管内皮祖细胞在视网膜新生血管的形成中起重要作用,并影响新生血管的严重程度.这一发现为视网膜新生血管的防治提供了新思路.针对血管内皮祖细胞的动员、趋化和黏附等治疗视网膜新生血管的方法正在探索中.     

间充质干细胞来源外泌体对视网膜新生血管影响的研究进展

视网膜新生血管形成是许多视网膜疾病的病理特征,例如早产儿视网膜病变和糖尿病视网膜病变,可导致严重的视力丧失甚至失明。抑制视网膜新生血管形成是治疗这些视网膜疾病的治疗策略。目前,已存在几种抑制视网膜新生血管形成的治疗策略,包括激光封闭、抑制血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)以及干细胞的移植等。随着干细胞研究的深入,发现干细胞治疗尽管潜力极大,但亦存在如移植细胞的低生存力,先天异质性等技术障碍,目前研究发现来源于间充质干细胞(MSCs)的外泌体具有与MSCs相似的功能,且尺寸小、易于通过生物膜,为细胞治疗提供了一种新思路,本文就外泌体对视网膜新生血管疾病的最新进展作一综述。     

抗VEGF治疗在儿童眼底病中的应用

血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)是胚胎时期眼球发育过程中血管形成的关键介质,也是在多种眼科疾病中引起视网膜新生血管形成和血管通透性改变的重要因子。随着抗VEGF治疗在成人的应用逐渐成熟,越来越多的研究关注于抗VEGF治疗在儿童眼底病的应用,包括早产儿视网膜病变(ROP)、Coats病、家族性渗出性玻璃体视网膜病变(FEVR)、色素失禁症相关视网膜病变、镰状细胞视网膜病、视网膜母细胞瘤及各种病因引起的脉络膜新生血管等。本文将对抗VEGF在这些眼底病中的应用现状作一综述。     

视网膜血管性疾病患者玻璃体液中血管内皮生长因子和肿瘤坏死因子-α的含量测定

新生血管形成导致的玻璃体积血、牵引性视网膜脱离是引起增生型糖尿病视网膜病变(PDR)、视网膜分支静脉阻塞(BRVO)等视网膜血管性疾病患者视力丧失的主要原因[1].血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)是目前已知最强的致血管通透因子,临床上应用抗VEGF药物治疗新生血管形成取得了一定疗效[2.但新生血管形成受体内多种细胞因子的调控,单纯抗VEGF治疗并不能完全抑制病理性新生血管形成[3].     

促红细胞生成素在眼部新生血管疾病发病中的作用

眼部新生血管是一组难治性致盲性眼病的共同临床表现.多种促新生血管因子是其发病的主要机制.促红细胞生成素(erythropoietin,EPO)不仅具有调节红细胞生成的作用,也是一种促新生血管因子,在生理和病理性血管形成过程中起重要作用.EPO在角膜新生血管、视网膜新生血管等形成过程中表达增加,在氧诱导的视网膜新生血管动物模型中,阻断EPO信号可以抑制新生血管形成.这些研究提示EPO在眼部新生血管疾病中起重要作用,有望成为治疗眼部新生血管的新靶点.     

糖尿病视网膜病变相关细胞因子的研究进展

糖尿病视网膜病变是一种发生进行性视力损害的糖尿病并发症,其特征是毛细血管闭锁,微循环障碍和局部缺血性视网膜新生血管形成,其确切的发病机制尚不清楚.目前对糖尿病视网膜病变发病机制的研究已经深入到细胞因子的分子生物学水平,本文就血管内皮生长因子、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子、转化生长因子-β等多种细胞因子在糖尿病视网膜病变中的作用进行综述.     

Placental growth factor and its potential role in diabetic retinopathy and other ocular neovascular diseases

The role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), including in retinal vascular diseases, has been well studied, and pharmacological blockade of VEGF is the gold standard of treatment for neovascular age‐related macular degeneration, retinal vein occlusion and diabetic macular oedema. Placental growth factor (PGF, previously known as PlGF), a homologue of VEGF, is a multifunctional peptide associated with angiogenesis‐dependent pathologies in the eye and non‐ocular conditions. Animal studies using genetic modification and pharmacological treatment have demonstrated a mechanistic role for PGF in pathological angiogenesis. Inhibition decreases neovascularization and microvascular abnormalities across different models, including oxygen‐induced retinopathy, laser‐induced choroidal neovascularization and in diabetic mice exhibiting retinopathies. High levels of PGF have been found in the vitreous of patients with diabetic retinopathy. Despite these strong animal data, the exact role of PGF in pathological angiogenesis in retinal vascular diseases remains to be defined, and the benefits of PGF‐specific inhibition in humans with retinal neovascular diseases and macular oedema remain controversial. Comparative effectiveness research studies in patients with diabetic retinal disease have shown that treatment that inhibits both VEGF and PGF may provide superior outcomes in certain patients compared with treatment that inhibits only VEGF. This review summarizes current knowledge of PGF, including its relationship to VEGF and its role in pathological angiogenesis in retinal diseases, and identifies some key unanswered questions about PGF that can serve as a pathway for future basic, translational and clinical research.     

Platelet derived growth factor inhibitors: A potential therapeutic approach for ocular neovascularization

Retinochoroidal vascular diseases are the leading causes of blindness in the developed world. They include diabetic retinopathy (DR), retinal vein occlusion, retinopathy of prematurity, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and pathological myopia, among many others. Several different therapies are currently under consideration for the aforementioned disorders. In the following section, agents targeting platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) are discussed as a potential therapeutic option for retinochoroidal vascular diseases. PDGF plays an important role in the angiogenesis cascade that is activated in retinochoroidal vascular diseases. The mechanism of action, side effects, efficacy, and the potential synergistic role of these agents in combination with other treatment options is discussed. The future of treatment of retinochoroidal vascular diseases, particularly AMD, has become more exciting due to agents such as PDGF antagonists.     

色素上皮衍生因子及其治疗视网膜新生血管性疾病的研究进展

视网膜新生血管（RNV）是目前最主要的致盲病因之一,迄今为止,尚无特效治愈方法。色素上皮衍生因子（PEDF）是新近发现的一种有效的眼内新生血管天然抑制剂,对新生血管的形成和发展起着重要的调控作用。有研究结果表明,应用PEDF重组蛋白或PEDF的眼内基因转移可以显著抑制RNV的形成,这为糖尿病性视网膜病变、早产儿视网膜病变及视网膜中央静脉阻塞等视网膜新生血管性疾病的治疗开辟了崭新的途径。因此,有必要就PEDF的生物学概况、对新生血管抑制作用的特点和机制及其在视网膜新生血管防治中的应用前景进行综述。（中华眼科杂志,2007,43：1043．1047）     

Vascular endothelial growth factor and its inhibitor in age-related macular degeneration

Intraocular angiogenesis is considered the leading cause for severe loss of vision, and contributes to many ocular diseases such as neovascular age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and retinopathy of prematurity, the main causes of blindness in developed countries.¹ An enormous body of work has demonstrated that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a prominent role as mediator in the procedure of pathological angiogenesis. This makes VEGF a potential target for the medical therapies of retinal angiogenesis and some clinical trials have proved the efficacy of anti-VEGF strategies. This review evaluates the role of VEGF in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration and provides an overview of recent developments in therapeutic modalities.     

The unfolded protein response in retinal vascular diseases: Implications and therapeutic potential beyond protein folding

Angiogenesis is a complex, step-wise process of new vessel formation that is involved in both normal embryonic development as well as postnatal pathological processes, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. Aberrant blood vessel growth, also known as neovascularization, in the retina and the choroid is a major cause of vision loss in severe eye diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinopathy of prematurity, and central and branch retinal vein occlusion. Yet, retinal neovascularization is causally and dynamically associated with vasodegeneration, ischemia, and vascular remodeling in retinal tissues. Understanding the mechanisms of retinal neovascularization is an urgent unmet need for developing new treatments for these devastating diseases. Accumulating evidence suggests a vital role for the unfolded protein response (UPR) in regulation of angiogenesis, in part through coordinating the secretion of pro-angiogenic growth factors, such as VEGF, and modulating endothelial cell survival and activity. Herein, we summarize current research in the context of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and UPR signaling in retinal angiogenesis and vascular remodeling, highlighting potential implications of targeting these stress response pathways in the prevention and treatment of retinal vascular diseases that result in visual deficits and blindness.     

增殖性视网膜病变与血管新生的研究进展

增殖性视网膜病变,如增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变(proliferativediabeticretinopathy,PDR),早产儿视网膜病变(retinopathyof prematurity,ROP)等,是致盲的主要原因。这类疾病的病理特点是视网膜前血管过度生长,引发纤维瘢痕形成,最终导致视网膜脱离。这种不正常和不成比例的血管过度生成是一种代偿机制,用以克服早期阶段的微血管退化和恢复缺氧视网膜的代谢平衡。迄今为止,治疗方式很大程度上依赖于外科侵入性干预。在本篇综述中,我们以血管新生为中心,对这类疾病的发生机制和治疗策略进行深入讨论。