Trends in the indications for and short-term outcomes of cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy

BackgroundCytoreductive surgery (CRS) with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) is an increasingly utilized strategy for patients with peritoneal surface malignancies (PSM).MethodsThe US HIPEC Collaborative was retrospectively reviewed to compare the indications and perioperative outcomes of patients who underwent CRS ± HIPEC between 2000 and 2012 (P1) versus 2013–2017 (P2).ResultsAmong 2,364 patients, 39% were from P1 and 61% from P2. The most common primary site was appendiceal (64%) while the median PCI was 13 and most patients had CCR 0 (60%) or 1 (25%). Over time, median estimated blood loss, need for transfusion, and length of hospital stay decreased. While the incidence of any (55% vs. 57%; p = 0.426) and Clavien III/IV complications did not change over time, there was a decrease in 90-day mortality (5% vs. 3%; p = 0.045).ConclusionCRS-HIPEC is increasingly performed for PSM at high-volume centers. Despite improvements in some perioperative outcomes and a reduction in postoperative mortality, morbidity rates remain high.     

肿瘤细胞减灭术联合腹腔内热灌注化疗的围麻醉期管理

背景 肿瘤细胞减灭术联合腹腔内热灌注化疗(cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy,CRS-HIPEC)用于治疗腹膜表面恶性肿瘤(peritoneal surface malignancies,PSM)正发挥越来越重要的作用...     

The independent oncological role for cytoreductive nephrectomy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: Prognostic features in the era of targeted therapies

Objectives

To describe the effects of cytoreductive nephrectomy (CN) on the natural course of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). CN appears to stabilize metastatic lesions in mRCC in a subgroup of patients and we hypothesize that systemic treatment might be deferred in these patients with stable disease after CN.

The perioperative course and anesthetic challenge for cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy

BackgroundCytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) by the closed technique provide a promising therapeutic option for highly selected patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis. CRS with HIPEC is a long and complex procedure with significant blood and fluid loss, hemodynamic, hematological, and metabolic alterations in the perioperative period, with resultant morbidity and mortality. This work was done to evaluate our early experience in anesthesia and early postoperative care for these cases.Patients and methodsThis retrospective study was done on 13 patients for CRS and HIPEC, with intraoperative and early postoperative recording and evaluation of the fluid and blood losses and replacement, changes in hemodynamic, metabolic, and respiratory parameters and any complications happened.ResultsOur data demonstrated high fluid and blood losses during CRS. During HIPEC, raised body temperature, increased central venous pressure and airway pressure, increased arterial partial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO₂), decreased ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure/fractional inspired oxygen (P_aO₂/F_iO₂), and increased serum lactate were recorded. These were associated with hemodynamic, metabolic, and respiratory acidosis. The patients were continuing resuscitation and correction of any derangements in intensive care unit.ConclusionCRS and HIPEC have become standard treatment for certain peritoneal surface malignancies. This extended surgery is considered a challenge for the anesthetist. It is associated with relevant fluid, blood, and protein losses, together with hemodynamic, respiratory, and metabolic derangements. However, these derangements are short lived and could be controlled by continuous monitoring and rapid intervention.     

The volume-time index (VTI) is prognostic in patients with colorectal cancer peritoneal metastases undergoing cytoreductive surgery and intraperitoneal chemotherapy

BackgroundPeritoneal cancer index (PCI) is an important prognostic factor in colorectal cancer peritoneal metastases (CRPM), however it fails to consider the time period over which disease burden develops. The volume-time index (VTI) is the ratio between PCI and time from primary tumour resection.MethodsA retrospective cohort study of 182 patients managed from 1996 to 2017 was performed.ResultsAs stratified by high vs low VTI groups, median overall survival (OS) was 23 months (95% 17–46) vs 44 months (95% 35–72) with a difference in 5-year OS of 20.3% (95%CI 10.2–40.4) vs 40.1% (95%CI 29.7–54.1), p = 0.002. No difference in 5-year recurrence free survival (RFS) exists. On multivariable analysis, an elevated VTI was independently associated with poorer OS (adjusted HR 3.20, 95%CI 1.64–6.23, p < 0.001) and RFS (adjusted HR 1.90, 95%CI 1.10–3.29, p = 0.02).ConclusionVTI is an independent prognostic factor for OS and RFs in patients with CRPM undergoing CRS/IPC, behaving as a surrogate of tumour aggressiveness.     

Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy after cytoreductive surgery for the treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis in pediatric solid malignancies: a single institution experience

Background

Peritoneal carcinomatosis from abdominal tumors is an uncommon condition in children usually associated with dismal prognosis. Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) following complete macroscopic surgery has been demonstrated to be safe and of benefit in selected cases. Experience in pediatrics is scarce.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the medical files of patients under the age of 18 years with an abdominal malignancy and peritoneal carcinomatosis who had been treated with HIPEC in our institution between March 2001 and April 2012. HIPEC had been administered using the open technique with oxaliplatin (300 mg/m²) and irinotecan (200 mg/m²) or oxaliplatin alone (460 mg/m²) in the peritoneal cavity for 30 minutes at 43 °C and an intravenous perfusion of leucovorin (20 mg/m²) and 5-fluorouracil (400 mg/m²).

Results

Nine patients had undergone HIPEC. Grade 3–4 complications had occurred in seven patients and were intraabdominal (n = 3) or extraabdominal (n = 8). No procedure-related deaths had occurred. Four patients are alive and in complete remission after a median follow-up of 4.9 years (1.7–9.6). However one relapsed after HIPEC and required additional salvage therapy.

Conclusions

HIPEC could be considered in patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis from primary abdominal tumors. Its complications are manageable by an experienced multidisciplinary team. There are four long-term survivors, one after a relapse.     

肿瘤细胞减灭术联合腹腔热灌注化疗治疗腹膜癌1384例疗效分析

目的腹膜癌是一类原发或继发于腹膜表面的恶性肿瘤,肿瘤细胞减灭术(CRS)加腹腔热灌注化疗(HIPEC)是针对腹膜癌发展的一套综合治疗策略。本文旨在分析CRS+HIPEC治疗腹膜癌的疗效和安全性,并探讨影响其生存的预后因素。方法采用描述性病例系列研究方法,回顾性收集2004年1月至2020年1月武汉大学中南医院(330例)和首都医科大学附属北京世纪坛医院(1054例)腹膜肿瘤外科连续治疗的1384例腹膜癌患者的临床病理资料。分析本组患者CRS+HIPEC治疗情况(手术时间、器官切除数量、腹膜切除数量、吻合口数量、HIPEC方案等)、安全性[术中出血量、术后严重不良事件(SAE)及发生时间、治疗情况]、生存情况及影响生存的预后因素。SAE依照国际腹膜癌联盟不良事件定义进行分级,将Ⅲ~Ⅳ级不良事件定义为SAE。围手术期定义为CRS+HIPEC治疗日至术后30 d。OS定义为CRS+HIPEC手术当日至死亡或末次随访时间,采用Kaplan-Meier法进行生存结果描述,组间比较采用Log-rank检验。影响生存的独立预后因素则采用Cox比例风险回归模型单因素和多因素分析。结果全组患者中男529例(38.2%),中位年龄55(10~87)岁,中位体质指数为22.6 kg/m²。1384例腹膜癌患者中来源于胃癌164例(11.8%),结直肠癌287例(20.7%),腹膜假黏液瘤356例(25.7%),腹膜恶性间皮瘤90例(6.5%),卵巢癌、宫颈癌、子宫内膜癌及原发性腹膜癌等共计300例(21.7%),腹膜后肉瘤、肺癌、乳腺癌等少见来源肿瘤187例(13.5%)。本组患者中位手术时间595(90~1170)min,中位脏器切除数2(0~10)个,中位腹膜切除区域数4(0~9)个,中位腹膜癌指数(PCI)评分21(1~39)分,细胞减灭程度(CC)评分0~1分达61.9%(857/1384)。HIPEC方案:顺铂+多西他赛917例(66.3%)、顺铂+丝裂霉素183例(13.2%)、阿霉素+异环磷酰胺43例(3.1%)及其他方案240例(17.3%)。331例(23.9%)腹膜癌患者发生围手术期严重不良事件500例次,其中21例(1.5%)患者因治疗无效于围手术期内死亡,其余患者经积极治疗后痊愈。全组患者中位随访时间为8.6(0.3~182.7)个月,414例(29.9%)死亡,mOS为38.2个月(95%CI:30.6~45.8),1、3、5年生存率分别为73.5%、50.4%、39.3%。其中,胃癌腹膜转移、结直肠癌腹膜转移、腹膜假黏液瘤、恶性腹膜间皮瘤和妇科肿瘤及原发性腹膜癌患者mOS分别为11.3个月(95%CI:8.9~13.8)、18.1个月(95%CI:13.5~22.6)、59.7个月(95%CI:48.0~71.4)、19.5个月(95%CI:6.0~33.0)和51.7个月(95%CI:14.6~88.8),组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。Cox单因素和多因素分析显示,原发肿瘤为胃癌(HR=4.639,95%CI:1.692~12.724)、结直肠癌(HR=4.292,95%CI:1.957~9.420)和恶性腹膜间皮瘤(HR=2.741,95%CI:1.162~6.466);卡氏功能状态(KPS)评分为60分(HR=4.606,95%CI:2.144~9.895)、70分(HR=3.434,95%CI:1.977~5.965);CC评分为1分(HR=2.683,95%CI:1.440~4.999)、2~3分(HR=3.661,95%CI:1.956~6.852)以及围手术期发生SAE(HR=2.588,95%CI:1.846~3.629)均是影响本组腹膜癌患者生存的独立危险因素,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论CRS+HIPEC是针对腹膜癌有效的整合治疗技术,可延长生存,围手术期安全性可接受。术前需要严格筛选病例,KPS评分<80分者应慎重选择接受CRS+HIPEC治疗;术中应在保证安全的前提下,努力达到满意细胞减灭程度;另还要应积极预防围手术期SAE以降低腹膜癌患者死亡风险。     

腹膜假性黏液瘤减瘤术后腹腔热灌注化疗疗效与安全性的文献复习

目的评估腹腔热灌注化疗（HIPC）对于预防与治疗腹膜假性黏液瘤（PMP）减瘤术后复发的疗效和安全性。方法在PubMed等数据库中检索2010年以前发表的相关文献．根据评估方案综合研究结果。结果通过文献的纳入、排除标准和质量评估。最终有11篇文献入选。入选文献中的患者中位随访时间22。60个月;中位生存期25．6～156．0个月;1、2、3、5和10年的生存率分别为72％～100％、55％～96％、59％～96％、52％～96％和55％～96％。减瘤术后HIPC化疗药物不良反应发生率为2％～15％,围手术期死亡率为0～7％。结论PMP患者减瘤术后予以HIPC治疗安全、有效．     

完全肿瘤细胞减灭术是改善结直肠癌腹膜转移患者预后的关键——评述PROPHYLOCHIP和PRODIGE 7研究

腹膜转移是结直肠癌治疗领域的热点和难点,NCCN指南和PSOGI推荐肿瘤细胞减灭术（CRS）加腹腔热灌注化疗（HIPEC）治疗轻中度结直肠癌腹膜转移。在CRS+HIPEC治疗结直肠癌腹膜转移领域,腹膜转移高风险患者行二次探查+HIPEC是否有生存获益,以及HIPEC在该整合治疗体系中的价值,是两个争议已久的重要问题。针...     

肿瘤细胞减灭术联合腹腔热灌注化疗能否提高结直肠癌腹膜转移患者生存率的Meta分析

目的:探究肿瘤细胞减灭术（CRS）联合腹腔热灌注化疗（HIPEC）能否提高结直肠癌腹膜转移患者的生存率。方法:从PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Library以及CNKI、万方、维普六个数据库中检索腹膜转移的相关文献,并手动检索了法国Elias团队关于腹膜转移的研究。文献纳入标准：（1）研究对象为结直肠癌...     

Peritoneal carcinomatosis in patients with gastric cancer,and the role for surgical resection,cytoreductive surgery,and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy

BackgroundThe aims of this study were to create a model of peritoneal carcinomatosis in patients with gastric cancer and to evaluates outcomes in patients with gastric cancer treated using surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC).MethodsA single-institution cohort of patients with gastric cancer was analyzed according to the development of gastric cancer with peritoneal carcinomatosis (GCPC). Variables were evaluated using regression analysis. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to evaluate outcomes after surgical resection, cytoreductive surgery, and HIPEC.ResultsAge ≤60 years and local tumor stage (T3/T4) were significantly associated with GCPC (odds ratio, 3.95 and 3.94, respectively). Thirty-six-month survival was 57% for patients without peritoneal disease and 39% for patients with GCPC. There was no significant trend of improved survival after surgical management or HIPEC.ConclusionsAge ≤60 years and T3/T4 tumor stage are risk factors for GCPC. Intermediate-term survival of patients with GCPC treated with surgical resection or cytoreductive surgery and HIPEC was not improved, though future research should address the possible benefits of aggressive approaches to the treatment of GCRC.     

Evolution of locoregional treatment for peritoneal carcinomatosis: single-center experience of 308 procedures of cytoreductive surgery and perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy

Background

Peritoneal carcinomatosis imposes an enormous clinical burden to the oncologic community. This study reports the patterns of care of the locoregional approach of cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy as a curative procedure for peritoneal carcinomatosis from the experience of a single tertiary center in Australia.

Methods

We performed a review of clinical records from a prospective database of patients who were treated at the St George Hospital Peritoneal Surface Malignancy Program according to a standard protocol.

Results

A total of 308 CRS were performed in 249 patients with peritoneal surface malignancy; the mean age was 53 years and 55% were women. Over the years, we expanded the age limit for treatment (P = .03), reduced intensive care unit stays (P = .04), reduced amount of blood transfusion (P = .03), treated patients with a higher peritoneal cancer index (P < .001), achieved higher rates of complete cytoreduction (P = .003), increased use of PIC (P < .001), and improved complication rate (P = .02) and mortality rate (P = .01). The median survival of patients treated over the years also improved (P = .001).

Conclusions

We show the maturity of the treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis with CRS and perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy in our institution after an initial learning curve with expansion of the selection criteria, improved perioperative outcomes, improved surgical results, and long-term survival outcomes.     

细胞减灭术加腹腔热灌注化疗治疗胃癌腹膜转移癌

目的 观察细胞减灭术(CRS)加腹腔热灌注化疗(HIPEC)治疗胃癌腹膜转移癌(PC)的疗效和安全性.方法 取成年雄性新西兰大白兔42只,将VX2癌细胞注入胃窦部黏膜下,制成溃疡型胃癌PC模型,随机分为空白组(n=14)、单纯CRS组(n=14)、CRS+HIPEC组(n=14).种瘤后第8～9天行治疗,HIPEC药物为多西紫杉醇(10 mg/只)、卡铂(40 mg/只),42 ℃腹腔灌注30 min.主要疗效指标为生存期,次要疗效指标为体质量、生化指标及安全性.结果 模型制作成功率100%(42/42).空白组动物生存期18～30 d(中位数24 d);单纯CRS组20～40 d(中位数27 d);CRS+HIPEC组23～55 d(中位数46 d)(单纯CRS组比空白组比较,P＞0.05;CRS+HIPEC组比单纯CRS组,P＜0.01).与CRS组比较,HIPEC至少能使生存期延长70%.体质量变化趋势提示HIPEC可延缓肿瘤所致的体质量减轻.各组动物种瘤前、术前及术后第8天外周血细胞计数及血生化指标差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 对胃癌PC大动物模型,CRS不能改善预后,而CRS+HIPEC能显著延长生存期,安全可行.

Abstract：

Objective To study the efficacy and safety of cytoreductive surgery (CRS) with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) to treat rabbit model of gastric cancer with peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC).Methods VX2 tumor cells were injected into the gastric submucosa of 42 adult male New Zealand rabbits using a laparotomic implantation technique,to construct rabbit model of gastric cancer with PC.The rabbits were randomly divided into three groups:control group (n = 14),CRS group (n = 14),and CRS + HIPEC group (n = 14 ).The rabbits in control group were observed for natural course of disease progression.Treatments were initiated 8 or 9 days after inoculation of tumor cells,including optimal removal of tumor nodules in CRS group,and maximal removal of tumor nodules and heperthermic chemoperfusion in the CRS + HIPEC group with docetaxel (10 mg/rabbit ) and carboplatin (40 mg/rabbit) at 42 ℃ for 30 min.The primary endpoint was overall survival.The secondary endpoints were body weight,biochemistry,major organ functions and serious adverse events.Results The success rates of rabbit PC model were 100% (42/42).The clinicopathological feature of the model was similar to peritoneal carcinomatosis in human.Overall survival was 18-30 days ( median 24 days) in control group,20-40 days ( median 27 days) in CRS group,and 23-55 days ( median 46 days) in CRS plus HIPEC group ( CRS alone group VS control group,P ＞ 0.05;CRS + HIPEC group vs pure CRS group,P ＜ 0.01 ).As compared with CRS only or control groups,HIPEC could extend the overall survival by at least 70%.At the baseline,on the day of surgery and 7 days after surgery,the count of peripheral blood cells,liver and renal functions,and biochemistry parameters were all comparable.Serious adverse events occurred in 0 animal in control group,2 animals in CRS group including 1 animal died of anesthesia overdose and another 1died of postoperative hemorrhage,and 3 animals in CRS + HIPEC group including 1 animal died of anesthesia overdose,and 2 died of diarrhea 23 and 27 days after operation.Conclusion For rabbit model of gastric cancer PC,CRS alone could not bring benefit while CPS + HIPEC with docetaxel and cisplatin could significantly prolong the survival with a acceptable safety.     

肿瘤细胞减灭术联合腹腔热灌注化疗术后肺部并发症的影响因素

目的 探讨肿瘤细胞减灭术联合腹腔热灌注化疗术（HIPEC）患者术后肺部并发症（PPCs）的危险因素,并构建列线图和单变量偏依赖图。
方法 收集2019年1月至2020年6月行肿瘤细胞减灭术联合腹腔热灌注化疗298例患者的临床资料,男122例,女176例,年龄18~80岁,BMI>18 kg/m²,ASA Ⅰ—Ⅲ级。采用逐步回归分析筛选PPCs的影响因素,建立Logistic回归模型并绘制列线图。
结果 有106例（35.6%）患者发生PPCs。逐步回归分析显示,手术时间（OR=1.383, 95%CI 1.022~1.943）、失血量（OR=1.003, 95%CI 1.001~1.005）、红细胞输注量（OR=0.997, 95%CI 0.994~0.999）、进行液体管理时参考的每搏变异度（SVV）值（OR=0.034, 95%CI 0.009~0.089）是PPCs的影响因素。将上述影响因素纳入Logistic回归模型构建列线图,R2=0.912;拟合优度检验χ²=10.673,P=0.2209;C-Index=0.991;准确度=0.9799;Kappa=0.9563;F1值=0.972。
结论 肿瘤细胞减灭术联合HIPEC患者PPCs的影响因素为手术时间、失血量、红细胞输注量和SVV值。列线图预测模型具有良好的区分度与准确度,能很好地运用于肿瘤细胞减灭术联合HIPEC患者PPCs的预测。     

Survival after cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for colorectal peritoneal metastases: A systematic review and discussion of latest controversies

IntroductionPeritoneal metastases confer the worst survival amongst all sites of metastatic colorectal cancer. The adoption of cytoreductive surgery (CRS) with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) has become an option for patients with isolated colorectal peritoneal metastases (CRPM). The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes following CRS and HIPEC for CRPM from published high volume cohort studies and to highlight the latest controversies and future directions of CRPM treatment.Materials and methodsA systematic review was performed on published studies on the treatment outcomes of CRS and HIPEC for colorectal peritoneal metastases.ResultsTwenty studies met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review. The median survival for all patients ranged from 14.6 to 60.1 months. The 5-year overall survival ranged from 23.4% to 52%. For patients with complete cytoreduction, the median survival was 25 to 49 months. Major morbidity and mortality ranged from 15.1% to 47.2% and 0% to 4.5%, respectively.ConclusionCRS and HIPEC for the treatment of CRPM is safe and current evidence suggests it improves both median and disease-free survival. However, the efficacy of intraperitoneal chemotherapy, in particular oxaliplatin, has recently come under scrutiny. Accordingly, higher quality evidence is urgently required to contribute to multidisciplinary and international consensus on CRPM treatment strategies.     

Intraoperative macroscopic tumour consistency is associated with overall survival after cytoreductive surgery and intraperitoneal chemotherapy for appendiceal adenocarcinoma with peritoneal metastases: A retrospective observational study

Background

This study examines the impact of intraoperative macroscopic tumour consistency on short-term and long-term outcomes after cytoreductive surgery (CRS) with intraperitoneal chemotherapy (IPC) for appendiceal adenocarcinoma with peritoneal metastases.

The incidence of cisplatin nephrotoxicity post hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) and cytoreductive surgery

Background: Cisplatin is commonly used in hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) for the management of peritoneal carcinomatosis. Little is known about the nephrotoxic effects of cisplatin use in HIPEC. Objectives: To report the incidence of nephrotoxicity post-HIPEC using cisplatin 50?mg/m² plus doxorubicin 15?mg/m². The incidence of hypomagnesemia was investigated as a secondary endpoint. Methods: This is a retrospective study evaluating patients who received cisplatin with doxorubicin during HIPEC. RIFLE classification was used to assess the development of nephrotoxicity. Variables, such as comorbidities and nephrotoxic medications were obtained. Renal function parameters were also collected, including serum creatinine levels and serum magnesium levels at baseline and at days 3, 7 and 30 after HIPEC. Perioperative urine output (UO) was also recorded. Results: Fifty-three patients were identified. Based on the RIFLE classification, two patients (3.7%) developed acute kidney injury (AKI) following HIPEC with cisplatin. One patient met criteria for renal failure and progressed to chronic renal failure. The other patient had renal injury. Comparable mean creatinine levels were observed at baseline and on day 30 following HIPEC (p?>?0.05). The incidence of hypomagnesemia increased to 24.5% by day 7 (p?=?0.041) and 30.1% by day 30 (p?p?Conclusion: Nephrotoxicity can complicate HIPEC with cisplatin therapy and that permanent renal dysfunction may rarely occur. More attention to be directed toward monitoring magnesium levels after cisplatin use with HIPEC.     

Neoadjuvant sunitinib for surgically complex advanced renal cell cancer of doubtful resectability: initial experience with downsizing to reconsider cytoreductive surgery

Objective  To evaluate neoadjuvant sunitinib in patients with synchronous metastatic renal cell cancer (mRCC) to downsize surgically complex tumours and reconsider cytoreductive surgery. Patients and methods  Retrospective analysis of ten consecutive mRCC patients treated with sunitinib in an expanded access program who presented with surgically complex primary tumours or bulky locoregional metastases. Surgery-limiting tumour sites (SLTSs) were defined as primary or retroperitoneal lesions with direct invasion of adjacent organs or encasement of vital structures on imaging. Patients received sunitinib 50 mg/day for 4 weeks on and 2 weeks off to be followed by cytoreductive surgery after downsizing and individual reassessment. Response was measured according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours (RECIST). Results  Six out of ten SLTSs revealed a reduction of tumour size with a median of 14% according to RECIST. None of the ten SLTSs had a partial response (PR), whilst at distant metastatic sites one complete remission and two PRs occurred. Downsizing of SLTSs appeared most prominent in the first 2–4 months, which resulted in reconsidering cytoreductive nephrectomy in three patients. These three tumours invaded the liver on imaging and were reduced by 11, 18 and 20%. Conclusions  In this patient group with mRCC and surgically complex primary tumours or locoregional metastases, downsizing of SLTSs by neoadjuvant sunitinib was limited. Cytoreductive surgery was reconsidered in three patients. Given the overall reduction in tumour burden by sunitinib alone, further investigation to define the role of cytoreductive surgery is warranted.     

肾动脉阻断对腹腔镜下保留肾单位术后肾功能的影响

目的：探讨阻断肾动脉主干对腹腔镜下保留肾单位术后患者肾功能的影响.方法回顾分析因肾肿瘤行腹腔镜下保留肾单位手术患者的临床资料,根据术中肾动脉阻断时间、出血量、肿瘤分期、肿瘤病理、术后随访及肾小球滤过率变化,分析肾动脉阻断对保留肾单位手术后肾功能的影响.结果82例患者中,肾透明细胞癌75例,乳头状肾细胞癌3例,嫌色细胞癌4例;肾动脉阻断时间平均(24．5±8．6)min,术中失血量(249．4±66．9)ml.热缺血时间在25 min 以内的患者与26~30 min 患者比较,术后患肾肾功能受损差异无统计学意义(P ＞0．05);热缺血时间为31~40 min 的患者与前两组比较,术后患肾肾功能受损差异有统计学意义(P ＜0．05).结论保留肾单位手术均会使患侧肾功能下降,但阻断肾动脉主干热缺血时间控制在30 min 内对肾功能影响相对较小.