儿童原发性肾病综合征病理类型与激素疗效探讨

目的 :为了探讨儿童原发性肾病综合征病理类型与激素疗效之间的关系。　方法 :对 16年来经肾活检明确病理类型的 410例原发性肾病综合征患儿应用泼尼松治疗的疗效分析 ,初始剂量为 2 m g/( kg· d) ,最大量不超过6 0 mg/d,共用 8周 ,部分迟发敏感的患儿再延长 2周 ;如完全缓解则逐渐减量 ;如部分缓解或不缓解 ,则逐渐减量并加用免疫抑制剂。　结果 :410例中 ,微小病变 ( MCNS) 71例 ,系膜增生 ( Ms PGN) 2 5 5例 ,膜增殖 ( MPGN) 2 9例 ,膜性肾病 ( MN) 2 8例 ,局灶节段性肾小球硬化症 ( FSGS) 2 7例 ,对激素治疗完全效应者分别为 91.5 %、79.2 %、2 4.1%、2 1.4%和 2 2 .2 % ,后续治疗仍可取得部分疗效。　结论 :1对儿童原发性肾病综合征必须尽快明确病理类型 ;2病理类型为 MCNS和 Ms PGN者 ,宜正规、足量地使用泼尼松 ,以达到较好的治疗目的 ;3病理类型为 MN、FSGS和 MPGN者 ,亦宜足量应用 ,即使在足量应用期间疗效不高 ,在后续治疗中仍可取得一定的效果     

小儿难治性肾病临床与病理分析(附21例报告)

目的 :为观察小儿难治性肾病 ( RNS)的临床与病理改变之间的关系。　方法 :对 2 1例符合诊断的住院患儿的病理诊断及临床类型、临床疗效进行了分析。　结果 :小儿难治性肾病的病理类型中以系膜增殖型肾小球肾炎( Ms PGN )多见 ( 8/ 2 1) ,其次为微小病变型肾小球肾炎 ( MCNS) ( 5 / 2 1)、局灶节段性肾小球硬化 ( FSGS) ( 4/ 2 1) ;临床表现为 FR/ SD者 ,MCNS为 5 / 5 ,Ms PGN为 7/ 8,FSGS为 1/ 4;临床疗效中 ,获完全缓解者 ,MCNS为 4/ 5 ,Ms PGN为 6 / 8,FSGS为 0 / 4。　结论 :小儿难治性肾病病理改变以 MCNS、Ms PGN及 FSGS较多见 ,而 MCNS及Ms PGN多表现为 FR/ SD型、且较易获得完全缓解 ,FSGS者以 SR型多见 ,且治疗难度较大     

双倍剂量雷公藤多甙治疗儿童原发性肾病的探讨

目的　为观察双倍剂量雷公藤多甙对儿童原发性肾病综合征的疗效。方法　对住院明确病理类型的４６ 例原发性肾病综合征患儿,用雷公藤多甙（２ ｍｇ／ｋｇ ．ｄ） 治疗４ 周,随之减半量维持。结果　在治疗期间,３５ 例患儿获得缓解（ 缓解率７６１ ％ ） ,９ 例患儿改善,总有效率达９５７ ％ 。其中 Ｍ Ｃ Ｎ Ｓ（１１ 例） , Ｍｓ Ｐ Ｇ Ｎ（２７ 例） , Ｍ Ｐ Ｇ Ｎ（５ 例） , Ｍ Ｎ（３ 例） 的缓解率分别为８１８ ％ ,８１５ ％ ,６００ ％ ,３３３ ％ 。随访３ 个月内未见复发。结论　由于病理类型不同疗效相差较大,临床上对激素治疗无效或耐药的原发性肾病综合征者,应及时行肾活检以明确病理诊断,对病理类型为 Ｍ Ｃ Ｎ Ｓ、 Ｍｓ Ｐ Ｇ Ｎ 和 Ｍ Ｐ Ｇ Ｎ 者,可单用双倍剂量雷公藤多甙治疗,以避免长期服用激素的副作用,是治疗儿童原发性肾病综合征的有效方法之一。     

雷公藤总甙治疗儿童难治性肾病综合征的研究

目的 :观察用双倍剂量雷公藤总甙治疗儿童难治性肾病综合征 (NS)的疗效。　方法 :对 1 998年 2月 2 0 0 2年 1 2月在该科住院且病理类型明确的 86例难治性NS患儿 ,用雷公藤总甙 2mg/ (kg·d)治疗 4周 ,随后减半量维持。　结果 :在治疗期间 ,6 6例患儿病情缓解 (占 76 .7% ) ,1 6例改善 (占 1 8.6 % ) ,4例无数 (占 4 .7% ) ,总有效率达95 .3%。其中微小病变型肾病综合征 (MCNS)、系膜增生性肾小球肾炎 (MsPGN)、膜增生性肾小球肾炎 (MPGN)和膜性肾病 (MN)的缓解率分别为 82 .1 % (2 3/ 2 8)、83.8% (31 / 37)、6 6 .7% (1 0 / 1 5 )和 33.3% (2 / 6 )。随访 3个月内未见复发。　结论 :单用双倍剂量的雷公藤总甙是治疗儿童难治性NS的有效方法之一     

6-巯基嘌呤治疗儿童难治性肾病疗效与不良反应观察

目的儿童难治性肾病是原发性肾病综合征中激素耐药、激素依赖、频繁复发病例的总称,但目前尚缺乏有效的治疗措施,6-巯基嘌呤是治疗难治性肾病综合征的有效药物之一.国外有学者曾报道与泼尼松联合应用能减少肾病复发,延长缓解期.但国内未见将6-巯基嘌呤用于儿童难治性肾病的治疗,作者重点探讨6-巯基嘌呤在儿童难治性肾病综合征中的治疗作用与不良反应. 方法对该科住院的28例原发性肾病综合征患儿,根据不同肾病类型,在院外已使用激素者,如为激素耐药型与频繁复发型入院后逐渐减用激素,先减至原剂量隔日疗法,减量的同时加用6-巯基嘌呤(2 mg/kg*d-1)、疗程1年,激素每2～4周减5～10 mg,减至隔天0.5 mg/kg维持1年;如为激素依赖型入院后继用激素(2 mg/kg*d-1),同时加用6-巯基嘌呤(2 mg/kg*d-1)、疗程1年,待肾病缓解后,激素逐渐减量,具体方法同激素耐药型和频繁复发型. 结果经6-巯基嘌呤治疗1个月后,患儿尿蛋白明显减少,起效时间为9～28天,平均17天,总有效率为85.7%.在不同的肾病类型中,激素依赖型疗效最好,依次为激素耐药型、频繁复发型,其有效率分别为100%、84.6%、81.8%.28例均经肾活检明确病理类型,其病理类型与疗效的关系,以MsPGN和MCNS疗效最好,有效率分别达到92.9%和80%,MPGN次之,有效率为66.7%.治疗开始后跟踪随访,其中2例因出现药物性再生障碍性贫血,停止治疗2个月后复发;仅有6例有恶心、呕吐或有食欲下降等胃肠反应,未见对性腺的影响. 结论由于病理类型不同疗效相差较大,临床上对难治性肾病综合征患儿,应及时行肾活检以明确病理诊断,对病理类型为MsPGN和MCNS者可考虑6-巯基嘌呤治疗,从而减少肾病复发、延长缓解期、避免激素不良反应,是治疗儿童难治性肾病综合征的有效方法之一.     

激素抵抗型难治性肾病综合征的中西医结合治疗探讨

难治性肾病综合征是指肾病综合征患者在应用糖皮质激素治疗缓解后的反复发作导致激素依赖和激素抵抗。激素抵抗型难治性肾病综合征是指经足量激素治疗 8～ 1 2周后无效 ,或初次有效 ,但复发后再次使用激素无效者。其病理类型为原发性局灶节段硬化性肾炎 ( FSGS) ,膜增生性肾炎 ( MPGN) ,膜性肾病 ( MGN) ,系膜增生性肾炎 ( MSPGN)、Ig M肾病 ( Ig MGN)、微小病变肾病 ( MCD) ,其中以 FSGS多见。目前西医治疗仍以激素为主 ,但完全缓解率低 ,据我们多年的临床经验 ,采用中医辨证和微观辨病加西药的综合治疗方法 ,可取较好疗效 ,下…     

甲泼尼龙冲击治疗儿童难治性肾病的临床与病理

目的 :探讨小儿难治性肾病的有效治疗措施、疗效与病理类型的关系。　方法 :总结了使用甲泼尼龙冲击治疗的 30例小儿难治性肾病的经验。甲泼尼龙 15～ 30 mg/ ( kg· d) ,共 3天 ,间歇 4～ 7天后用第二个疗程 ,疗程间隙期用泼尼松 1.5～ 2 mg/ ( kg· d)口服 ,疗程结束后 ,泼尼松按中长程疗法治疗。　结果 :30例肾病综合征 14例完全缓解 ,4例部分缓解 ,总有效率为 6 0 % ,无一例出现严重的不良反应。　结论 :甲泼尼龙冲击治疗小儿难治性肾病是一种安全有效的方法 ,特别是对 Ms PGN、MPGN、MCNS更佳     

儿童难治性肾病综合征的中西医结合治疗新进展

难治性肾病综合征(RNS)是指原发肾病综合征中对激素依赖、抵抗和频繁复发病例的总称.病理类型以系膜增生性(MsPGN)为主,局灶节段性硬化性(FSGS)、膜增殖性(MPGN)、微小病变型(MCNS)、膜性肾病(MN)各占一定比例.     

来氟米特、雷公藤多苷联合治疗难治性肾病综合征疗效观察

目的:研究来氟米特(Lef)、雷公藤多苷联合治疗难治性肾病综合征的疗效。方法:将52例难治性肾病综合征(NS)患者随机分治疗组和对照组,均26例。治疗组采用来氟米特、雷公藤多苷联合治疗;对照组采用环磷酰胺(CTX)加标准激素治疗,疗程均半年,观察两组的疗效及不良反应。结果:治疗组尿蛋白下降50%时间、血清白蛋白上升均短于对照组(P<005),治疗组总有效率为69.2%,大于对照组的53.8%;无明显不良反应。结论:来氟米特、雷公藤多苷联合治疗难治性肾病综合征安全有效无严重不良反应。     

PAF-AH与原发性肾病综合征病理类型的相关性研究

目的：研究血浆型血小板活化因子水解酶（PAF-AH）活性及PAF-AH基因994位点基因型与原发性肾病综合征（PNS）病理类型的相关性。方法：用分光光度计定量法检测94例PNS患儿以及健康对照儿童60例的血浆PAF-AH活性,对其中激素耐药型肾病综合征（SRNS）患儿19例,激素依赖型肾病综合征（SDNS）患儿12例,行经皮肾穿刺活检术确定PNS的病理类型,依据其病理类型分为3组,系膜增生性肾小球肾炎（MsPGN）23例（67.64％）,局灶节段性肾小球硬化（FSGS）5例（16.70％）,微小病变型（MCNS）3例（8.82％）,同时用分光光度计法测定各病理类型的血浆型PAF-AH活性,应用聚合酶链式反应（PCR）以及聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析检测不同组别的患儿血浆型PAF-AH基因第9外显子-994位点基因型及等位基因频率并进行不同组别的统计分析。结果：①患儿组血浆型PAF-AH活性显著高于健康对照组。②MsPGN组、FSGS组、MCNS组患儿的血浆型PAF-AH活性以及PAF-AH基因第9外显子-994位点3种基因型和等位频率差异均无统计学意义（P均〉0.05）。③中度和重度MsPGN患儿血浆型PAF-AH活性显著低于轻度MsPGN（P均〈0.05）。④中度和重度MsPGN患儿PAF-AH基因第9外显子-994位点基因突变频率显著高于轻度MsPGN患儿（P〈0.05）。结论：血浆PAF-AH可能参与PNS的病理过程。血浆型PAF-AH活性及其基因第9外显子-994位点基因型与PNS病理改变可能无相对应的关系,但PAF-AH可能影响MsPGN病理轻重程度。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.