重组水蛭素对兔髂总动脉球囊损伤后内膜增殖影响的实验研究

目的 :探讨重组水蛭素对兔髂总动脉球囊损伤后内膜增殖的影响。方法 :2 4只纯种日本大耳白兔随机分成肝素对照组 （n=12 ）和重组水蛭素组 （n=12 ） ,采用兔髂总动脉球囊扩张损伤后内膜增殖动物模型 ,术后 2周和 4周复查血管造影 ,术后 4周处死动物取髂总动脉标本。结果 :用药组术后 2周和 4周平均髂总动脉直径均较对照组明显增加 （P<0 .0 1） ,4周后新生内膜面积显著减少 （P<0 .0 1） ,管腔面积明显扩大 （P<0 .0 1）。结论 :重组水蛭素可显著减轻兔髂总动脉球囊扩张损伤后新生内膜增殖和管腔的狭窄     

放射治疗对兔髂动脉粥样硬化狭窄成形术后再狭窄的影响

目的：探讨^32P液体球囊血管近距离照射预防血管成形术后再狭窄的量效关系及其抑制再狭窄发生的可能机制。方法：24只大耳白兔，采用髂动脉内膜损伤加高脂饲养6周，建立兔双侧髂动脉粥样硬化狭窄模型，随机选择一侧髂动脉血管成形术并分别给与9．1Gy、21.8Gy和33．4Gy^32P液体球囊血管照射治疗，另一侧髂动脉灌注造影剂，作为自身对照。术后5周行血管造影并取材进行光镜观察、电镜观察、核因子-κB（NF—κB）、胰岛素样生长因子-1（IGF-1）免疫组织化学染色，用计算机图像分析测量新生内膜面积、中膜面积、管腔面积及免疫组化染色阳性面积百分比。结果：对照组血管段内膜明显增生，管腔明显狭窄；9．1Gy组未观察到明显的生物效应；21．8Gy组血管壁平滑肌细胞增殖和迁移明显受抑，管腔面积无明显丢失；33．4Gy组管腔重度狭窄，内膜严重增厚，中膜平滑肌明显萎缩变薄，4例血管腔内血栓形成。结论：^32P液体球囊在一定的吸收剂量范围内确可安全有效地防止血管成形术后再狭窄形成，其机制可能为是抑制新生内膜形成和管腔面积丢失；抑制NF-κB及其靶基因的活化，从而抑制血管平滑肌细胞的增殖、迁移，促进平滑肌细胞凋亡以及抑制血管负性重塑。     

重组水蛭素局部治疗球囊扩张术后内膜增殖和管腔狭窄的实验研究

目的 :探讨重组水蛭素经多孔球囊导管局部治疗兔髂总动脉球囊扩张术后内膜增殖和管腔狭窄的作用。方法 :2 4只纯种日本大耳白兔随机分成对照组 （n=12 ）和重组水蛭素局部治疗组 （n=12 ） ,采用兔髂总动脉球囊扩张术后内膜增殖和管腔狭窄动物模型 ,治疗组经多孔球囊导管于球囊扩张局部在 2个大气压下给予重组水蛭素 re-fludin（14 .5× 10 6 ATU· g- 1 ） 1m g· kg- 1 ,对照组给予生理盐水。术后 2周和 4周复查血管造影 ,术后 4周取髂总动脉标本行 HE染色、Masson三色染色、平滑肌肌动蛋白 （α- actin）免疫组织化学染色和增殖细胞核抗原 （PCNA ）免疫组织化学染色 ,并进行计算机图象分析。结果 :治疗组术后 2周和 4周血管造影平均髂总动脉直径分别较对照组扩大 5 9.9% （P<0 .0 1）和 6 1.6 % （P<0 .0 1） ,平均髂总动脉面积分别较对照组扩大 135 .6 % （P<0 .0 1）和 191.1% （P<0 .0 1）。图象分析示球囊扩张术后 4周治疗组髂总动脉血管腔面积较对照组扩大 113.0 4 % （P<0 .0 1） ,管壁面积和内膜面积分别减少 2 9.2 0 % （P<0 .0 1）和 82 .0 0 % （P<0 .0 1）。术后 4周治疗组球囊扩张血管壁α- actin和 PCNA免疫组化染色阳性细胞均较对照组明显减少。结论 :重组水蛭素经多孔球囊导管局部治疗 ,可显著减轻兔髂总动脉     

192Ir血管内照射防止兔球囊血管成形术后再狭窄

目的　旨在检验1 92 Ir血管内照射对兔球囊血管成形术后再狭窄的作用。方法　建立兔髂动脉粥样硬化模型 ,对病变血管行球囊成形术 ,同时随机分为对照组、10Gy照射组和 18Gy照射组。以导管导入1 92 Ir放射性导丝对照射组动物的扩张处进行血管内照射。 4周后处死动物 ,取出血管标本 ,进行病理组织学分析。结果　 18Gy照射组最终管腔面积较对照组及 10Gy照射组大 (P <0 0 5 ) ,18Gy照射组内膜面积较小 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　提示1 92 Ir血管内照射可防止球囊血管成形术后再狭窄 ,其效果与照射剂量相关 ,其机制涉及抑制新生内膜增殖。     

32P放射性球囊血管内照射预防血管成形术后再狭窄的剂量学研究

目的探讨32P液体球囊血管内照射预防血管成形术后再狭窄的量效关系,及其抑制再狭窄发生的可能机制. 方法取24只大耳白兔,建立兔双侧髂动脉粥样硬化狭窄模型,随机选择一侧髂动脉血管成形术并分别给予9.1Gy、21.8Gy和33.4Gy32P液体球囊血管照射治疗,另一侧作为自身对照.术后5周行血管造影并取材进行光镜、电镜观察,增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)、抑癌基因P53免疫组织化学染色,用计算机图像分析其组织形态学改变. 结果9.1Gy组未观察到明显的生物效应;21.8Gy组血管壁平滑肌细胞增殖和迁移明显受抑,管腔面积无明显丢失;33.4Gy组管腔重度狭窄,内膜严重增厚,中膜平滑肌明显萎缩变薄,4例血管腔内血栓形成.结论32P液体球囊在一定的吸收剂量范围内确可安全有效地防止血管成形术后再狭窄形成,其机制可能为抑制新生内膜形成和管腔面积丢失;促进平滑肌细胞凋亡以及抑制血管负性重塑.     

兔髂动脉球囊成形及支架术后血管壁超微结构的观察

目的 :比较兔髂动脉球囊成形及支架术后血管壁超微结构的变化 ,探讨支架内再狭窄与球囊血管成形术后再狭窄的不同机制。方法 :10支兔 ,分别于左髂动脉行 NIR支架置入术 （S组 ） ,右髂动脉行球囊成形术 （B组 ）。术前3d始予阿司匹林 2 5 mg· d- 1 ,直至处死动物。术后皮下注射肝素 2 5 0 0 U· d- 1 ,连续 7d。术后 7d和 30 d处死动物。用光镜、透射电镜及免疫组化染色技术观察损伤部位血管壁变化。结果 :术后 30 d光镜检查发现 S组新生内膜平滑肌细胞 （SMC）的增生程度明显高于 B组 （P<0 .0 5 ）。电镜检查 ,术后 7d,S组较 B组可见较多从外膜向中膜及内膜迁移的肌纤维母细胞 ,中膜及内膜大量以合成型为主的 SMC,细胞外基质 （ECM）以胶原及弹性纤维为主。30 d时 B组内膜下 SMC已转化为收缩型 ,ECM以胶原及弹性纤维为主 ;而 S组内膜下大量 SMC仍为典型合成型表现 ,周围 ECM以氨基聚糖及糖蛋白为主。结论 :球囊成形术及支架术后 ,新生内膜组成成分不同 ,支架术后新生内膜增生以 SMC增生为主 ,ECM以氨基聚糖及糖蛋白为主而球囊成形术后新生内膜增生 SMC较少 ,ECM以胶原及弹性纤维为主     

^32P放射性球囊血管内照射预防血管成形术后再狭窄的剂量学研究

目的：探讨^32P液体球囊血管内照射预防血管成形术后再狭窄的量效关系,及其抑制再狭窄发生的可能机制。方法：取24只大耳白兔,建立兔双侧髂动脉粥样硬化狭窄模型,随机选择一侧髂动脉血管成形术并分别给予9．1Gy、21．8Gy和33．4Gy ^32P液体球囊血管照射治疗,另一侧作为自身对照。术后5周行血管造影并取材进行光镜、电镜观察,增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)、抑癌基因P53免疫组织化学染色,用计算机图像分析其组织形态学改变。结果：9．1Gy组未观察到明显的生物效应;21．8Gy组血管壁平滑肌细胞增殖和迁移明显受抑,管腔面积无明显丢失;33．4Gy组管腔重度狭窄,内膜严重增厚,中膜平滑肌明显萎缩变薄,4例血管腔内血栓形成。结论：^32P液体球囊在一定的吸收剂量范围内确可安全有效地防止血管成形术后再狭窄形成,其机制可能为抑制新生内膜形成和管腔面积丢失;促进平滑肌细胞凋亡以及抑制血管负性重塑。     

维拉帕米对实验兔血管成形术后内膜增殖和血管重塑的影响

目的 :探讨维拉帕米对血管成形术后新生内膜增殖和血管重塑的影响及其机制。方法 :家兔 2 4只 ,随机分为假手术组、对照组和干预组。以球囊导管损伤家兔腹主动脉内膜 ,喂养 4周后 ,对后两组家兔腹主动脉狭窄部位行球囊成形术。其中对照组仅行血管成形术 ,干预组于术前 30min及术后每天给予维拉帕米肌注 [剂量 0 .5mg/ (kg·d) ]。分别于术前 ,术后 4 8h、1周及 4周采静脉血测定 3组家兔血清一氧化氮 (NO)含量。术后 4周处死动物 ,对成形术部位腹主动脉标本作病理形态学检查和免疫组化检查 ,并利用计算机图像分析系统分别测量血管管腔面积、新生内膜面积、内弹力板围绕面积、内膜 /中膜面积 ,计算增殖细胞核抗原 (PCNA)增殖指数(PI)。结果 :血管成形术后血清NO浓度降低 ,但术后 1周和 4周维拉帕米干预组血清NO浓度高于对照组同期水平 ,差异有非常显著性意义 (均 P <0 .0 1)。病理形态学检查示对照组和干预组管腔面积分别为 (6 .4 18±0 .6 5 8)和 (13.4 82± 1.2 0 5 )× 10 4μm2 ;内弹力板围绕面积分别为 (19.719± 1.0 87)和 (2 4 .32 6± 1.4 2 7)× 10 4μm2 。上述指标两组之间比较差异均有非常显著性意义 (均P <0 .0 1)。对照组和干预组新生内膜面积分别为 (13.176± 0 .6 34)和 (10 .195± 0 .5     

脑得生胶囊对家兔血管成形术后内膜增殖及血管重构的影响

目的探讨脑得生胶囊对家兔血管成形术后内膜增殖的抑制作用和血管重构的影响。方法雄性大耳白兔30只，随机分成4组：对照组6只，拉伤组、高脂组、脑得生组各8只。高脂组采用高胆固醇喂养，拉伤组、高脂组、脑得生组均采用腹主动脉内皮剥脱制作血管狭窄模型，之后行血管球囊扩张成形术，术后4w处死动物，取血管成形术部位血管标本，进行HE染色及基质金属蛋白酶（MMP）2、基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂（TIMP）1免疫组化染色。结果高脂组内膜增生最明显，内膜面积最大而管腔面积最小；脑得生组内膜面积较高脂组明显减小，管腔面积明显扩大，两组相比差异显著（P〈0．05）。免疫组化染色：脑得生组MMP2和TIMP1阳性细胞吸光度（％）明显低于高脂组（P〈0．05）。结论脑得生胶囊具有抑制家兔血管成形术后的内膜增殖和血管重构的作用。     

间充质干细胞移植对兔粥样硬化颈动脉损伤后再狭窄的影响

目的探讨间充质干细胞（mesenchymals temcells,MSCs）对球囊损伤的粥样硬化颈动脉再狭窄的影响及可能的作用机制。方法制作颈动脉粥样硬化狭窄大白兔模型38只。分为MSCs移植组（n=28）和对照组（n=10）。MSCs移植组于球囊损伤前经外周血采集MSCs并体外培养扩增,于球囊损伤后即刻、1周和2周经静脉移植MSCs,而对照组给予等量生理盐水。于球囊损伤后4周收集血管标本,经免疫化学染色后观察血管病理形态学特点、计算新生内膜和中膜面积并检测增殖细胞核抗原（proliferating cell nuclear antigen,PCNA）。结果①MSCs移植组外周血分离MSCs经荧光激活细胞分类术（FCAS）鉴定,其表面抗原CD44阳性而CD34和CD45阴性,纯度达95％以上;②MSCs移植组颈动脉内皮细胞少量缺失,管壁部分区域轻度增厚,管腔轻度狭窄,增厚处中膜可见少量泡沫细胞沉积,部分区域伴少量纤维组织增生,呈动脉粥样硬化早中期（脂质条纹-纤维斑块期）改变,而对照组颈动脉见内皮细胞片状缺失,动脉管壁全周明显增厚,管腔狭窄较明显,内膜管腔面可见纤维组织增生形成纤维帽,纤维帽下中膜内可见较多的泡沫细胞沉积,并伴有淡红染无定形物质形成,呈动脉粥样硬化中晚期（纤维斑块-粥样斑块期）改变;⑧与对照组相比较,MSCs移植组新生内膜面积和中膜面积均明显减少,差异有统计学意义[（0．336±0．018）mm^2比（0．845±0．046）mm^2,P〈0．01;（0．245±0．017）mm^2比（0．951±0．024）mm^2,P〈0．01];而两组间新生内膜面积／中膜面积,差异无统计学意义[（1．371±0．158）比（1．534±0．014）,P〉0．05]。同时,血管壁PCNA测定显示：MSCs移植组PCNA阳性细胞率显著低于对照组（0．236％±0．014％比0．881％±0．017％,P〈0．05）。结论MSCs静脉移植可明显降低兔球囊损伤动脉粥样硬化颈动脉的新生内膜增生,促进损伤内皮再生。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.