慢性肾脏病老年患者的非透析治疗

<正>或许今天肾脏病学者面临的最困难的临床决策是他们的老年晚期CKD患者(年龄70岁)是否有可能从透析治疗中受益。澳大利亚的所有透析患者中,超过65岁的患者占50%,75岁以上的患者占26%。同样,在美国年龄超过75岁的透析群增长最快,在英国增长最快的透析群则是超过65岁。不幸的是,老年透析患者的生存期通常比大多数癌症患者都要差。晚期CKD老年非透析患者,在生存、症状负担和生活质量方面的状态尚未确定。最近澳大利亚学者对采用非透析支持疗     

肾小球滤过率估算公式在60岁以上老年慢性肾脏病患者中的应用

目的:比较几种基于血肌酐计算的估算肾小球滤过率（estimated glomerular filtration rate,eGFR）公式在60岁以上老年慢性肾脏病（chronic kidney disease,CKD）患者中应用的优劣。方法:入选2012年1月至2017年10月在北京医院就诊、年龄≥60岁的CKD患者为...     

慢性肾脏病营养治疗的实施和监控

目前慢性肾脏病（chronic kidney disease，CKD）已成为世界各国所面临的重要公共卫生问题之一。20岁以上成年美国人中CKD的患病率已达到13％。据报告，无论是透析还是透析前的CKD患者，营养不良及代谢紊乱均相当常见。     

围透析期慢性肾脏病患者生存状况及影响因素分析

目的 分析围透析期慢性肾脏病（chronic kidney disease,CKD）患者的生存状态,探讨其影响因素,为提高围透析期CKD患者生存率提供研究思路。方法 收集2019年1月1日至2021年12月31日期间国药葛洲坝中心医院肾内科所有围透析期CKD患者临床资料,根据随访期内生存结局分为死亡组和生存组。比较两组患者基本情况、原发病相关信息、合并临床症状、实验室检查等,采用Logistic回归分析死亡危险因素。结果 纳入研究的围透析期CKD患者共168例,随访期死亡26例,其中未进入透析期死亡3例。两组间一般资料比较,年龄[（66.4±13.1）岁比（57.2±14.3）岁]、纳入CKD管理（15.4%比36.6%）、日常生活能力评分（65.8±9.1比72.4±10.2）;合并心血管疾病（50.0%比24.6%）、症状群个数超过3个占比（61.5%比40.8%）,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;两组间实验室检查比较,24 h尿量[（818.2±155.3)mL比(1206.1±197.8）mL]、血红蛋白[（76.5±16.5)g/L比(84.7±17.2）g/L]、白...     

多囊肾患者贫血现况的调查及其分析

目的了解多囊肾(polycystic kidney disease,PKD)患者的贫血状况及其发生贫血的相关危险因素。方法收集2017年9月至2019年10月在上海中医药大学附属曙光医院肾病科就诊的共161例PKD患者的临床资料,调查PKD患者贫血患病率,并对贫血发生的危险因素进行统计学分析。结果 161例PKD患者的贫血率达70.81%。而不同年龄层中,年龄30岁、30～50岁、50～70岁、70岁患者贫血率分别是40.00%、53.62%、86.42%、83.33%;慢性肾脏病(CKD)1～5期患者贫血率分别为20.00%、57.14%、49.06%、86.49%、97.87%(P0.01);CKD5期中透析组与非透析组贫血率分别为93.75%、100.00%;单因素分析显示,年龄、CKD分期、透析与贫血发生率相关,多因素Logistic回归分析提示仅CKD分期与贫血发生率有显著相关性(P0.001)。结论 PKD患者贫血情况随着肾功能的进展而加重,故应重视,在CKD早期应加强干预并及时治疗。     

慢性肾脏病患者高血压现状的横断面调查

目的 对慢性肾脏病（CKD）患者高血压的发病和治疗情况进行横断面调查。 方法 调查对象为2006年11月至2007年3月本院肾内科门诊就诊的900例CKD患者,男性480例,女性420例,其中维持性透析患者354例（血透228例,腹透126例）。 结果 （1）本组CKD患者高血压患病率为80.2%,其中男性患病率高于女性患者（83.5% 比76.4%,P < 0.01）;维持性透析患者显著高于非透析患者（90.1% 比73.8%,P < 0.01）;血液透析与腹膜透析患者的高血压患病率分别为91.7%和87.3%,差异无统计学意义。（2）高血压治疗率为92.4%,透析患者显著高于非透析患者（95.6% 比89.8%,P < 0.01）。（3）非透析患者高血压控制率（<130/80 mm Hg为标准）为20.4%,而尿蛋白量（24 h）>1 g的未透析患者,其血压控制在125/75 mm Hg以下者仅占8.4%。透析患者高血压控制率（<140/90 mm Hg）显著低于非透析患者（45.2% 比55.5%,P < 0.01）,其中血液透析组高血压控制率显著高于腹膜透析组（49.8% 比36.5%,P < 0.05)。（4）CKD患者高血压患病率随肾功能减退和年龄增长逐渐增高;糖尿病肾病患者的高血压患病率高于原发性肾小球疾病患者。高龄、糖尿病、肥胖、肾功能减退、高脂血症均为CKD高血压发病的危险因素。（5）CKD患者服用1、2、3和4种降压药物及以上者分别为37.2%、37.5%、19.3%和5.9%。单药用药以钙通道阻滞剂(CCB)最多（74.1%）,血管紧张素受体阻滞剂（ARB）和血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂（ACEI）分别为48.4%和25.6%,α、β受体阻滞剂为24.7%。联合用药以CCB联合ACEI或ARB最常用。 结论 CKD患者中高血压患病率很高。年龄、肾功能减退、糖尿病、肥胖是CKD高血压的危险因素。CKD患者高血压的治疗率较高,但控制率较低,透析患者和尿蛋白量较多患者的高血压控制情况更是有待提高。     

基于“肾络瘀损”理论探讨风药在慢性肾脏病中的应用

<正>慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)是一种进展性疾病,据统计数据表明,我国成人CKD患病率为13.39%,60岁及以上老年人群患病率19.25%^[1]。CKD已严重威胁我国居民生命健康,给我国造成了巨大的社会和经济损失。CKD发展到晚期时可考虑逐步过渡到透析^[2],通常患者生活质量大幅降低且死亡率明显增高^[3],因此寻找有效的非透析治疗是研究的重点^[4]。中医药在稳定CKD患者的肾功能,延缓CKD的进展具有一定意义[5-7]。     

慢性肾脏病中、晚期患者矿物质和骨代谢紊乱的知晓率、治疗率和控制率

目的 调查我院慢性肾脏病（CKD）中、晚期非透析和透析患者矿物质和骨代谢紊乱的知晓率、治疗率和控制率。 方法 选取503例CKD 3期以上的非透析和透析患者,通过问卷的形式,结合实验室检查了解患者对矿物质和骨代谢紊乱的知晓率、治疗率和控制率。 结果 CKD中、晚期患者矿物质和骨代谢紊乱知识知晓率以血液透析患者最高,腹膜透析患者其次,非透析患者最低,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.01）。知识调查总得分显示,腹膜透析[11（9,12）]和血液透析[13（11,15）]患者显著高于非透析患者[6（5,8）]（P < 0.01）。相关知识的了解程度与年龄（r = -0.11,P < 0.05）呈负相关;与文化程度（r = 0.226,P < 0.01）、肾脏病病程（r = 0.597,P < 0.01）和透析龄（r = 0.366,P < 0.01）呈正相关。医护人员宣教是CKD中、晚期患者获取知识的主要渠道,在非透析、腹膜透析和血液透析患者中分别占94.0%、79.5%和69.4%。腹膜透析（88.6%）和血液透析（96.9%）患者的矿物质和骨代谢紊乱治疗率均显著高于非透析患者（58.2%）（均P < 0.01）。在控制率方面,以K/DOQI指南为标准,非透析患者血钙、血磷、钙磷乘积和甲状旁腺素（PTH）等的达标率明显优于透析患者;在各项指标的达标数量上也显著优于透析患者（均P < 0.01）。以KDIGO指南为标准,非透析（46.7%）和腹膜透析（36.9%）患者的血磷达标率均显著高于血液透析患者（23.6%）（均P < 0.01）。 结论 CKD中、晚期非透析患者矿物质和骨代谢紊乱的知晓率和治疗率较低,控制率较高;而透析患者的知晓率和治疗率较高,但控制率较低。     

新疆多中心慢性肾脏病无症状高尿酸血症患病率及预后研究

目的 了解新疆6家医院慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease, CKD)患者无症状高尿酸血症(asymptomatic hyperuricemia, AH)患病率及预后,为今后制定合理措施提供依据。方法 采取整群抽样的方法收集2019年1月至2019年12月新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院、新疆维吾尔自治区莎车县医院、新疆军区总医院北京路医疗区、新疆维吾尔自治区和田地区人民医院、新疆维吾尔自治区友谊医院、新疆生产建设兵团医院等6家医院收治的CKD1～5期非透析患者。记录患者一般资料及实验室相关检查,分析不同CKD分期人群AH患病情况、危险因素以及预后。结果 本研究共筛选出CKD患者1346例,符合纳排标准且资料完整非透析CKD患者共767例,年龄范围18～87岁,年龄(51±15)岁。AH患者334例,患病率为43.5%,尿酸水平为(489.22±85.71)μmol/L。CKD合并AH组男性高于女性(60.5%比39.5%);汉族高于少数民族(55.4%比44.6%,P<0.05)。与正常尿酸组比较,AH组中CKD患者合并高血压病、肥胖症例数较高,收缩压、体重指数、尿...     

200例维持性血液透析患者膳食蛋白质摄人调查分析

目的：了解不同性别、年龄段及透析年限的维持性血液透析患者膳食蛋白质摄入量,为个体化的透析饮食指导提供科学依据。方法：选取2012年10月～2013年3月在我市2家三甲医院血液净化中心维持性血液透析治疗的患者200例。记录患者基本资料及透析治疗信息;采用24h膳食回顾调查法获取膳食蛋白质摄入量,性别（男／女）、年龄段（岁）、透析年限（年）分析维持性血液透析患者膳食蛋白质摄入量的影响。结果：200例维持性血液透析患者膳食蛋白质摄入量全部不足：男性患者蛋白质平均摄入量为（65．37±13．27）g,女性患者蛋白质平均摄入量为（75．26±11．69）g,其中,50岁—59岁年龄段男、女性患者蛋白质摄入量均明显偏低,尤其是男性患者。而不同透析年限的患者膳食蛋白质摄入量无明显差异。结论：膳食蛋白质摄入量不足是维持性血液透析患者营养不良的主要特点。男性患者较女性患者蛋白质摄入量高,但占推荐量比例偏低;50岁—59岁年龄段患者蛋白质摄入量明显偏低。建议维持性透析患者适当增加膳食蛋白质的摄入,50岁—59岁年龄段患者,尤其是男性,更迫切需要增加蛋白质量。     

Effect of urate-lowering therapy on renal function in chronic kidney disease stages 2-5

Objective To investigate the effect of urate-lowering therapy on renal function in chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 2-5 patients with hyperuricemia (HUA). Methods A total of 132 patients of CKD stages 2-5 with HUA between July 2016 and December 2017 in Department of Nephrology of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University were prospectively and self-controlled analyzed. Serum uric acid (SUA), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and other clinical parameters were measured at baseline and after 1-6 months treatment. The patients were divided into group A (CKD stages 2-3a) and group B (CKD stages 3b-5) on the baseline value of eGFR. The changes of SUA and eGFR before and after treatment were compared. According to the level of SUA after 6 months treatment, patients were divided into attainment group (SUA＜360 μmol/L) and nonattainment group (SUA≥360 μmol/L). The difference of renal function in pre-treatment and post-treatment was compared. Multiple stepwise linear regression was used to analyze the relationship among the change of eGFR after receiving 6 months' treatment (deGFR) and SUA level, baseline eGFR and other indexes. Results After 1, 3, 6 months treatment, the average levels of SUA, Scr and urea nitrogen of all patients were decreased significantly while eGFR value was increased significantly (all P＜0.050) than those in pre-treatment period. After six-month-therapy, proteinuria and hematuria were improved significantly in all patients (P＜0.001, P=0.001). Compared with pre-treatment period, both the SUA levels of group A and group B were declined significantly while eGFR had a significant rise after treatment (P＜0.001). The change of eGFR post-treatment in group A was significantly higher than that of group B [(13.64±15.35) vs (8.97±9.79) ml?min-1?(1.73 m2)-1, P=0.044]. At 6 months after treatment, the eGFR value increased markedly in both attainment group and nonattainment group compared with pre-treatment period (P＜0.001). After six-month-therapy, the eGFR value in attainment group was increased more obviously than that of nonattainment group [(13.96±14.64) vs (8.03±9.69) ml?min-1?(1.73 m2)-1, P=0.021]. Multiple stepwise linear regression analysis showed that the baseline eGFR value was an influencing factor of deGFR (b=0.161, P=0.020). Conclusions The renal function of CKD stages 2-5 patients with HUA can be significantly improved by urate-lowering therapy, which can effectively reduce proteinuria and hematuria.     

Relationship between insulin resistance and increased carotid artery intima-media thickness in non-diabetic kidney disease patients

Objective To evaluate the relationship of insulin resistance (IR) and carotid artery intima-media thickness (CA-IMT), plaque status in non-diabetic non-dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients with different stages. Methods One hundred and seventeen non-diabetes non-dialysis CKD patients were enrolled into this cross-sectional observational study. Insulin resistance index (HOME-IR) was assessed by the homeostasis model assessment. Patients with HOME-IR≥1.73 were defined as insulin resistance. And patients with CA-IMT≥0.9 mm were defined as thickening. The blood pressure measurement, heart Doppler ultrasound, bilateral carotid artery ultrasound examination, blood biochemistry and urine protein test were performed, eGFR was calculated by EPI formula. Results The prevalence of IR was 47.01% in 117 non-diabetic non-dialysis CKD patients, and it was 35.71%, 50.00% and 54.55% in eGFR≥60ml•min-1•(1.73 m2)-1 group, 30≤eGFR＜60ml•min-1•(1.73 m2)-1 group, and eGFR＜30ml•min-1•(1.73 m2)-1 group separately. In eGFR＜30ml•min-1•(1.73 m2)-1 group, cystain C, homocysteine, parathyroid hormone, Scr, BUN, uric acid, interventricular septal thickness, left ventricular dimension, left ventricular posterior wall thickness were significantly higher than that in the other two groups (P＜0.01), while the level of hemoglobin was significantly lower (P＜0.01); then the levels of serum albumin and systolic pressure were higher than that in the eGFR≥60ml•min-1•(1.73 m2)-1 group, however, the levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol were lower than that in the eGFR≥60ml•min-1•(1.73 m2)-1 group. Correlation analysis showed that insulin resistance index was significantly correlated with CA-IMT (r=0.444, P=0.006）in the eGFR＜30ml•min-1•(1.73 m2)-1 group, however, there wasn’t correlation in other two groups. And although insulin resistance wasn’t correlated with soft plaque, it was significantly correlated with hard plaque (χ2=6.476, P=0.011) in the eGFR＜30ml•min-1•(1.73 m2)-1 group. The Logistic regression analysis results displayed aging increase was the independent risk factor of the CA-IMT thickening for non-diabetes non-dialysis CKD patients but not insulin resistance. Conclusions HOMA-IR is correlated with CA-IMT and hard plaque when eGFR＜30ml•min-1•(1.73 m2)-1 in non-diabetes non-dialysis CKD patients. However, the insulin resistance isn’t the independent risk factor of the CA-IMT thickening for non-diabetes non-dialysis CKD patients.     

Correlation between serum asymmetric dimethylarginine and blood pressure variability in chronic kidney disease patients

Objective To determine the correlation between serum asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and non-spoon-shaped blood pressure of non-dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, also to observe the impact of the serum ADMA level on the structure and function of left ventricle. Methods One hundred and twenty cases of non-dialysis CKD patients underwent 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring were divided into three groups: CKD1-2, CKD3, CKD 4-5. Serum ADMA concentration was measured using liquid chromatograph and other clnical data such as uric acid (UA), left ventricular mass index (LVMI), 24 h urine protein, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were collected for further statistical analysis. Results (1) With the decline of renal function, ADMA concentration was increased, from CKD 1-2 (1.70±0.48) μmol/L rose to CKD 4-5 (4.46±1.56) μmol/L (P＜0.05). (2)There were 42 cases of CKD patients with hypertension and 78 cases of CKD patients with normal blood pressure. The serum ADMA levels in hypertension group was significantly higher than those in non-hypertensive group [(3.53±1.70) μmol/L vs (2.01±0.65) μmol/L, P＜0.05]. (3)There were 50 cases of non-spoon-shaped normotensive CKD patients and 28 cases of spoon-shaped normotensive CKD patients. Serum ADMA level and LVMI in non-spoon-shaped group were significantly higher than that in spoon-shaped group when kidney functions appeared to be equal (P＜0.05). (4)Serum ADMA level was positively correlated with UA(r=0.352, P＜0.01), LVMI (r=0.345, P＜0.05), 24 h urine protein(r=0.200, P＜0.05), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (r=0.309, P＜0.01), but negatively correlated with the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)(r=-0.329, P＜0.01) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)(r=-0.011, P＜0.01). Multiple regression results showed that eGFR, UA, LVMI, hs-CRP, 24 h urine protein were associated with ADMA level. The regression equation was Y=1.991-0.011×[eGFR]+0.002×[UA]+0.008×[LVMI]+0.036× [hs-CRP]-0.084×[24 h urinary protein]. Conclusions Serum ADMA level begins to increase in early stage CKD and it progressively increases with the decline of renal function, also the non-spoon-shaped blood pressure ratio and the left ventricular damage increase. Kidney function, urine protein and microinflammatory state may impact on the serum ADMA level.     

Analysis of impact factors of serum N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide in patients with renal failure in non-dialysis phase

Objective To analyze the impac factors of serum N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in patients with renal failure in non-dialysis phase, and to determine the cut-off point of as a diagnostic values in these patients with heart failure (HF). Methods Cross-sectional study was applied. Clinical data of 145 patients (37 cases of CKD4, 89 cases of CKD5, and 19 cases of acute renal injury (AKI) with renal failure in non-dialysis phase were collected. Comparison between groups and lineal regression analysis were utilized to investigate the impact factors of NT-proBNP, and the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC curve) to select a better cut-off point of diagnosis in these patients with HF. Results (1) Compared with patients without HF, patients with HF had significantly higher edema, cardiac troponin I, serum phosphorus concentration, and left atrial diameter (LA), while ALB and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were decreased (P＜0.05). (2) The NT-proBNP was divided into 4 groups with four points: First groups of 36 cases, NT-proBNP 1 -862 ng/L, second groups 37 cases, 866-2670 ng/L, third groups 37 cases, 2790-20 000 ng/L, fourth groups 35 cases, 20 900-35 000 ng/L. With the increase of NT-proBNP levels, the occurrence of AKI and CKD4 decreased gradually while the occurrence of CKD and edema were significantly increased (P＜0.01). Systolic blood pressure, troponin I, uric acid, serum phosphorus, parathyroid hormone, 24 hours urine protein, LA, interventricular septum thickness (IVS), left ventricular posterior wall thickness (LVPW) level gradually increased. Hb, ALB, calcium, CO2, eGFR, LVEF significantly decreased (P＜0.01). The serum NT-proBNP of patients with HF was significantly higher than that of patients without HF (19 150 ng/L vs 1530 ng/L, P＜0.01). The serum NT-proBNP of patients with edema was significantly higher than that in patients without edema (5460 ng/L vs 1630 ng/L, P＜0.01). (3) Single factor linear regression analysis indicated that higher NT-proBNP was positive correlated with HF, edema, cardiac troponin I, uric acid, serum phosphorus, LA, IVS and LVPW (P＜0.05), while negative correlated with Hb, eGFR, ALB, serum calcium, CO2, LVEF (P＜0.05), and not correlated with eGFR, uric acid, serum calcium (P＞0.05). (4) The best cut-off point of NT-proBNP predicting HF in patients with renal failure in non-dialysis phase was 3805 ng/L, AUC=0.848, 95%CI 0.786-0.910. Sensitivity was 82.4%, specificity 74.5%, positive predictive value 62.1%, negative predictive value 87.3%, positive likelihood ratio 3.2, negative likelihood ratio 0.24. Conclusions The level of NT-proBNP＞20 000 ng/L is mainly found in end-stage renal disease patients with HF. HF is a main factor for the increase of NT-proBNP in patients with renal failure in non-dialysis phase. High phosphorus viremia, anemia, and hypoalbuminemia are closely related to NT-proBNP. Therefore NT-proBNP predicting HF should take into account the effects of these confounding factors in these patients.     

帕立骨化醇对慢性肾脏病患者肾小球滤过率及尿蛋白影响的Meta分析

目的 系统评价帕立骨化醇对非透析慢性肾脏病患者估算肾小球滤过率(eGFR)及尿蛋白的影响.方法 计算机检索PubMed、Cochrane、Embase、万方、CNKI、维普等数据库,检索时限均为建库至2014年3月;手工检索美国肾脏病学会、世界肾脏病大会、中华医学会肾脏病学分会年会的会议论文、摘要等.纳入帕立骨化醇对非透析肾脏病患者eGFR及尿蛋白影响的临床随机对照试验研究.由两名评价员独立对纳入的文献进行质量评价和数据提取,用Rev Man 5.2软件进行Meta分析.结果 共纳入7项随机对照试验,共834例患者(其中试验组508例,安慰剂组326例).Meta分析结果显示,与安慰剂组比较,小剂量组(帕立骨化醇＜2 μg/d)对慢性肾脏病患者eGFR的影响差异无统计学意义[标准均数差(SMD)为-0.10,95％CI:-0.28 ～ 0.07,P=0.26];大剂量组(帕立骨化醇2μg/d)eGFR下降差异有统计学意义[SMD=-0.45,95％CI:-0.63-0.27,P＜0.01].与安慰剂组比较,大小剂量组均有降尿蛋白作用[OR(95％CI):2.09(1.52～2.58),P＜0.01],大小剂量组组间降尿蛋白作用的差异无统计学意义[OR(95％CI):1.09(0.62～ 1.91),P=0.77].与安慰剂组比较,小剂量组[OR (95％CI):0.93 (0.57～1.52),P=0.76]和大剂量组[0R(95％CI):2.08 (0.70～ 6.18),P=0.19]均未显著增加不良事件发生率.结论 小剂量帕立骨化醇可减少非透析慢性肾脏病患者尿蛋白,同时对eGFR无影响.大剂量帕立骨化醇(2μg/d)无进一步减少尿蛋白的疗效,且可能带来eGFR下降风险.     

Serum uric acid level is positively related to albuminuria in type 2 diabetic patients

Objective To investigate association between serum uric acid (SUA), albuminuria and glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) in type 2 diabetic patients. Methods A total of 220 patients were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. According to urinary albumin excretion rates, patients were divided into 3 groups: normoalbuminuria (NAU) group, microalbuminuria (MAU) group, and macroalbumnuria group (MAAU). The first two groups were subdivided at SUA＞420 μmol/L (＞357 μmol/L, female) into normouricemia group and hyperuricemia group, at eGFR＞90 ml/min into high and low renal function groups. General information, blood biochemical results were collected to analyze the association between serum uric acid, eGFR, UAER and urine albumin quantification among different groups. Results The difference of SBP, duration of diabetes (DD), Scr, SUA and eGFR between every two groups were significant (P＜0.05). SBP, DD, Scr and SUA were highest in subjects with macroalbumnuria, second in microalbuminuria group, and lowest in normoalbuminuria group, while eGFR was lowest in macroalbumnuria group and highest in normoalbuminuria group. Prevalence of hyperuricemia in macroalbumnuria group (56.9%) and microalbuminuria group (51.2%) were also significantly higher than that in normoalbuminuria group (17.5%) (all P＜0.01). The difference of UAER in the subgroups of normouricemia and hyperuricemia was more significant in microalbuminuria group than in normoalbuminuria group. eGFR was significantly lower in hyperuricemia subgroups (P＜0.01). Age and SUA were significantlg higher in subjects with low renal function compared with high eGFR (P＜0.05). Linear regression analysis indicated SUA was negatively correlated with eGFR after adjusted age, DD and UAER (β＝-0.430, P＜0.01). Binary logistic regression analysis found that increased age, DD and SUA were risk factors of microalbuminuria [β＝1.092, 95％CI(1.025, 1.163), P＜0.01; β＝1.005, 95%CI(1.001, 1.009), P＜0.05; β＝1.407, 95％CI(1.052, 1.881), P＜0.05)] andSUA, age were risk factors of early renal function decline [β＝1.015, 95％CI(1.00, 1.023), P＜0.01; β＝1.098, 95％CI(1.006, 1.199), P＜0.05]. Conclusion SUA is independently associated with albumnuria and renal function decline in type 2 DM patients.     

慢性肾脏病患者高血压的控制及其相关因素

目的 研究并发高血压的住院慢性肾脏病（CKD）患者的降压药使用和血压控制情况,以及其相关因素。 方法 对象为2009年3月至2010年4月期间于本院住院的并发高血压的CKD患者共726例,记录其基本资料、血压、降压药使用及其他相关资料,分析其用药方案及血压控制率。 结果 91.74%患者接受了降压治疗,分别有21.21%、22.59%、19.56%、28.37%患者使用1、2、3、≥4种降压药。CKD患者总体高血压控制率为42.4%,平均血压为（137.86±20.75）/（76.30±11.35） mm Hg。CKD1+2、3、4+5期（未透析）、透析组的高血压控制率分别为50.8%、46.7%、42.0%、33.5%,各组间差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。非透析组高血压控制率（<130/80 mm Hg）显著高于透析组（<140/90 mm Hg）（44.9%比33.5%,P < 0.05）。血透组与腹透组高血压控制率差异无统计学意义（32.3%比38.7%,P > 0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,女性（优势比OR=1.787,95%CI 1.045~3.056）和应用ACEI类降压药（OR=4.378,95%CI 1.830~10.472）是高血压控制的有利因素;而脉压差增大（OR=0.847,95%CI 0.811~0.885）和并发糖尿病（OR=0.415,95%CI 0.188~0.919）是高血压控制的不利因素。 结论 住院CKD患者的高血压治疗率很高,但控制率仍较低。女性、ACEI类降压药是CKD患者血压控制的有利因素,而脉压差大、糖尿病是血压控制不良的独立危险因素。     

慢性肾脏病患者血清胎盘生长因子水平及其与左心室结构和功能的关系

目的 探讨慢性肾脏病(CKD)患者血清胎盘生长因子(placental growth factor,PLGF)水平及其与左心室结构和功能的关系.方法 选取CKD非透析患者72例,年龄、性别相匹配的健康体检者16例作为对照组.采用酶联免疫吸附法测定血清PLGF浓度,心脏超声评定心脏形态和结构.结果 (1)CKD患者血清PLGF显著高于对照组[3.32(2.97,19.77) ng/L比2.33 (2.27,2.49) ng/L,P＜0.01];且随着肾功能的减退,PLGF水平进行性升高(P＜ 0.05/6).(2)CKD各期患者的室间隔厚度(IVST)和左室后壁厚度(LVPWT)升高,射血分数(EF)下降.(3)CKD患者左心室肥厚组血清PLGF显著高于非左心室肥厚组[19.05 (3.31,21.05) ng/L比2.99 (2.60,3.32) ng/L,P＜0.05].PLGF高浓度组左室肥厚发生率显著高于PLGF低浓度组(70％比18％,P＜ 0.01).(4)相关分析显示PLGF与左心室质量指数、收缩压、舒张压、24 h尿蛋白、血肌酐(Scr)、血尿酸(UA)、血尿素氮(BUN)、甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)、高血压病史呈正相关(P＜0.05),与左心室射血分数、血红蛋白(Hb)、血白蛋白(Alb)、肾小球滤过率(eGFR)呈负相关(P＜0.01).多元线性逐步回归分析显示,血肌酐、血红蛋白、射血分数、血尿酸是PLGF的独立相关因素(P＜0.05).结论 CKD患者血清PLGF显著升高,PLGF与CKD患者心脏结构和功能改变密切相关,其可能参与CKD患者心血管事件的发生.     

Effect of the interaction between estimated glomerular filtration rate and serum uric acid on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients on peritoneal dialysis

Objective To explore the effect of the interaction between estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and serum uric acid (SUA) on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD). Methods Patients who performed PD catheterization at the PD center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University and had initiated PD therapy for over 3 months from January 2006 to December 2016 were enrolled and followed up until December 2018. Demographic data, baseline clinical and laboratory examination results of the patients were collected. Kaplan-Meier survival curve and Cox regression analysis were used to explore the correlation between SUA and all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality in different eGFR groups of PD patients. Results A total of 2 124 PD patients were enrolled with age of (47.0±15.2) years, among whom 1 269 patients were male and 536 patients had diabetes. The SUA level was (429±96) μmol/L and the median level of eGFR was 6.69(5.17, 8.61) ml?min-1?(1.73 m2)-1. After a median follow-up time of 42 months, 554 patients died, among whom 275 patients were cardiovascular death. The Cox regression analysis revealed that there was a significant interaction between eGFR and SUA on all-cause mortality (P=0.043). The Kaplan-Meier curve showed that the tertile 1 (SUA＜384 μmol/L) and tertile 3 (SUA＞460 μmol/L) group had significantly higher all-cause mortality (P=0.009) than the reference group of tertile 2 (SUA 384-460 μmol/L) in the higher eGFR group [eGFR＞6.69 ml?min-1?(1.73 m2)-1]but not in the lower eGFR. After adjusting for relevant demographic data, complications, biochemical results and other variables, in patients with higher eGFR, the risk of all-cause mortality increased by 0.2% (HR=1.002, 95%CI 1.000-1.003, P=0.019) for every 1 μmol/L increase in SUA. In addition, compared with the tertile 2 reference group, the tertile 3 group was independently correlated with higher risk of all-cause mortality (HR=1.670, 95%CI 1.242-2.245, P=0.001). Conclusions The eGFR and SUA level significantly interacts with all-cause mortality, and the higher SUA level in higher eGFR group is an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality in PD patients.     

Influence factors of serum high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T among chronic kidney disease patients

Objective To analyze the influence factors of serum high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) for non-dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, and to further investigate cardiac and renal effects on hs-cTnT. Methods Cross-sectional study was applied. Clinical data of 577 non-dialysis CKD patients were collected. Comparison between groups and lineal regression analysis were utilized to investigate the influence factors of hs-cTnT. Results Median level of hs-cTnT was 0.013 (0.007-0.029) μg/L, with 1.7% undetectable (hs-cTnT＜0.003 μg/L), and 46.4% greater than 99th percentile (hs-cTnT﹥0.014 μg/L) of the general population. Multivariate linear analysis displayed that higher Ln hs-cTnT was significantly associated with older age, male, diabetes, higher Cys C, higher urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR), lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and higher LVMI (P＜0.05). Conclusions Traditional and non-traditional risk factors of CKD-cardiovascular disease are shown to be associated with serum hs-cTnT level. Cardiac and renal injury may be associated with elevated hs-cTnT among non-dialysis CKD patients.