盐酸环喷托酯、复方托吡卡胺与阿托品对儿童睫状肌麻痹效果的比较

目的：探讨盐酸环喷托酯、复方托吡卡胺与阿托品对不同年龄、屈光状态及调节性内斜视儿童的睫 状肌麻痹效果。方法：前瞻性临床研究。对2018年9月至2019年9月在武汉大学人民医院眼科就诊 的3～12岁屈光不正儿童283例（566眼）行睫状肌麻痹验光。所有患儿均先使用1%阿托品眼用凝胶 点眼后电脑验光,并随机分为A组和B组。2组均按年龄分为3～<6岁组和6～<12岁组,3～<6岁组 和6～<12岁组再分为无内斜近视组、无内斜远视组和伴内斜视组3个亚组。5周后,瞳孔大小及对光 反射恢复正常,A组使用1%盐酸环喷托酯滴眼液点眼后电脑验光,B组使用0.5%复方托吡卡胺滴眼 液点眼后电脑验光。采用Wilcoxon符号秩和检验对1%阿托品睫状肌麻痹前后电脑验光等效球镜度 （SE）差值、不同药物睫状肌麻痹后电脑验光差值进行统计分析。结果：1%阿托品散瞳后SE较散瞳 前偏正,SE差值为1.75（1.00～2.75）D,差异有统计学意义（Z=-20.62,P<0.001）。差异在3～<6岁 儿童、无内斜远视儿童及伴内斜视儿童中更明显（P<0.001）。A组使用1%阿托品散瞳后SE较使用 1%盐酸环喷托酯后偏正,SE差值为0.25（0.13～0.50）D（Z=-11.49,P<0.001）。3～<6岁组使用1% 阿托品后和使用1%盐酸环喷托酯后的SE差值在无内斜近视组、无内斜远视组和伴内斜视组分别为 0.25（0.25～0.25）D、0.38（0.25～0.50）D、0.50（0.38～0.75）D（Z=-3.34、-7.36、-4.95,均 P<0.001）。6～<12岁组的SE差值在3组为0（0～0.12）D、0.25（0.12～0.25）D、0.44（0.28～0.69）D （Z=-0.83,P=0.405;Z=-5.30,P<0.001;Z=-3.53,P<0.001）。B组使用1%阿托品散瞳后SE较使用0.5% 复方托吡卡胺后偏正,SE差值为0.25（0.13～0.50）D（Z=-15.46,P<0.001）。3～<6岁组使用1%阿 托品后和使用0.5%复方托吡卡胺后的SE差值在无内斜近视组、无内斜远视组和伴内斜视组分别为 0.25（0.19～0.25）D、0.38（0.25～0.75）D、0.69（0.30～1.03）D（Z=-3.15,P=0.002,Z=-9.89, P<0.001,Z=-4.79,P<0.001）。6～<12岁组的SE差值在3组分别为0（0～0.12）D、0.32（0.13～0.38）D、 0.50（0.41～0.50）D（Z=-1.37,P=0.171;Z=-7.15,P<0.001;Z=-4.37,P<0.001）。结论：1%盐酸环 喷托酯滴眼液或0.5%复方托吡卡胺滴眼液点眼后散瞳验光SE与1%阿托品眼用凝胶点眼后散瞳验光 的SE在6～<12岁无内斜视的近视儿童中相近,在3～<6岁和6～<12岁远视及伴内斜视儿童中存在 差异。     

阿托品凝胶、盐酸环喷托酯和复方托吡卡胺睫状肌麻痹效果比较

目的：比较阿托品凝胶、盐酸环喷托酯和复方托吡卡胺在近视中小学生睫状肌麻痹验光中的效果,为科学验光和准确矫正提供理论依据。

方法：选取2017-07/08在我院经小瞳验光诊断为近视的中小学生420例818眼,按年龄分为3组,分别采用阿托品凝胶、盐酸环喷托酯和复方托吡卡胺进行睫状肌麻痹验光(散瞳验光)及小瞳复光。

结果：阿托品组、盐酸环喷托酯组、复方托吡卡胺组睫状肌麻痹验光与小瞳复光等效球镜符合率分别是：81.0%、81.3%和79.4%; 睫状肌麻痹验光与小瞳复光等效球镜之差阿托品组为-0.113±0.226D,差异有统计学意义(t=-4.663,P<0.001); 盐酸环喷托酯组为-0.025±0.192D,复方托吡卡胺组为-0.026±0.193D,差异均无统计学意义(t=-1.665,P=0.099; t=1.760,P=0.080)。

结论：对>8岁的近视中小学生,首次睫状肌麻痹验光可采用快速散瞳,以减少对学习生活的影响; 快速散瞳者复光配镜时可按小瞳结果直接给予处方,阿托品散瞳者小瞳复光近视屈光度高于散瞳时,配镜时需参考散瞳结果,选择最佳矫正视力的最低负镜度,避免近视过矫。     

1%阿托品和复方托品酰胺在远视儿童检影比较

目的 比较1%阿托品眼膏和复方托品酰胺眼液在远视儿童散瞳检影的结果,探索复方托品酰胺在远视儿童散瞳检影的应用范围.方法 用1%阿托品眼膏和复方托品酰胺眼液对166例(300只眼)远视儿童分别散瞳后进行视网膜检影验光,对两种药物散瞳检影所得结果采用自身配对t检验,用SPSS 12.0统计学软件进行数据处理.结果 12～15岁轻度远视组两种药物散瞳检影所得结果差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);4岁～和8岁～各组及12～15岁中度、高度组两种药物检影所得结果差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 12～15岁轻度远视患儿可用复方托品酰胺进行散瞳检影.12岁以下学龄儿童及12～15岁中度、高度远视患儿应以阿托品散瞳检影;在不能使用阿托品检影的特殊情况可用复方托品酰胺散瞳检影.学龄前和伴内斜的远视儿童应用阿托品散瞳检影.     

环喷托酯单独用药和环喷托酯-复方托吡卡胺联合用药的睫状肌麻痹效果比较

目的：比较6～12岁儿童单独使用1%环喷托酯和1%环喷托酯-复方托吡卡胺联合用药的睫状肌麻痹 效果。方法：前瞻性随机对照研究。2018年7─9月在北京市海淀区妇幼保健院进行睫状肌麻痹验光 的6～12岁屈光不正儿童98例（98眼）,根据随机数字表法随机分为单独用药组和联合用药组。单独 用药组给予1%环喷托酯点眼3次;联合用药组给予1%环喷托酯点眼3次和复方托吡卡胺点眼2次。 分别于点眼前,第1次点眼后30、45、75 min测量等效球镜度（SE）和瞳孔直径。使用独立样本t检验 比较2组基线数据。采用重复测量资料的方差分析对不同给药方法在不同时间SE和瞳孔直径的影响 进行分析。使用Pearson相关性分析睫状肌麻痹程度与瞳孔散大程度之间的关系。结果：2组SE值均 在点眼后30 min内向正值方向发展,45 min达到最佳效果,45～75 min基本保持平稳,不同时间点睫 状肌麻痹作用差异有统计学意义（F=57.06,P<0.001）。不同给药方式对睫状肌麻痹效果影响差异无 统计学意义。随时间延长,不同给药方式睫状肌麻痹效果差异无统计学意义。点眼后2组瞳孔直径 均随时间延长而增大,时间因素引起瞳孔直径变化差异有统计学意义（F=502.87,P<0.001）。联合用 药组瞳孔直径大于单独用药组（F=30.63,P<0.001）,随时间延长,联合用药组瞳孔直径均大于单独 用药组,差异有统计学意义（F=13.53,P<0.001）。2组点眼后75 min SE改变值与瞳孔直径增加值之 间均无相关性。结论：在我国6～12岁儿童中,1%环喷托酯-复方托吡卡胺联合用药在睫状肌麻痹效 果、起效时间以及持续时间方面均未优于1%环喷托酯单独用药,而联合用药后瞳孔散大的不良反 应明显大于单独用药。     

Comparative Study on Cycloplegia with Cyclopentolate Alone and Cyclopentolate Combined with a Tropicamide Compound

Objective: To study cycloplegia using 1% cyclopentolate alone and 1% cyclopentolate combined with a tropicamide compound in children aged 6-12 years. Methods: In this prospective randomized controlled study, 98 children aged 6-12 years with ametropia were randomly divided into two groups: One group was given 1% cyclopentolate 3 times, the other group was given 1% cyclopentolate 3 times and a tropicamide compound 2 times. The spherical equivalent and pupil diameter were measured before and 30 min, 45 min and 75 min after the first eyedrop. The baseline data of the 2 groups were compared by an independent-samples t test. ANOVA of repeated measures was used to analyze the influence of the different methods on thesphericity equivalent (SE) and pupil diameter at different times. The correlation between the degree of cycloplegia and mydriasis was analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis. Results: The negative sphericity of the two groups decreased rapidly within 30 minutes after the first drop, the best effect was achieved in 45 minutes, and remained stable from 45 minutes to 75 minutes. The cycloplegia between different time points were statistically different (F=57.06, P<0.001) but there was no significant difference between the 2 methods. As time progressed, the difference in cycloplegia between the 2 methods was not significant. The pupil diameter of the 2 groups increased with the progression of time and was statistically significant (F=502.87, P<0.001). The pupil diameter of the group with the compound was larger than that of the single group (F=30.63, P<0.001), and as time progressed, the difference was also statistically significant (F=13.53, P<0.001). There was no correlation between the decrease in the negative SE and the increase in pupil diameter in the 2 groups. Conclusions: In children aged 6-12 years, the cycloplegia effect, onset time and duration of 1% cyclopentolate combined with a tropicamide compound are not better than that of 1% cyclopentolate alone, but mydriasis with the compound is significantly greater than 1% cyclopentolate alone.     

Cost-effectiveness of cycloplegic agents: results of a randomized controlled trial in nigerian children

PURPOSE: To compare the cost and effectiveness of three cycloplegic agents among Nigerian children. METHODS: Two hundred thirty-three children aged 4 to 15 years attending outpatient eye clinics in Nigeria were randomized to (1) 1% cyclopentolate, (2) 1% cyclopentolate and 0.5% tropicamide, or (3) 1% atropine drops in each eye (instilled at home over 3 days). Ten children were lost to follow-up, nine from the atropine group. An optometrist measured the residual accommodation (primary outcome), dilated pupil size, pupil response to light, and self-reported side effects (secondary outcomes). Caregivers were interviewed about costs incurred due to cycloplegia (primary outcome). The incremental cost effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were calculated as the difference in cost divided by the difference in effectiveness comparing two agents. The 95% confidence intervals (CI) for ICERs were estimated through bootstrapping. RESULTS: The atropine group had significantly lower mean residual accommodation (0.04 +/- 0.01 D [SE]), than the combined regimen (0.36 +/- 0.05 D) and cyclopentolate (0.63 +/- 0.06 D) groups (P < 0.001). Atropine and the combined regimen produced better results for negative response to light and dilated pupil size than cyclopentolate. Atropine was more expensive, but also more effective, than the other agents. The ICER comparing atropine to the combined regimen was 1.81 (95% CI = -6.31-15.35) and compared to cyclopentolate was 0.59 (95% CI = -3.47-5.47). The combined regimen was both more effective and less expensive than cyclopentolate alone. CONCLUSIONS: A combination of cyclopentolate and tropicamide should become the recommended agent for routine cycloplegic refraction in African children. The combined regimen was more effective than cyclopentolate, but not more expensive, and was preferable to atropine, since it incurred fewer losses to follow-up.     

复方托吡卡胺和阿托品在儿童验光检查中的应用研究

目的探讨复方托吡卡胺滴眼液和阿托品眼用凝胶在儿童验光检查中的应用效果及其相关性。 方法收集2016年1月至2019年3月于首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院眼科中心就诊儿童151例(302只眼)的资料。其中,男性68例(136只眼),女性83例(166只眼);年龄3~10岁,平均年龄(6.0±1.5)岁。根据屈光状态将患儿分为远视眼组、混合散光组及近视眼组。各组患儿均先后进行复方托吡卡胺和阿托品散瞳,而后检查并记录患儿的球镜值、柱镜值、轴向值及最佳矫正视力。所有指标经Kolmogorov-Smirnov正态性检验,不符合正态分布时,以中位数和四分位数描述。组内比较采用配对样本秩和检验。不同年龄患儿两种药物散瞳验光结果中球镜差值的比较,采用独立样本秩和检验。患儿两种药物散瞳验光结果中球镜值间的关系,采用一元线性回归进行分析。 结果远视眼组、混合散光组及近视眼组患儿分别有63例(126只眼)、41例(82只眼)和47例(94只眼)。三组患儿性别间的比较,差异无统计学意义(χ²＝0.171,P>0.05);三组患儿年龄间的比较,差异无统计学意义(F＝1.399,P>0.05)。远视眼组患儿复方托吡卡胺散瞳验光结果中的球镜值、柱镜值、轴向值及最佳矫正视力分别为2.50(1.00,5.31)D、1.00(0.50,1.75)D、90(85,100)°及0.10(0.00,0.20);阿托品散瞳验光结果中的球镜值、柱镜值、轴向值及矫正视力分别为3.50(2.00,6.31)D、1.00(0.50,1.75)D、90(85,95)°及0.10(0.00,0.20)。经配对样本秩和检验,各组患儿球镜值、柱镜值及最佳矫正视力的比较,差异有统计学意义(Z＝9.692,-2.726,-2.483;P<0.05);但轴向值的比较,差异无统计学意义(Z＝-0.173,P>0.05)。混合散光组患儿复方托吡卡胺散瞳验光结果中的球镜值、柱镜值、轴向值及最佳矫正视力分别为-1.00(-2.00,-0.75)D、3.00(2.00,4.00)D、90(85,95)°及0.10(0.00,0.20);阿托品散瞳验光结果中的球镜值、柱镜值、轴向值及最佳矫正视力分别为-0.50(-1.25,0.00)D、3.00(2.00,4.00)D、90(85,95)°及0.10(0.00,0.20)。经配对样本秩和检验,各组患儿球镜值和最佳矫正视力的比较,差异有统计学意义(Z＝7.778,-2.826;P<0.05);但柱镜值和轴向值的比较,差异无统计学意义(Z＝-1.098 ,-0.653;P>0.05)。近视眼组患儿复方托吡卡胺散瞳验光结果中的球镜值、柱镜值、轴向值及最佳矫正视力分别为-3.50(-6.00,-1.25)D、-1.38(-2.50,-0.50)D、90(85,95)°及0.00(0.00,0.20);阿托品散瞳验光结果中的球镜值、柱镜值、轴向值及最佳矫正视力分别为-3.13(-5.25,-1.00)D、-1.50(-2.50,-0.50)D、90(85,95)°及0.10(0.00,0.20)。经配对样本秩和检验,各组患儿球镜值和最佳矫正视力的比较,差异有统计学意义(Z＝8.388,-2.744;P<0.05);但柱镜值和轴向值的比较,差异无统计学意义(Z＝0.511,-1.735;P>0.05)。远视眼组、混合散光组及近视眼组患儿两种药物散瞳验光结果中的球镜值函数关系分别为y_阿托品＝1.068+0.976x_{复方托吡卡胺}、y_阿托品＝0.775+0.999x_{复方托吡卡胺}及y_阿托品＝0.248+0.949x_{复方托吡卡胺}。远视眼组、混合散光组及近视眼组<6岁患儿的球镜差值分别为1.00(0.75,1.44)D、1.00(0.50,1.25)D及0.50(0.25,0.75)D;≥6岁患儿的球镜差值分别为0.75(0.50,1.00)D、0.50(0.25,0.75)D及0.25(0.00,0.50)D;经独立样本秩和检验,组内两者的比较差异有统计学意义(Z＝-2.261,-4.160,-2.360;P<0.05)。 结论各组两种药物散瞳后,年龄越小者验光结果差异越大。远视眼和混合散光患儿应采用阿托品散瞳验光,在特殊情况下对混合散光和年龄≤6岁的近视眼患儿可在复方托吡卡胺散瞳验光结果的基础上,再根据两者的函数关系修正为阿托品的验光结果,6岁以上近视眼患儿建议采用复方托品卡胺散瞳验光。     

盐酸环喷托酯滴眼液在儿童远视验光中的应用

目的：比较盐酸环喷托酯滴眼液和阿托品眼用凝胶在12岁以下远视儿童散瞳检影验光结果,以评估盐酸环喷托酯滴眼液在远视验光中的临床使用价值。

方法：年龄2～12岁的远视儿童51例102眼,先用10g/L盐酸环喷托酯滴眼液连续点眼5次后验光,间隔1d后,再用10g/L硫酸阿托品眼用凝胶连续点眼3d后进行散瞳检影验光。分析比较两种睫状肌麻痹剂在不同屈光组的验光结果及全身不良反应。

结果：轻度远视31眼两种验光结果无统计学差异(P>0.05),中度远视组39眼两种验光结果无统计学差异(P>0.05),高度远视组32眼两种验光结果无统计学差异(P>0.05)。10g/L盐酸环喷托酯滴眼液的全身不良反应发生率为2%,10g/L阿托品眼用凝胶全身不良反应发生率为8%。

结论：盐酸环喷托酯滴眼液是一种起效快、作用强、持续时间短的安全有效的新型睫状肌麻痹剂,临床上可广泛应用。     

美多丽与阿托品对青少年远视散瞳验光结果的影响

目的:比较美多丽眼液与阿托品眼膏对青少年远视散瞳验光结果的影响。方法:用美多丽眼液与阿托品眼膏对116眼(8~16岁)青少年远视患儿进行散瞳视网膜检影验光。结果:远视球镜度数116眼两次验光结果相同或相差≤0.50D者94眼,相差0.75D以上22眼,远视球镜度数符合率为81.0%,52眼复性远视柱镜度数符合率为92.2%,散光轴向符合率为84.6%,28眼远视年龄在8~12岁者,两次验光结果验光度数相同和相差≤0.50D,散光轴向≤5°者7眼,符合率25.0%,88眼年龄在12~16岁,符合率97.7%,≥0.75D者两例均合并有内斜视,本组两种不同散瞳剂散瞳验光结果对比远视球镜或复性远视柱镜度数相差0.75D以上者均为美多丽散瞳年龄≤12岁者或有斜视者,低于阿托品散瞳验光度数。结论:年龄≤12岁的远视和初步诊断远视合并斜视患者,需用阿托品眼膏散瞳视网膜检影验光,对于年龄大于12岁的青少年远视无斜视者可以用美多丽眼液代替阿托品眼膏散瞳视网膜检影验光。     

Comparative study on the safety and efficacy of different cycloplegic agents in children with darkly pigmented irides

BACKGROUND: The ideal cycloplegic drug that is safe, effective and convenient in children is not yet available. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of three cycloplegic regimens in hyperopic children with pigmented irides. The responses to cycloplegia in different age groups and presence of strabismus were also compared. METHODS: Tropicamide 0.5% and phenylephrine 0.5% (regimen I), tropicamide 1.0% and cyclopentolate 1.0% (regimen II), and atropine 1.0% (regimen III) were evaluated in 25 children using a crossover study design. Cycloplegic refractions were assessed. RESULTS: The mean age of the children was 5.7 +/- 2.0 years (range 2.5-10.8 years). Six (24.0%) of them had strabismus. The spherical equivalent (SE) refraction for regimens I, II and III were +5.11 +/- 2.04 D, +5.29 +/- 1.89 D and +5.71 +/- 1.90 D, respectively, and were significant different from the manifest SE (+3.95 +/- 2.17 D) (P < 0.001). There was no statistical difference between regimen I and II in children without strabismus (P = 0.258) or aged older than 5 years (P > 0.050). CONCLUSION: In older children, regimen I was as effective as regimen II and can be used to avoid cyclopentolate toxicity.     

环戊通与阿托品睫状肌麻痹效果的差异性评价

背景 为获得准确的屈光不正度数,需要对初诊的屈光不正儿童进行充分的睫状肌麻痹验光,但是如何选择睫状肌麻痹剂存在争议. 目的 观察环戊通和阿托品对屈光不正低龄儿童睫状肌麻痹效果是否存在差异,为研究临床上环戊通是否可以替代阿托品进行部分低龄儿童的睫状肌麻痹验光提供参考依据.方法 前瞻性临床研究.采用自身配对设计的方法,在检查对象监护人的知情同意和配合下,对80例160眼、年龄4～9周岁的屈光不正儿童进行睫状肌麻痹验光,先使用质量分数1％硫酸环戊通滴眼液点眼,每5分钟1次,共3次,末次点眼45 min后行验光检查;3d后再使用质量分数1％硫酸阿托品眼用凝胶点眼,每天点眼3次,连续3d,于第4天复查验光;比较两种药物散瞳后电脑验光、检影验光及残余调节的屈光度值差异.结果 散瞳前和应用1％硫酸阿托品眼用凝胶后的电脑验光值分别为(0.55±3.52)D和(2.22±3.52)D,差值为(1.66±1.62)D,差异有统计学意义(t=13.02,P=0.00);应用1％硫酸环戊通滴眼液后电脑验光值为(1.74±3.46)D,与应用1％阿托品后的电脑验光值相比差值为(0.48±0.46)D,差异有统计学意义(t=13.08,P=0.00).两种药物散瞳后的电脑验光值之间呈明显的阳性相关(R2=0.98,P=0.00).利用红外线验光仪测量残余调节,1％环戊通滴眼液和1％阿托品凝胶散瞳后测量的残余调节值分别为(0.32±0.44)D和(0.05±0.41)D,差值为(0.27±0.55)D,差异有统计学意义(t=4.56,P=0.00).按屈光类型分为近视组、低中度远视组和高度远视组,两种药物散瞳后电脑验光的差值近视组为(0.31±0.37)D,低中度远视组为(0.56±0.48)D,高度远视组为(0.59±0.50)D;近视组明显低于低中度远视组,差异有统计学意义(t=-3.14,P=0.00).4～6岁组两种药物散瞳后电脑验光的差值为(0.61±0.53)D,7～9岁组差值为(0.49±0.39)D,两组间差异无统计学意义(t=1.21,P=0.23).因“调节”隐藏的屈光度值与两种药物散瞳后电脑验光的差值呈弱相关(r=0.43,P=0.00). 结论 1％硫酸环戊通滴眼液点眼和1％硫酸阿托品眼用凝胶点眼对低龄儿童均能起到使调节放松的作用,两种药物的差值主要表现在远视儿童中.因此临床上对于远视儿童的散瞳验光最好应用1％硫酸阿托品眼用凝胶.     

不同屈光状态儿童应用盐酸环喷托酯滴眼后1 h内等效球镜度与瞳孔直径达到稳定所需时间及变化幅度的相关影响因素

目的　探讨不同屈光状态儿童应用盐酸环喷托酯（cyclopentolate hydrochloride，CH）滴眼后1 h内等效球镜度（spherical equivalent，SE）与瞳孔直径（pupil diameter，PD）达到稳定所需时间及变化幅度的相关影响因素。方法　选取2019年9月首次于天津医科大学眼科医院视光门诊就诊，拟诊断为屈光不正，需要进行睫状肌麻痹验光的患儿56例100眼。根据末次测量的SE将患儿分为3组:（1）近视组（40眼）:SE <-0.50 D；（2）正视组（29眼）:-0.50 D ≤ SE ≤ +0.50 D；（3）远视组（31眼）:SE > +0.50 D。在第一滴CH滴眼前和滴眼后1 h内，由同一名研究人员分别应用自动电脑验光仪（精度0.13 D）和红外瞳孔计（精度0.01 mm）监测SE和PD的动态变化，每5 min监测1次，共计13次。通过重复测量方差分析确定不同屈光状态组SE与PD达到稳定所需时间；通过方差分析比较不同屈光状态组SE和PD变化幅度差异；通过Pearson双变量相关分析寻找SE及PD变化幅度的相关影响因素。结果　近视组在第一滴CH滴眼30 min之后（包括30 min），SE峰值与各观察时间点SE测量值之间的差异均无统计学意义（均为P>0.05），差值均不超过0.04 D；正视组在第一滴CH滴眼30 min之后（包括30 min），SE峰值与各观察时间点SE测量值之间的差异均无统计学意义（均为P>0.05），差值均不超过0.13 D；远视组在第一滴CH滴眼35 min之后（包括35 min），SE峰值与各观察时间点SE测量值之间的差异均无统计学意义（均为P>0.05），差值均不超过0.07 D。总体上，95眼（95%）在第一滴CH滴眼后1 h内SE峰值与SE在第一滴CH滴眼后35 min时的测量值之间差异不超过0.25 D。近视组在第一滴CH滴眼后55 min内（包括55 min），PD峰值与各观察时间点PD测量值之间的差异均有统计学意义（均为P<0.05），但在55 min时差异（0.07 mm）无临床意义；正视组在第一滴CH滴眼后55 min内（包括55 min），PD峰值与各观察时间点PD测量值差异均有统计学意义（均为P<0.05），但在55 min时差异（0.05 mm）无临床意义；远视组在第一滴CH滴眼后55 min内（包括55 min），PD峰值与各观察时间点PD测量值差异均有统计学意义（均为P<0.05），但在55 min时差异（0.06 mm）无临床意义。总体上，86眼（86%）在第一滴CH滴眼后1 h内PD峰值与PD在第一滴CH滴眼后55 min时的测量值之间差异不超过0.10 mm。Pearson双变量线性相关分析显示，SE变化幅度与眼轴长度（r=-0.445，P<0.001）、年龄（r=-0.225,P=0.024）均呈显著负相关，与末次SE（r=0.543，P<0.001）、初始SE（r=0.297，P=0.003）均呈显著正相关，与性别（r=0.113，P=0.262）、眼压（r=-0.142，P=0.158）均无相关性。PD变化幅度与初始PD（r=-0.583，P<0.001）呈显著负相关，与年龄（r=-0.008，P=0.933）、性别（r=0.005，P=0.957）、眼压（r=-0.139，P=0.167）、眼轴长度（r=-0.020，P=0.843）、末次PD（r=-0.003，P=0.979）均无相关性。本研究全程未观察到严重不良反应。结论　CH用于6~15岁儿童时，SE早于PD达到稳定。睫状肌麻痹验光无需等到瞳孔充分散大，可在第一滴CH滴眼35 min后进行。CH对于年龄小和远视的儿童睫状肌麻痹作用更强，对于初始瞳孔越小的儿童瞳孔散大作用越明显。     

Lag of accommodation predicts clinically significant change of spherical equivalents after cycloplegia

AIM: To explore whether the retinal neovascularization (NV) in a genetic mutant mice model could be ameliorated in an inherited retinitis pigmentosa (RP) mouse, which would help to elucidate the possible mechanism and prevention of retinal NV diseases in clinic. METHODS: The Vldlr-/- mice, the genetic mutant mouse model of retinal NV caused by the homozygous mutation of Vldlr gene, with the rd1 mice, the inherited RP mouse caused by homozygous mutation of Pde6b gene were bred. Intercrossing of the above two mice led to the birth of the F1 hybrids, further inbreeding of which gave birth to the F2 offspring. The ocular genotypes and phenotypes of the mice from all generations were examined, with the F2 offspring grouped according to the genotypes. RESULTS: The rd1 mice exhibited the RP phenotype of outer retinal degeneration and loss of retinal function. The Vldlr-/- mice exhibited the phenotype of retinal NV obviously shown by the fundus fluorescein angiography. The F1 hydrides, with the heterozygote genotype, exhibited no phenotypes of RR or retinal NV. The F2 offspring with homozygous genotypes were grouped into four subgroups. They were the F2-Ⅰ mice with the wild-type Pde6b and Vldlr genes (Pde6b+/+-Vldlr+/+), which had normal ocular phenotypes; the F2-Ⅱ mice with homozygous mutant Vldlr gene (Pde6b+/+-Vldlr-/-), which exhibited the retinal NV phenotype; the F2-Ⅲ mice with homozygous mutant Pde6b gene (Pde6b-/--Vldlr+/+), which exhibited the RP phenotype. Specifically, the F2-Ⅳ mice with homozygous mutant Vldlr and Pde6b gene (Pde6b-/--Vldlr-/-) showed only the RP phenotype, without the signs of retinal NV. CONCLUSION: The retinal NV could be inhibited by the RP phenotype, which implies the role of a hyperoxic state in treating retinal NV diseases.     

盐酸环喷托酯对儿童睫状肌麻痹效果的观察

目的:探讨盐酸环喷托酯滴眼液对屈光不正儿童验光睫状肌麻痹的效果。方法:对6～12岁屈光不正儿童60例120眼随机分为3组,分别用盐酸环喷托酯滴眼液、复方托吡卡胺滴眼液及阿托品眼膏滴眼。在用药前及用药后不同时间点对3组患者分别在电脑验光仪上进行客观验光并测量瞳孔直径,在综合验光仪上进行主观验光并用移近法测量调节力和剩余调节力。结果:盐酸环喷托酯滴眼液最大睫状肌麻痹时间是60min,在最大睫状肌麻痹状态下盐酸环喷托酯组剩余调节力较复方托吡卡胺组小(P<0.05),与阿托品组相近(P>0.05)。结论:用盐酸环喷托酯代替阿托品对6～12岁屈光不正非斜视儿童进行散瞳验光是可行的。     

Comparison of tropicamide and cyclopentolate for cycloplegic refractions in myopic adult refractive surgery patients

PURPOSE: To compare tropicamide 1%, a shorter-acting cycloplegic agent, with cyclopentolate 1% for cycloplegic refractions in adult refractive surgery patients. SETTING: Navy Refractive Surgery Center, Ophthalmology, Naval Medical Center, San Diego, California. METHODS: The study was prospective, single center, with randomized sequencing of cycloplegic agent; each patient received both agents. Thirty consecutive myopic adult refractive surgery patients (mean age 35.4 years) participated. A complete preoperative examination, including cycloplegic refraction, was obtained twice, 1 week apart. The patient and the examiner were masked to the medication. Main outcome measures included cycloplegic and manifest refractions, best corrected distance acuity, near-point accommodation, pupil diameters, and subjective appraisal of experience with cycloplegic agents. RESULTS: Twenty-eight of 30 patients completed both examinations. Both eyes were measured, but comparisons were limited to right and left eyes, independently. No statistically significant difference was found between the tropicamide and cyclopentolate cycloplegic refractions (mean difference in MSE +/- SD, OD=0.054 +/- 0.214 diopters (D), t=1.33, P=.10; OS=0.054 +/- 0.253 D, t=1.12, P=.14). Five eyes of 3 patients had a difference of 0.50 D or greater between the 2 agents; less myopia with cyclopentolate. Near-point testing revealed less residual accommodation with cyclopentolate (difference in MSE, OD=-0.27 +/- 0.51 D, t=2.68, P=.006; OS=-0.32 +/- 0.49 D, t=3.46, P=.001). Subjectively, 24 of 28 (86%) patients preferred tropicamide, 1 (4%) preferred cyclopentolate, and 3 (10%) had no preference. CONCLUSIONS: There was no statistically significant difference in mean cycloplegic refractions. Cyclopentolate was more effective than tropicamide in reducing accommodative amplitude in adult myopes (near-point testing). Patients strongly preferred tropicamide.     

学龄前儿童视力和屈光状态分析

目的:了解北京市通州区学龄前儿童的视力现况,并对其屈光状态进行分析。方法:横断面调查研究。于2021-12/2022-01采用整群随机抽样法选取北京市通州区9所幼儿园3～6岁儿童1 513人3 026眼,均进行视力和屈光度检查,并分析不同年龄段儿童视力和屈光度分布情况。结果:纳入儿童视力低常率为15.47%,屈光异常率为14.24%,且随着年龄增长,屈光异常检出率减少,而屈光异常类型以单纯近视性散光为主(11.46%),随着年龄增加,单纯性远视率逐渐降低,单纯性近视率逐渐增加。屈光度检查结果显示,纳入儿童球镜度为0.50(0.25,1.00)D,柱镜度为-0.25(-0.50,-0.25)D,等效球镜度为0.375(0,0.625)D。不同年龄段儿童球镜度和等效球镜度均无差异(P>0.05),但柱镜度有差异(P<0.001)。结论:3～5岁儿童视力低常率随年龄增加逐渐降低,6岁后又呈增加趋势。3～6岁儿童屈光异常以单纯近视性散光为主。学龄前儿童视力发育情况应重点关注,应定期进行视力和屈光状态检查。     

正常儿童青少年黄斑厚度的分布及相关影响因素

目的：探讨正常儿童青少年黄斑厚度的分布情况及其相关影响因素。方法：描述性研究。选取2014年7月至2016年8月就诊于昆明市儿童医院眼科的正常儿童青少年284例（568眼），年龄4～17 （10.1±2.8）岁，屈光度为-8.00～+6.00 D。利用光学相干断层扫描（OCT）对其黄斑部直径6 mm范 围内9个区域（A1-A9）的视网膜进行扫描并测量厚度。根据性别、眼别、年龄（≤10岁组、>10岁组） 及等效球镜度（SE）（近视：SE≤-0.50 D；正视：-0.50 D相似文献   

盐酸环喷托酯滴眼液在近视儿童散瞳验光中的应用

目的分析1%盐酸环喷托酯滴眼液（赛飞杰）对3-12岁近视儿童散瞳验光的结果,探讨其在3-12岁近视儿童散瞳验光中应用的可行性。方法对58例（116只眼）年龄3-12岁近视儿童患者,分别用1%盐酸环喷托酯滴眼液和1%阿托品眼膏散瞳验光,比较两种方法的验光结果。结果 1%盐酸环喷托酯滴眼液与1%阿托品眼膏散瞳后球镜值和柱镜值差异无显著性,P0.05。球镜值在116只眼中,结果相同或相差≤0.50D者114只眼,相差≥0.75D者2只眼,球镜值符合率为98.28%。柱镜值在68只眼中,结果相同或相差≤0.25D者67只眼,相差≥0.75D者1只眼,符合率为98.53%。各年龄组球镜值和柱镜值符合率均在95%以上,差异无统计学意义,P0.05。结论 1%盐酸环喷托酯滴眼液是一种安全有效的睫状肌麻痹剂,可用于3-12岁近视儿童散瞳验光。     

Prevalence of myopia and hyperopia in a population of Polish schoolchildren

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of myopia and hyperopia in a population of Polish schoolchildren. METHODS: A total of 4422 students were examined (2107 boys and 2315 girls, aged 6-18 years, mean age 11.1, S.D. 3.5). The examination included retinoscopy under cycloplegia induced with 1% tropicamide. Myopia was defined as a spherical equivalent (SE) of at least -0.5 dioptres (D), and hyperopia as a SE of at least +1.0 D. Data analysis was performed using Spearman's rank correlation coefficients and chi-squared test; p-values of <0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: It was observed that 13.3% of Polish students in the age group ranging from 6 to 18 years were myopic while 13.1% of students were hyperopic. Furthermore, a positive correlation was found between the prevalence of myopia and age (p < 0.001) and a negative correlation between prevalence of hyperopia and age (p < 0.001). It was observed that the prevalence of myopia increases substantially between 7 and 8 years of age (p < 0.01). Moreover, it was determined that with age the average refractive error among schoolchildren becomes more myopic (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The occurrence, degree and progress of myopia and hyperopia in Poland is similar to that in other European countries with a predominantly Caucasian population.