慢性肾脏病患者微炎症状态对心血管系统的影响

慢性肾脏病（chronic kidney disease，CKD）和心血管疾病（cardiovascular disease，CVD）均为威胁人类健康的重大疾病，现已成为全球性的公共卫生问题。CVD是CKD最常见的并发症和致死原因，CKD又加重原有的CVD，二者相互影响并形成恶性循环，共同的发病机制已引起广泛关注，其中CKD患者微炎症状态对心血管系统的影响不容忽视。     

成纤维细胞生长因子23在CKD患者心血管疾病中的新认识

并发心血管疾病（cardiavascular disease,CVD）是慢性肾脏病（chronic kidney disease,CKD）患者死亡的重要原因,传统的Framinghan危险因子（如高血压、糖尿病、高龄等）以及CKD患者体内的钙磷代谢失衡、血脂异常、长期血液净化治疗等因素是心肌病和血管硬化的促进因素,CKD患者心血管并发症发生率高,由于心血管事件引起的死亡占CKD总的死亡原因的50％以上。     

慢性肾脏病血管钙化的诊治进展

慢性肾脏病（chronic kidney disease,CKD）和心血管疾病（cardiovascular disease,CVD）为两大严重威胁人类健康的疾病,已成为全球性公共卫生问题。CVD是CKD患者特别是终末期肾病患者最常见的并发症和首位致死病因,心血管事件造成的死亡占总死亡原因的50%以上,其发病率比同年龄普通人群高出20～30倍[1]。2007年发表的肾脏疾病早期评估计划显示,CKD患者发生致死或非致死心血管事件的危险远超过肾病进展的危险[2]。血管钙化导致心血管疾病发生和发展,最终影响CKD患者的生存率。因此,早期发现CKD患者血管钙化,积极干预钙化危险因素,对于减少CKD患者心血管事件发生,提高生存质量有重要意义。     

慢性肾脏病心血管并发症及相关危险因素研究进展

正慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)是一组严重威胁人类生命和健康并造成严重疾病负担的慢性进展性疾病。CKD已成为世界范围内的公共卫生问题,其发病率逐年增加。CKD与心血管疾病(cardiovascular disease,CVD)之间关系密切,CKD患者是CVD的高危人群,而CVD正是CKD患者发病与死亡的首要原因。导致CKD进展的危险因素和传统的CVD     

慢性肾脏病患者的颈动脉粥样硬化及心脏瓣膜钙化

颈动脉粥样硬化与心脏瓣膜钙化是慢性肾脏病（chronic renal disease,CKD）患者心血管疾病（cardiovascular disease,CVD）发病和死亡的重要危险因素。因此,研究动脉粥样硬化及心脏瓣膜钙化的防治措施将有助于降低慢性肾脏病患者的死亡率、延长生存时间。本文就CKD患者颈动脉粥样硬化及心脏瓣膜钙化的流行病学、危险因素、诊断及治疗情况作一综述。     

IMA在慢性肾脏疾病及其心血管并发症中的应用

缺血修饰白蛋白（Ischemia-modified albumin，IMA）作为早期心肌缺血的生化标志物于2003年2月得到美国FDA批准。研究发现缺血发生后5～10分钟IMA迅速升高，在缺血可逆阶段即可检出，有助于心肌缺血的早期诊断及短期内的危险分层和预后判断。心血管疾病（cardiovascular disease，CVD）是慢性肾脏疾病（chronic kidney disease，CKD）的重要并发症及透析患者的主要死亡原因，是影响CKD患者生存率和致残率的最重要因素。     

维生素D及受体对慢性肾脏病心血管系统影响的研究进展

慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)在世界范围内已经成为一个严重的健康问题,调查显示,轻度肾功能减退患者即使无传统的心血管疾病(CVD)危险因素,其CVD的发生率和病死率也明显增加。CKD常伴发CVD,CKD患者CVD发生率较同龄一般人群高5～8倍,CKD并发CVD病死率高,是普     

慢性肾脏病住院患者白蛋白尿与心血管疾病相关性研究

目的：研究慢性肾脏病（CKD）住院患者白蛋白尿与心血管疾病（CVD）的相关性,探讨白蛋白尿对非糖尿病CKD患者CVD的预测价值。方法：回顾性分析1245例非糖尿病CKD患者的一般情况、生化指标、心电图、胸部X线、心超及CVD的危险因素。结果：（1）1245例患者中CKD1、2、3、4、5期分别为304例（24.4%）、281例（22.6%）、372例（29.9%）、157例（12.6%）、131例（10.5%）;CKD1～5各期有蛋白尿者分别为208例（68.8%）、194例（69%）、269例（72.3%）、117例（74.5%）、106例（80.9%）。（2）与CKD1期患者相比,CKD2～5期患者年龄、SBP、DBP、Scr、UA明显升高,eGFR、Hb、Alb明显降低（P〈0.05）;CKD3期患者TG、LDL升高,HDL降低（P〈0.05）;CKD4、5期患者TC、LDL、HDL降低;TG升高（P〈0.05）。（3）与CKD同期非白蛋白尿组相比,白蛋白尿组CKD1～5期患者Scr、UA明显升高,Alb明显降低（P〈0.05）;CKD2～5期患者SBP、DBP明显升高,eGFR、Hb明显降低（P〈0.05）;CKD4、5期患者TC、HDL降低,TG、LDL升高（P〈0.05）。（4）CKD患者CVD发病率从CKD1～CKD5期逐步升高（P〈0.05）,白蛋白尿患者CVD发病率以及胸部X片、心电图、心超异常阳性率升高更加明显（P〈0.05）。（5）Logistic回归分析显示CVD与年龄、SBP、UA、TG、白蛋白尿呈现正相关,与GFR、Hb呈现负相关（P〈0.05）。结论：非糖尿病CKD患者CVD发病率随CKD进展而增高,与白蛋白尿密切相关,白蛋白尿是CVD患者心血管疾病危险标志。     

生物学标志物在慢性肾脏病中的研究进展

慢性肾脏病（chronic kidney disease,CKD）的全球发病率呈逐步增高的趋势。CKD具有患病率高、知晓率低、进展迅速、预测手段匮乏等特点,如未及时诊治,将迅速进展至终末期肾衰竭（end—stage renal disease,ESRD）,进一步导致心血管疾病（cardiovascular diseases,CVD）等各种严重并发症。早期诊断,早期干预,对改善CKD的远期预后具有重要意义。     

慢性肾脏疾病血管钙化加速的研究进展

心血管疾病(cardiovascular disease,CVD)是慢性肾脏疾病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)患者的主要死亡原因[1]。统计数据表明,大约50%终末期肾衰竭(end-stage renal disease,ESRD)患者死于心血管疾病[2]。大量研究发现血管钙化是引起CKD患者发生CVD的一个关键危险因素[3]。血管钙化与     

老年慢性肾脏病患者生活质量评估及其危险因素分析

目的:了解65岁以上慢性肾脏病（chronic kidney disease,CKD）患者的老年综合评估评分情况,并分析患者生活质量的相关影响因素。方法:本研究为回顾性队列研究,入选2016年10月至2019年10月在山西省人民医院肾内科诊断为CKD且65岁以上的189例患者,依据患者是否透析分为透析组（ ...     

甲状腺素片补充治疗对慢性肾脏疾病患者甲状腺激素水平的影响研究

目的 探讨小剂量甲状腺素补充治疗对慢性肾脏疾病患者的甲状腺激素水平、营养不良及左心功能的影响.方法 湖南省人民医院2013年2月至2015年2月间收治的慢性肾脏疾病患者210例,A组为eGFR＜ 15mL ·(min·1.73m2)-1的患者(n=70),B组为15＜ eGFR＜30mL·(min·1.73m2)-1的患者(n=70),C组为30 ＜eGFR ＜60mL·(min·1.73m2)-1的未透析患者(n=70).选择同期本院体检的正常人群为正常对照组(D组,n =70).收集4组患者血液、生化临床资料,检测游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(free triiodothyronine,FT3)、游离甲状腺素(freethyroxine,FT4)、促甲状腺激素(thyroid stimulating hormone,TSH)、C反应蛋白(C reactive protein,CRP)、左心室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)及左心室质量指数(Left ventricular mass index,LVMI),并计算主观综合性营养评估法(subjective global assessment of nutritional act,SGA)等指标.每组根据甲状腺激素水平分为正常组Ⅰ、异常组Ⅱ,观察各组间各指标差异,再给予异常组小剂量甲状腺激素干预后观察各项指标改变.结果 A、B、C组FT3均显著低于D组(P＜0.05),低T3综合征的发生率随eGFR下降而升高;正常组Ⅰ与异常组Ⅱ相比,ALB、CRP、SGA、LVEF、LVMI比较有显著差异(P＜0.05);异常组的FT3与eGFR、SGA、ALB、LVEF呈显著正相关(r=0.912,P＜0.001;r =0.721,P＜0.001;r =0.810,P＜0.001;r=0.903,P＜0.001);FT3与CRP、LVMI呈负相关(r=-0.981,P＜0.001;r=-0.442,P＜0.001);异常亚组给予小剂量甲状腺素治疗后FT3及LVEF较治疗前明显改善(P＜0.05),治疗后eGFR水平只有C2组患者有提高(P＜0.05).结论 甲状腺素水平下降与肾功能严重程度相关,以血清FT3水平降低为主;低水平FT3与营养、左心功能有显著相关性;予以小剂量的甲状腺激素治疗后的低T3及亚临床甲减者的左心收缩功能有提高,中度肾功能损伤的患者eGFR有提高.     

Effect of urate-lowering therapy on renal function in chronic kidney disease stages 2-5

Objective To investigate the effect of urate-lowering therapy on renal function in chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 2-5 patients with hyperuricemia (HUA). Methods A total of 132 patients of CKD stages 2-5 with HUA between July 2016 and December 2017 in Department of Nephrology of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University were prospectively and self-controlled analyzed. Serum uric acid (SUA), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and other clinical parameters were measured at baseline and after 1-6 months treatment. The patients were divided into group A (CKD stages 2-3a) and group B (CKD stages 3b-5) on the baseline value of eGFR. The changes of SUA and eGFR before and after treatment were compared. According to the level of SUA after 6 months treatment, patients were divided into attainment group (SUA＜360 μmol/L) and nonattainment group (SUA≥360 μmol/L). The difference of renal function in pre-treatment and post-treatment was compared. Multiple stepwise linear regression was used to analyze the relationship among the change of eGFR after receiving 6 months' treatment (deGFR) and SUA level, baseline eGFR and other indexes. Results After 1, 3, 6 months treatment, the average levels of SUA, Scr and urea nitrogen of all patients were decreased significantly while eGFR value was increased significantly (all P＜0.050) than those in pre-treatment period. After six-month-therapy, proteinuria and hematuria were improved significantly in all patients (P＜0.001, P=0.001). Compared with pre-treatment period, both the SUA levels of group A and group B were declined significantly while eGFR had a significant rise after treatment (P＜0.001). The change of eGFR post-treatment in group A was significantly higher than that of group B [(13.64±15.35) vs (8.97±9.79) ml?min-1?(1.73 m2)-1, P=0.044]. At 6 months after treatment, the eGFR value increased markedly in both attainment group and nonattainment group compared with pre-treatment period (P＜0.001). After six-month-therapy, the eGFR value in attainment group was increased more obviously than that of nonattainment group [(13.96±14.64) vs (8.03±9.69) ml?min-1?(1.73 m2)-1, P=0.021]. Multiple stepwise linear regression analysis showed that the baseline eGFR value was an influencing factor of deGFR (b=0.161, P=0.020). Conclusions The renal function of CKD stages 2-5 patients with HUA can be significantly improved by urate-lowering therapy, which can effectively reduce proteinuria and hematuria.     

Relationship between insulin resistance and increased carotid artery intima-media thickness in non-diabetic kidney disease patients

Objective To evaluate the relationship of insulin resistance (IR) and carotid artery intima-media thickness (CA-IMT), plaque status in non-diabetic non-dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients with different stages. Methods One hundred and seventeen non-diabetes non-dialysis CKD patients were enrolled into this cross-sectional observational study. Insulin resistance index (HOME-IR) was assessed by the homeostasis model assessment. Patients with HOME-IR≥1.73 were defined as insulin resistance. And patients with CA-IMT≥0.9 mm were defined as thickening. The blood pressure measurement, heart Doppler ultrasound, bilateral carotid artery ultrasound examination, blood biochemistry and urine protein test were performed, eGFR was calculated by EPI formula. Results The prevalence of IR was 47.01% in 117 non-diabetic non-dialysis CKD patients, and it was 35.71%, 50.00% and 54.55% in eGFR≥60ml•min-1•(1.73 m2)-1 group, 30≤eGFR＜60ml•min-1•(1.73 m2)-1 group, and eGFR＜30ml•min-1•(1.73 m2)-1 group separately. In eGFR＜30ml•min-1•(1.73 m2)-1 group, cystain C, homocysteine, parathyroid hormone, Scr, BUN, uric acid, interventricular septal thickness, left ventricular dimension, left ventricular posterior wall thickness were significantly higher than that in the other two groups (P＜0.01), while the level of hemoglobin was significantly lower (P＜0.01); then the levels of serum albumin and systolic pressure were higher than that in the eGFR≥60ml•min-1•(1.73 m2)-1 group, however, the levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol were lower than that in the eGFR≥60ml•min-1•(1.73 m2)-1 group. Correlation analysis showed that insulin resistance index was significantly correlated with CA-IMT (r=0.444, P=0.006）in the eGFR＜30ml•min-1•(1.73 m2)-1 group, however, there wasn’t correlation in other two groups. And although insulin resistance wasn’t correlated with soft plaque, it was significantly correlated with hard plaque (χ2=6.476, P=0.011) in the eGFR＜30ml•min-1•(1.73 m2)-1 group. The Logistic regression analysis results displayed aging increase was the independent risk factor of the CA-IMT thickening for non-diabetes non-dialysis CKD patients but not insulin resistance. Conclusions HOMA-IR is correlated with CA-IMT and hard plaque when eGFR＜30ml•min-1•(1.73 m2)-1 in non-diabetes non-dialysis CKD patients. However, the insulin resistance isn’t the independent risk factor of the CA-IMT thickening for non-diabetes non-dialysis CKD patients.     

Characteristics and risk factors of acute kidney injury progressed to chronic kidney disease: a prospective,observational cohort study

Objective To prospectively investigate the characteristics of acute kidney injury (AKI) that progressed to chronic kidney disease (CKD) (AKI to CKD) in patients hospitalized for AKI, determine the risk factors of AKI to CKD, and preliminarily evaluate the performance of clinical risk factor model for predicting AKI to CKD. Methods This was a prospective, observational cohort study. Patients hospitalized for AKI and without a prior CKD [estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)＜60 ml?min-1?(1.73 m2)-1] were enrolled in Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University from April 2015 to December 2019. Survived patients were followed 90 days after AKI and the renal function 90 days post AKI was determined. The primary endpoint was AKI to CKD, defined as new-onset CKD [eGFR＜60 ml?min-1?(1.73 m2)-1 90 days post AKI]. According to AKI progressed to CKD or not, AKI patients were divided into two groups (with or without AKI to CKD). The baseline clinical data of demographics, comorbidities, baseline renal function, AKI severity, receiving hemodialysis or not, and other lab parameters were compared between two groups. The logistic regression model was used to analyze the risk factors of AKI to CKD. Finally, receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn to evaluate the performance of clinical risk factor model for predicting AKI to CKD. Results A total of 168 patients with AKI was enrolled in this study[male, n=91; female, n=77; age (44.0±18.4) years], in which 64 patients (38.1%) developed new-onset CKD 90 days post AKI and 104 patients (61.9%) did not. Compared to those without AKI to CKD, patients with AKI to CKD were older, and had a higher proportion of hypertension, lower levels of eGFR and hemoglobin, higher proportion of receiving hemodialysis, and higher level of discharged serum creatinine (all P＜0.05). There was no significant difference in the proportion of diabetes and use of RAS inhibitors, urine protein level, and other lab parameters between two groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis shows that receiving hemodialysis (OR=2.516, 95%CI 1.251-5.060, P=0.010), hypertension (OR=2.446, 95%CI 1.124-5.324, P=0.024), and lower baseline eGFR (OR=0.975, 95%CI 0.950-0.999, P=0.043) were the independent risk factors for AKI to CKD. The clinical risk factor model including age, receiving hemodialysis, hypertension, and baseline eGFR produced moderate performance for predicting AKI to CKD, with the area under ROC curve of 0.712, 95%CI 0.634-0.790. Conclusions AKI survivors are at high risk for developing CKD. Receiving hemodialysis, hypertension, and lower baseline eGFR are independent risk factors for predicting AKI to CKD. More studies are needed to improve the performance of clinical risk factor model for early detecting high risk patients who will develop AKI to CKD.     

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound predicts the long-term prognosis of chronic kidney disease patients

Objective To evaluate the ability of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) as a prognostic indicator of renal function in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Methods A total of 122 patients with CKD were collected, and patients with allergies to sulfur hexafluoride, pregnancy, cardiopulmonary insufficiency, urinary calculus and tumour were excluded. These patients were divided into estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR, ml?min-1?(1.73 m2)-1]≥60 group, eGFR 30-59 group and eGFR＜30 group. CEUS was performed after an intravenous bolus injection of 1.5 ml SonoVue (BR1; Bracco Milan, Italy). Time-intensity curves (TICs) and quantitative indexes were created using QLAB quantification software. Followed up for 2 years, and patients with eGFR dropped 50%, double serum creatinine and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) were regarded as having kidney failure events. Risk factors related to kidney survival were investigated using a multivariate Cox regression model. Results One hundred patients were enrolled in the study, with 78% patients in CKD 1-2 stages, 16% in CKD 3 stage and 6% in CKD 4-5 stages. Patients were followed for a mean period of 14.1 months, ten (10%) patients exhibited composite kidney failure events. Among 3 groups,significant differences in the left kidney length derived peak intensity (DPI) were noted (P=0.014, P=0.010). Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that the DPI was an independent factor of progression of kidney disease. Multiple linear regression showed that age, basic eGFR , peak intensity were associated with eGFR decline rate. Patients with DPI＜12.27 db were less to recover from kidney disease progression as compared with patients with DPI≥12.27 db (P=0.008). The area under the curve (AUC) for DPI was 0.778(95%CI 0.612-0.944, P＜0.05), with a sensitivity of 64% and a specificity of 88%. Conclusions The DPI might be the most valuable CEUS parameter for the evaluation of renal function. The DPI could serve as an independent predictor of the long-term prognosis of CKD patients.     

Value of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1α expression for the assessment of the degree of renal fibrosis and the progression of chronic kidney disease

Objective To study the relationship between the expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1α (CPT1α) and progression of renal interstitial fibrosis and chronic kidney disease (CKD), and to evaluate the value of CPT1α as a biomarker in pathological diagnosis of renal interstitial fibrosis and CKD. Methods As a retrospective cohort study, information of CKD patients dignosed with tubulointerstitial fibrosis by renal biopsy and receiving follow-up from March 1, 2010 to July 30, 2017 in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University were collected. Renal tissues were stained by immunohistochemistry to detect the expression of CPT1α protein and then divided into three groups according to the quartile of proportion of CPT1α positive staining cells, including group Q1(＞67.89%), group Q2(49.84%-67.89%) and group Q3(＜49.84%). The degree of renal interstitial fibrosis was measured by Masson staining and lipid deposition was represented by Bodipy staining. Messenger RNA of CPT1α and collagen as well as other extracellular matrix genes were detected by real time-PCR. Relationships between proportion of CPT1α positive staining cells and renal interstitial fibrosis and renal function were analyzed by linear regression analysis. The relationship between CPT1α positive cell number ratio and renal function progression was measured by Pearson correlation analysis and generalized linear model. The effect of lipid-lowering medicine on renal function of CKD patients was analyzed by paired comparative analysis. Results Ninety patients with CKD were included in this study. Renal interstitial fibrosis and lipid droplets deposition area increased in Q2/Q3 group compared with Q1 group by Masson and Bodipy staining (all P＜0.05). Messenger RNA level of extracellular matrix-related proteins increased in Q2/Q3 group by real time-PCR than those of Q1 group (all P＜0.05). Linear regression analysis showed that fibrosis area was negatively correlated with the proportion of CPT1α positive staining cells (r=-0.309, P＜0.01). The baseline expression of CPT1α in renal issues was negatively related with serum creatinine (Scr) (r=-2.801, P＜0.001), positively related with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (r=1.240, P＜0.001). After a medium follow-up of 3.47 years, CPT1α positive cell number ratio was positively correlated with eGFR change rate by Pearson analysis (r=0.220, P=0.038). Paired stratified analysis showed that taking lipid-lowering medicines attenuated the decrease of eGFR in Q2 group and Q3 group but not in Q1 group (both P＜0.05). Conclusions The decline of CPT1α in renal tissues of CKD patients is associated with the increase of Scr, the decrease of eGFR and renal interstitial fibrosis. CPT1α is a promising molecular marker to evaluate the degree of renal fibrosis and the progression of CKD.     

Cardiovascular disease in early stages of chronic kidney disease in a Chinese population

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the most serious complications of kidney disease, yet studies of CVD in early stage of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Asian patients are very limited. Therefore, this study determined the prevalence and the spectrum of CVD in individuals with early-stage CKD and compared them with data of individuals without CKD. Compared with individuals with estimated GFR (eGFR) >90 ml/min per 1.73 m2, the prevalence of myocardial infarction, stroke, and total CVD of individuals with eGFR 60 to 89 ml/min per 1.73 m2 was increased by 91.4, 71.7, and 67.6%, respectively. For individuals with eGFR 30 to 59 ml/min per 1.73 m2, the percentage was 105.2, 289.1, and 200.7%, respectively. For each eGFR category, stroke was more prevalent than myocardial infarction. Compared with individuals with eGFR >90 ml/min per 1.73 m2, participants with eGFR 60 to 89 and 30 to 59 ml/min per 1.73 m2 tended to have more cardiovascular risk factors, and there were strong unadjusted and adjusted associations between CVD with different stages of eGFR (eGFR >90 ml/min per 1.73 m2 as reference). This is the first report on the prevalence and the spectrum of CVD in early stages of CKD in a community-based Chinese population. The spectrum of CVD in this Chinese population is different from reports of Western countries. Individuals with subtle decreased renal function seem much more likely to have multiple cardiovascular risk factors and have higher prevalence of CVD than those without CKD.     

山西省右玉县城镇成人慢性肾脏病的流行病学研究

目的 研究山西省右玉县城镇成人慢性肾脏病（CKD）的患病率及其影响因素,以便提出相应的防治措施。 方法 采用随机整群抽样的方法抽取右玉县城18岁以上的居民3603名进行CKD及其影响因素的问卷调查和相关检测。 结果 （1）资料完整的为3502名,经年龄和性别校正后,白蛋白尿患病率为6.8%（95%CI：6.5%～7.1%）;血尿患病率为7.1%（95%CI：6.8%～7.4%）;估算肾小球滤过率（eGFR）下降患病率为2.0%（95%CI：1.8%～2.2%）。该人群CKD患病率为15.1%（95%CI：14.5%～15.5%）,知晓率为6.9%。（2）女性白蛋白尿、血尿和eGFR下降的患病率均显著高于男性（均P ＜ 0.01）。（3）白蛋白尿、eGFR下降和CKD患病率均随年龄增加而逐渐增加,男女均有同样趋势（均P ＜ 0.01）,而总体血尿与年龄无关。（4）多因素Logistic回归分析显示,白蛋白尿与性别、糖代谢异常、高脂血症、肾病史及心血管疾病史独立相关;eGFR下降与性别、年龄、高血压、糖代谢异常、肾病史、肾病家族史及白蛋白尿独立相关;血尿与性别相关。 结论 山西省右玉县城镇成人的CKD患病率较高,危险因素与国内发达城市和西方国家类似。在经济不太发达地区开展CKD防治工作更为迫切。     

Serum uric acid variability increases the risk of postoperative chronic kidney disease in patients with renal cell carcinoma after radical nephrectomy

ObjectiveSerum uric acid (SUA) level is associated with the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, little is known about the predictive value of SUA variability for postoperative CKD in patients with renal cell carcinoma after radical nephrectomy. We aimed to investigate the association of SUA variability with postoperative CKD in this population.Method85 patients with preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)≥60 ml/min/1.73 m² were enrolled in this single-center retrospective study and followed up for at least 6 months. Intra-individual SUA variability was defined as the standard deviation (SD) of SUA and the patients were stratified into three groups according to the tertiles of SUA SD (the lower, middle and upper tertile). The association of SUA variability with postoperative CKD, defined as an eGFR<60 ml/min/1.73m², was analyzed by Cox proportional hazard models and Kaplan-Meier analyses.ResultsAfter a median follow-up time of 24(10–43) months, 44(51.7%) patients developed postoperative CKD. Kaplan-Meier curves showed that patients in the lower tertile had a longer CKD-free survival time [median CKD-free survival time 74(52.2–95.8) months] than those in the middle tertile [38(19.2-56.8) months] and upper tertile [21(17.9–24.1) months] (overall generalized Wilcoxon test: P=0.001; lower vs middle tertile: P=0.001; lower vs upper tertile: P<0.001). Adjusted Cox analyses indicated that increasing SUA SD tertiles were associated with a higher risk of postoperative CKD independent of baseline SUA, mean SUA during follow-up and other confounding variables. Compared with patients in the lower tertile, the risk for developing CKD increased by 4.6-fold for patients in the middle tertile and 7.9-fold in the upper tertile, respectively.ConclusionIncreasing SUA variability was associated with an increased risk of postoperative CKD in patients with renal cell carcinoma after radical nephrectomy.