HPLC法测定胃健宁胶囊中和厚朴酚及厚朴酚的含量

目的建立胃健宁胶囊中和厚朴酚及厚朴酚的检测方法。方法色谱条件为C18色谱柱;流动相:乙腈-水-冰醋酸(60∶40∶1)(V∶V∶V);流速:1.000 mL·min-1;检测波长:294 nm。结果胃健宁胶囊中和厚朴酚在0.02⁰.32μg(r=0.999 6)范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率为96.58%,RSD为1.78%(n=9);厚朴酚在0.019 60.32μg(r=0.999 6)范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率为96.58%,RSD为1.78%(n=9);厚朴酚在0.019 6⁰.313 6μg(r=0.999 8)范围内线性关系良好,厚朴酚的平均回收率为97.29%,RSD为1.39%(n=9)。结论该方法简便,准确度高,可有效控制胃健宁胶囊的质量。     

RP-HPLC测定开胸顺气滴丸中厚朴酚与和厚朴酚的含量

目的建立开胸顺气滴丸中厚朴酚与和厚朴酚含量的测定方法。方法采用RP-HPLC法,色谱柱为VP C18(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相为甲醇-乙腈-水(50:20:40);流速1.0 m l.m in-1;柱温25℃;检测波长294 nm。结果厚朴酚的线性范围为0.2961~2.9610μg(r=0.9996);和厚朴酚的线性范围为0.1608~1.6080μg(r=0.9996)。厚朴酚的平均回收率为99.17%±1.66%,RSD=1.3%(n=6);和厚朴酚的平均回收率为99.04%±2.06%,RSD=1.7%(n=6)。结论所用方法简便、准确,可用于开胸顺气滴丸中厚朴酚与和厚朴酚的含量测定。     

HPLC法测定温经颗粒中厚朴酚及和厚朴酚的含量

目的:建立温经颗粒中厚朴酚及和厚朴酚的含量测定方法。方法:采用ODS C18(Diamonsil()色谱柱(250×4.6mm),以甲醇-水(3:1)为流动相,检测波长294nm;流速为1.0ml/min;柱温30℃;HPLC法测定。结果:厚朴酚在0.094~1.603μg范围内线性关系良好,γ=0.9990;和厚朴酚在0.009~0.726μg范围内线性关系良好,γ=0.999;厚朴酚平均回收率为96.63%,RSD为1.7%,和厚朴酚平均回收率为96.45%,RSD为1.1%。结论:本法简便、准确、可用于温经颗粒的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法测定舒肝快胃丸中厚朴酚与和厚朴酚的含量

目的建立测定舒肝快胃丸中厚朴酚与和厚朴酚含量的高效液相色谱法。方法 色谱柱为Dikma DiamonsilC18柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm);流动相为甲醇-水-冰醋酸(82∶18∶0.25);检测波长为294nm:柱温:35℃,流速:1.0mL·min-1。结果厚朴酚进样量在0.100～1.25μg与峰面积线性关系良好,r=0.999 9,平均回收率为98.4%,RSD=1.2%;和厚朴酚进样量在0.091 70～1.14μg与峰面积线性关系良好,r=0.999 3,平均回收率为98.6%,RSD=1.3%(n=6)。结论该方法专属性强,操作简便,重现性好,适合舒肝快胃丸的质量控制。     

RP-HPLC法同时测定消化胶囊中厚朴酚与和厚朴酚的含量

目的建立同时测定消化胶囊中厚朴酚与和厚朴酚含量的反向-高效液相色谱法。方法采用高效液相色谱仪。色谱柱:Amethyst C18-H(200 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-水-冰醋酸(60∶38∶2,V/V/V),流速为1.0 ml/min,柱温为30℃,检测波长为294 nm。结果厚朴酚进样量在0.1048~2.0960μg范围内线性关系良好(r=1.0000),平均回收率(n=6)为98.72%(RSD=0.26%);和厚朴酚进样量在0.1014~2.0276μg范围内线性关系良好(r=1.0000),平均回收率(n=6)为96.73%(RSD=0.69%)。结论建立的反向-高效液相色谱法准确、快捷,简便,结果稳定,可用于消化胶囊的含量测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定加味藿香正气丸中厚朴酚与和厚朴酚的含量

目的 建立加味藿香正气丸中厚朴酚与和厚朴酚含量测定的高效液相色谱（HPLC）分析方法.方法 采用 Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18（4.6 mm×150.0 mm,5 μm）色谱柱,流动相为甲醇-水（70∶30）,检测波长为294 nm,流速为1.0 mL/min,进样量10 μL,柱温25 ℃.结果 厚朴酚与和厚朴酚的线性范围分别为0.113 0～1.130 0 μg[相关系数（r）=0.999 99,n=6]和0.061 5～0.615 0 μg（r=0.999 98,n=6）;平均回收率分别为98.4%[相对标准偏差（RSD）=0.98%,n=9]和98.8%（RSD=0.54%,n=9）.结论 HPLC法测定加味藿香正气丸中厚朴酚与和厚朴酚的含量,操作简便、准确、重现性好,可作为该药品质量控制的方法.     

高效液相色谱法测定香砂养胃丸中厚朴酚与和厚朴酚的含量

目的:建立和改进香砂养胃丸含量测定方法。方法:以Hypersil ODS C_(18)(5μm,150 mm×4.6mm)色谱柱分离厚朴酚 与和厚朴酚,流动相乙腈-水-冰醋酸(50:8:2),检测波长294nm。结果:线性范围:厚朴酚1.12～5.60μg,r=0.9999(n=5),和厚朴酚0.8288～4.144μg,r=0.9999(n=5)。厚朴酚平均回收率99.1％,RSD=1.64％(n=5),和厚朴酚平均回收率102.4％,RSD=1.67％(n=5)。结论:本法简便,快速,准确,可作为该制剂质量控制的方法。     

RP-HPLC法测定香苏正胃丸中厚朴酚及和厚朴酚的含量

目的：建立测定香苏正胃丸中厚朴及和厚朴酚含量的RP-HPLC方法。方法：采用高效液相色谱法测定处方中厚朴酚及和厚朴酚的含量,色谱条件以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂;以甲醇-乙腈-水（5∶2∶5）为流动相;检测波长为294 nm,柱温40℃;流速1 ml/min。结果：HPLC方法学考查结果表明和厚朴酚在0.081 8~0.818μg（r=0.999 9）、厚朴酚在0.065 9~0.659μg（r=0.999 9）范围内线性良好;平均加样回收率和厚朴酚、厚朴酚分别为100.13%（RSD 1.7%）、96.75%（RSD 1.6%）。结论：该方法快捷、准确,可有效地控制制剂质量。     

高效液相色谱法测定吐泻肚痛胶囊中厚朴酚与和厚朴酚含量

目的建立测定吐泻肚痛胶囊的厚朴酚与和厚朴酚含量的高效液相色谱（HPLC）法。方法色谱柱为Zorbxa SB-C18柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）,以乙腈-甲醇-水（20∶60∶20）为流动相,检测波长为294 nm,流速为1.0 mL/min,柱温为25℃。结果厚朴酚质量浓度在12.28～122.8μg/mL范围内与峰面积线性关系良好（r=0.999 2）,平均回收率为97.88%,RSD=0.98%（n=9）;和厚朴酚质量浓度在11.09～110.9μg/mL范围内与峰面积线性关系良好（r=0.999 3）,平均回收率为97.76%,RSD=0.94%（n=9）。结论 HPLC法专属性强、灵敏度高、重现性好、操作简便,适合吐泻肚痛胶囊的质量控制。     

HPLC梯度洗脱法同时测定小儿暑感宁糖浆中的香荆芥酚、麝香草酚、和厚朴酚及厚朴酚

目的:建立用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）同时测定小儿暑感宁糖浆中的香荆芥酚、麝香草酚、和厚朴酚及厚朴酚含量的分析方法。方法:采用HPLC法,色谱柱:Eclipse XDB-C₁₈柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）;流动相为甲醇（A）-0.05%冰醋酸溶液（B）,梯度洗脱;柱温:30℃;流速:1.0 m L·min^-1;进样量:20μL;香荆芥酚、麝香草酚检测波长为λ₁=274 nm,和厚朴酚、厚朴酚检测波长为λ₂=294 nm。结果:香荆芥酚、麝香草酚、和厚朴酚及厚朴酚线性范围分别在6.35¹27.00μg·m L^-1（r=0.999 3）、4.74⁹4.80μg·m L^-1（r=0.999 1）、4.35⁸7.00μg·m L^-1（r=0.999 7）、5.19¹03.80μg·m L^-1（r=0.999 4）范围内线性关系良好。精密度、重现性实验中各组分RSD值均小于2.0%;4种成分的平均加样回收率（n=9）及RSD分别为98.18%（1.15%）、96.94%（1.44%）、99.03%（0.92%）、97.24%（0.79%）。结论:本文建立的HPLC法简便、准确、重复性好,可同时测定小儿暑感宁糖浆中的香荆芥酚、麝香草酚、和厚朴酚及厚朴酚含量,为该制剂的质量控制提供理论参考。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.