Deregulation of NMDA-receptor function and down-stream signaling in APP[V717I] transgenic mice

Evidence is accumulating for a role for amyloid peptides in impaired synaptic plasticity and cognition, while the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We here analyzed the effects of amyloid peptides on NMDA-receptor function in vitro and in vivo. A synthetic amyloid peptide preparation containing monomeric and oligomeric A beta (1-42) peptides was used and demonstrated to bind to synapses expressing NMDA-receptors in cultured hippocampal and cortical neurons. Pre-incubation of primary neuronal cultures with A beta peptides significantly inhibited NMDA-receptor function, albeit not by a direct pharmacological inhibition of NMDA-receptors, since acute application of A beta peptides did not change NMDA-receptor currents in autaptic hippocampal cultures nor in xenopus oocytes expressing recombinant NMDA-receptors. Pre-incubation of primary neuronal cultures with A beta peptides however decreased NR2B-immunoreactive synaptic spines and surface expression of NR2B containing NMDA-receptors. Furthermore, we extended these findings for the first time in vivo, demonstrating decreased concentrations of NMDA-receptor subunit NR2B and PSD-95 as well as activated alpha-CaMKII in postsynaptic density preparations of APP[V717I] transgenic mice. This was associated with impaired NMDA-dependent LTP and decreased NMDA- and AMPA-receptor currents in hippocampal CA1 region in APP[V717I] transgenic mice. In addition, induction of c-Fos following cued and contextual fear conditioning was significantly impaired in the basolateral amygdala and hippocampus of APP[V717I] transgenic mice. Our data demonstrate defects in NMDA-receptor function and learning dependent signaling cascades in vivo in APP[V717I] transgenic mice and point to decreased surface expression of NMDA-receptors as a mechanism involved in early synaptic defects in APP[V717I] transgenic mice in vivo.     

APP转基因拟痴呆小鼠模型脑内α synuclein的增龄改变

目的： 观察不同时程APP转基因拟痴呆小鼠脑内α synuclein的改变，以探讨α synuclein在AD发病中的作用。方法: 拟AD动物模型为4 月龄、10月龄和16月龄APP695V717I转基因小鼠；同背景同月龄C57BL/6J小鼠设为正常对照组。表达谱基因芯片、RT PCR方法检测皮层、海马mRNA表达改变；Western blotting、免疫组化法检测蛋白表达的改变。结果: α-synuclein mRNA表达在不同时程APP转基因小鼠脑内均明显增多。α-synuclein蛋白表达在早期4月龄APP转基因小鼠即显著上调，10月龄继续增多，16月龄继续上调并形成蛋白的异常聚集。结论: APP转基因小鼠脑内AD老年斑非Aβ主要成分α-synuclein表达明显增多，并随增龄不断加重，可能是模型小鼠学习记忆障碍及AD发病的重要因素。     

Effects of neuron-specific ADAM10 modulation in an in vivo model of acute excitotoxic stress

A disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM) 10 is the main candidate enzyme for the alpha-secretase processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). Neuron-specific ADAM10 overexpression proved beneficial in the APP[V717I] mutant Alzheimer mouse model [Postina R, Schroeder A, Dewachter I, Bohl J, Schmitt U, Kojro E, Prinzen C, Endres K, Hiemke C, Blessing M, Flamez P, Dequenne A, Godaux E, van Leuven F, Fahrenholz F (2004) A disintegrin-metalloproteinase prevents amyloid plaque formation and hippocampal defects in an Alzheimer disease mouse model. J Clin Invest 113:1456-1464]. Since Alzheimer patients have a high prevalence for epileptic seizures, we investigated the effects of ADAM10 modulation under conditions of experimentally induced epileptic seizures. In this context we also examined whether ADAM10 effects were influenced by APP levels. Therefore we compared severity of kainate-induced seizures, neurodegeneration and inflammation in double transgenic mice overexpressing functional ADAM10 or a dominant negative ADAM10 mutant in the APP[V717I] background with single transgenic ADAM10 modulated mice. Double transgenic dominant negative ADAM10dn/APP[V717I] mice suffered from stronger epileptic seizures, had a longer recovery period and showed more neurodegeneration and glial activation in the hippocampal region than double transgenic mice moderately overexpressing functional ADAM10 (ADAM10mo/APP[V717I]) and APP[V717I] mice with endogenous ADAM10 levels. This suggests that ADAM10 activity is necessary to provide neuroprotection against excitotoxicity in the APP[V717I] mouse model. Interestingly, increased expression of functional ADAM10 above the endogenous level did not correlate with a better protection against seizures and neurodegeneration. Furthermore, ADAM10 dominant negative mice without transgenic APP overexpression (ADAM10dn) were seizing for a shorter time and showed less neuronal cell death and neuroinflammation after kainate injection than wild-type mice, which shows beneficial effects of ADAM10 inhibition in context with neurodegeneration. In contrast, mice with a high ADAM10 overexpression showed more seizures and stronger neuronal damage and inflammation than wild-type mice and mice with moderate ADAM10 overexpression. Hence, additional cleavage products of ADAM10 may counterbalance the neuroprotective effect of alpha-secretase-cleaved APP in the defense against excitotoxicity. Our findings highlight the need of a careful modulation of ADAM10 activity for neuroprotection depending on substrate availability and on neurotoxic stress conditions.     

还脑益聪方组分对APP转基因小鼠脑组织炎症因子和氧化应激的影响

目的: 研究中药复方-还脑益聪方(HNYCF)组分对阿尔茨海默病(AD)动物模型脑组织炎症因子和氧化应激相关指标的影响,探讨其治疗AD的作用机制。方法: 选用3月龄APP695V717I转基因小鼠AD模型,随机分成4组:模型组、盐酸多奈哌齐组、HNYCE组分大剂量组和HNYCF组分小剂量组。另设立正常对照组(相同遗传背景的C57BL/6J小鼠)。各组小鼠按相应处理连续灌胃6个月后进行相关指标检测。采用Morris水迷宫和跳台实验观测小鼠学习记忆能力,采用免疫组织化学法检测脑组织核因子κB(NF-κB) 和过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(PPARγ)的表达水平,放射免疫法测定脑组织皮层和海马白细胞介素-6 (IL-6)和高敏C-反应蛋白(hs-CRP)的含量,比色法检测血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,硫代巴比妥酸法测定血清丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果: HNYCF小鼠在Morris水迷宫中穿越平台次数、第4象限游泳时间和路程均较模型组显著增多(P<0.05或P<0.01);HNYCF大剂量组小鼠在跳台实验中潜伏期较模型组显著延长(P<0.01);HNYCF小鼠脑组织NF-κB表达下调,PPARγ表达上调,IL-6含量减少,与模型组比较有显著差异(P<0.05或P<0.01);HNYCF小鼠血清SOD活性较模型组显著升高(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论: HNYCF可以改善APP转基因小鼠的学习记忆能力,其作用机制可能与抗炎、抗氧化作用有关。     

链脲佐菌素对APP/PS1转基因小鼠脑内糖原合成酶-3α活性的影响

目的观察链脲佐菌素(streptozotocin,STZ)诱导的实验性糖尿病对APP/PS1转基因小鼠脑组织中糖原合成酶-3α(GSK-3α)蛋白活性的影响。方法 3月龄APP/PS1转基因小鼠腹腔内注射STZ建立实验性糖尿病模型。使用电子天平和便携式血糖仪定期检测小鼠体重和血糖的变化。应用免疫组织化学方法和western blotting方法检测AD转基因小鼠脑组织中p-GSK-3α和GSK-3α的蛋白表达。结果动物饲养20W后,与APP/PS1转基因小鼠比较,STZ组转基因小鼠体重下降(P<0.05),血糖则明显升高(P<0.01),提示糖尿病模型诱导成功。Western blotting结果显示,STZ组APP/PS1转基因小鼠脑内p-GSK-3α蛋白表达水平较APP/PS1转基因小鼠明显降低(P<0.01),而总GSK-3α蛋白没有变化(P>0.05),两者的比值p-GSK-3α/GSK-3α下降49%(P<0.01)。免疫组化染色显示,STZ组转基因小鼠大脑皮层神经元内p-GSK-3α阳性表达明显低于转基因小鼠。结论 STZ上调APP/PS1转基因小鼠脑组织内GSK-3α蛋白活性。     

表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯对APP/PS1双转基因小鼠神经元突触可塑性和神经细胞黏附分子表达的影响

目的 观察表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯 (EGCG) 对淀粉样前体蛋白（APP）/早老素1(PS1)双转基因小鼠空间学习记忆能力、海马 CA1 区突触超微结构和神经细胞黏附分子表达的影响。方法 选用 8 周龄雄性APP/PS1双转基因小鼠随机分为模型组、EGCG组、盐酸多奈哌齐组,另以同窝阴性小鼠设立正常组,每组 12 只。连续灌胃给药 6 个月后进行相关指标检测。采用 Morris 水迷宫实验观测APP/PS1转基因小鼠空间学习记忆能力;透射电子显微镜观察小鼠海马CA1区突触超微结构; 分别采用免疫荧光法及免疫印迹法检测APP/PS1转基因小鼠海马CA1区神经细胞黏附分子（NCAM）和唾液酸转移酶（ST8Sia Ⅱ）的蛋白表达。结果 与正常组比较,模型组逃避潜伏期延长;与模型组比较,EGCG组、盐酸多奈哌齐组小鼠逃避潜伏期下降 (P＜0.05)。电子显微镜结果显示,与模型组比较,EGCG组和盐酸多奈哌齐组突触界面曲率变化不明显;突触间隙宽度变窄,突触后致密物厚度增加（P＜0.05）。免疫荧光结果显示,海马CA1区NCAM、ST8Sia Ⅱ蛋白表达在神经元的胞体内,EGCG组和盐酸多奈哌齐组NCAM、ST8Sia Ⅱ蛋白表达明显增加 (P＜0.05),免疫印迹实验发现其含量亦呈高表达水平(P＜0.05)。结论 EGCG对 APP/PS1 转基因小鼠的空间学习记忆功能具有改善作用,其机制可能与影响小鼠海马突触结构,提高小鼠海马神经黏附分子表达有关。     

亚甲蓝对APP/PS1转基因小鼠学习记忆及海马结构内GFAP表达的影响

目的:观察亚甲蓝对APP/PS1转基因小鼠学习记忆及胶质纤维酸性蛋白(Glial fibrillary acidic pro-tein,GFAP)在海马结构表达变化的影响。方法:20只3月龄APP/PS1小鼠,随机分2组,每组10只,对照组:自由饮水;治疗组:根据小鼠饮水量将亚甲蓝加入日常饮水中(25 mg/kg/d)连用4个月至7月龄。水迷宫测试观察其行为学的改变,免疫组化、Western Blot和TUNEL染色法观察GFAP在海马结构的表达及神经元的凋亡情况。结果:水迷宫测试结果显示亚甲蓝喂养组APP/PS1转基因小鼠第2～4 d的平均潜伏期显著低于对照组小鼠的潜伏期,说明治疗组与对照组相比在7个月时出现明显差异(P<0.05);免疫组化和Western结果显示治疗组海马结构内的GFAP在APP/PS1转基因小鼠的表达下调(P<0.05)。TUNEL染色法显示治疗组海马CA1、CA3区和齿状回TUNEL阳性细胞数较对照组明显减少(P<0.05)。结论:亚甲蓝能够下调APP/PS1小鼠海马结构内GFAP蛋白的表达,并通过抑制海马结构神经元的凋亡,提高APP/PS1小鼠的认知能力。     

Drebrin和SYP在APP/PS1转基因AD小鼠海马内的表达与认知障碍的关系

已知Alzheimer病(AD)患者脑内的主要病理变化之一是树突棘与突触的退化,而树突棘与突触的正常发育及病理改变均与树突棘肌动蛋白结合蛋白drebrin和突触前成分内突触素(synaptophysin,SYP)的表达水平密切相关。为探讨drebrin和SYP的表达与AD认知障碍之间的关系,本实验先采用Morris水迷宫法观测了6、9、12月龄APP/PS1转基因小鼠和同种野生型小鼠的学习记忆能力;再用Western blot法检测了其海马内drebrin和SYP蛋白表达水平。结果显示:9月龄APP/PS1转基因小鼠海马内drebrin蛋白的表达水平已有下降,其学习记忆能力也相应地降低,12月龄时二者下降明显;但作为突触前成分中的SYP蛋白表达水平的下降则较前二者的出现为迟。本结果提示,drebrin的表达下降在AD早期行为学改变的分子机制中发挥重要的作用,而SYP的表达下降则在drebrin下降之后参与AD的进一步发展。     

Neuronal DNA damage correlates with overexpression of interleukin-1β converting enzyme in APPV717F mice

Transgenic APPV717F mice, homozygous for a human minigene encoding the V717F familial Alzheimer’s disease mutation, develop Aβ plaques similar to those seen in Alzheimer patients and show evidence of neuronal cell drop out in CA2–3 regions of the hippocampus at 8 months of age and older. Interleukin-1 (IL-1)β (IL-1β) converting enzyme (ICE) is a cysteine protease (caspase-1) that processes inactive (33 kDa) pro-IL-1β to the active (17 kDa) inflammatory cytokine. We used immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, and DNA cleavage (TUNEL) analysis to show progressive, age-associated increases in ICE mRNA levels, in the numbers of ICE-immunoreactive glia, and in the numbers of neurons showing evidence of DNA damage in APPV717F mice that commenced months prior to the appearance of Aβ plaques. Moreover, there were significant correlations between these parameters over an age range of 1–17 months. These findings are consistent with the idea that increases in ICE activity and expression contribute to neuronal injury in Alzheimer’s disease.     

上调星形胶质细胞中PP2A对APP/PS1双转基因小鼠的神经保护作用

目的:探讨上调星形胶质细胞中蛋白磷酸酶2A(protein phosphatase 2A,PP2A)对APP/PS1双转基因小鼠的神经保护作用。方法:构建带胶质细胞原纤维酸性蛋白启动子的e GFP-wt PP2A慢病毒,特异性上调星形胶质细胞中的PP2A。将实验小鼠随机分为野生对照+慢病毒空载体组(Con组)、APP/PS1双转基因小鼠+慢病毒空载体组(APP/PS1组)和APP/PS1双转基因小鼠+慢病毒感染组(PP2A组),各组小鼠经侧脑室注射慢病毒4周后,采用脑片免疫荧光检测β-淀粉样蛋白(β-amyloid protein,Aβ)的水平,通过Golgi染色观察树突棘密度和形态学变化,电镜检测突触后致密物(postsynaptic density,PSD)的厚度,Morris水迷宫定位航行实验检测感染慢病毒后对学习和记忆的影响。结果:上调星形胶质细胞中PP2A降低APP/PS1双转基因小鼠Aβ的水平,增加树突棘密度、有突触功能的蘑菇状树突棘比例和PSD厚度,缩短寻找平台逃避潜伏期。结论:上调星形胶质细胞中PP2A改善APP/PS1双转基因小鼠AD样Aβ聚集的病理改变,具有重塑突触结构与功能和改善学习记忆能力的作用。     

FSD-C10调节阿尔茨海默病双转基因小鼠炎性微环境

目的:探讨新型Rho激酶抑制剂FSD-C10对阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer disease,AD)模型小鼠脑内炎性微环境的调节作用。方法:采用双转染人β-淀粉样蛋白前体(β-amyloid protein precursor,APP)695swe基因和人早老素1(presenilin-1,PS1)ΔE9突变基因的8月龄小鼠作为AD动物模型,随机分为模型组和FSD-C10治疗组,分别经腹腔注射生理盐水和FSD-C10(25 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1))持续治疗2个月,同月龄野生型小鼠作为正常对照组。应用Morris水迷宫(Morris water maze,MWM)实验检测小鼠学习和记忆能力。采用免疫组化和Western blot技术检测小鼠脑组织β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)、磷酸化Tau蛋白(p-Tau)、β位点APP剪切酶(BACE)、Toll样受体4(TLR-4)、磷酸化核因子κB(p-NF-κB)、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(i NOS)和精氨酸酶1(Arg-1)的表达。结果:与模型组相比,FSD-C10干预能显著改善APP/PS1双转基因小鼠学习和记忆能力,减少海马区Aβ1-42、p-Tau和BACE的表达,抑制脑内炎症信号通路TLRs/NF-κB轴TLR-4的表达和p-NF-κB的激活,减少i NOS的表达,增加Arg-1的表达。结论:FSD-C10干预能明显改善APP/PS1双转基因小鼠的学习和记忆能力,其机制可能是通过抑制TLRs/NF-κB信号通路激活,减少炎症因子的分泌及促进M1型炎性小胶质细胞向M2型抗炎小胶质细胞转化,从而改善APP/PS1双转基因小鼠脑组织炎症微环境。     

Altered levels and distribution of IGF-II/M6P receptor and lysosomal enzymes in mutant APP and APP + PS1 transgenic mouse brains

The insulin-like growth factor-II/mannose-6-phosphate (IGF-II/M6P) receptor participates in the trafficking of lysosomal enzymes from the trans-Golgi network or the cell surface to lysosomes. In Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains, marked up-regulation of the lysosomal system in vulnerable neuronal populations has been correlated with altered metabolic functions. To establish whether IGF-II/M6P receptors and lysosomal enzymes are altered in the brain of transgenic mice harboring different familial AD mutations, we measured the levels and distribution of the receptor and lysosomal enzymes cathepsins B and D in select brain regions of transgenic mice overexpressing either mutant presenilin 1 (PS1; PS1(M146L+L286V)), amyloid precursor protein (APP; APP(KM670/671NL+V717F)) or APP+PS1 (APP(KM670/671NL+V717F)+PS1(M146L+L286V)) transgenes. Our results revealed that levels and expression of the IGF-II/M6P receptor and lysosomal enzymes are increased in the hippocampus and frontal cortex of APP and APP+PS1, but not in PS1, transgenic mouse brains compared with wild-type controls. The changes were more prominent in APP+PS1 than in APP single transgenic mice. Additionally, all beta-amyloid-containing neuritic plaques in the hippocampal and cortical regions of APP and APP+PS1 transgenic mice were immunopositive for both lysosomal enzymes, whereas only a subset of the plaques displayed IGF-II/M6P receptor immunoreactivity. These results suggest that up-regulation of the IGF-II/M6P receptor and lysosomal enzymes in neurons located in vulnerable regions reflects an altered functioning of the endosomal-lysosomal system which may be associated with the increased intracellular and/or extracellular A beta deposits observed in APP and APP+PS1 transgenic mouse brains.     

阿尔茨海默病小鼠模型中骨髓间充质干细胞的神经分化

 目的：探讨淀粉样前体蛋白（APP）转基因小鼠（阿尔茨海默病小鼠模型）骨髓间充质干细胞（MSCs）的神经分化及其与参与调节干细胞分化的Notch1信号通路的关系,观察分化的骨髓间充质干细胞中自噬的变化。方法：实验分为APP转基因小鼠组（APP组）和野生型小鼠组（WT组）。采用β-巯基乙醇诱导小鼠MSCs分化为神经细胞;采用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）检测诱导后β淀粉样蛋白40（Aβ40）和42（Aβ42）的水平;采用免疫细胞化学染色法和Western blotting检测神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）和微管相关蛋白2（MAP-2）的表达变化;Western blotting检测Notch1、Notch胞内域（NICD）和Hes5的水平。结果：与野生型小鼠相比,APP转基因小鼠的骨髓间充质干细胞具有更强的神经分化能力、更高的Aβ表达及更强的Notch1信号抑制。但是,自噬作为神经细胞存活和神经功能必不可少的条件,在分化后的APP 转基因小鼠来源的MSCs中受损。结论:过表达APP可能通过抑制Notch-1信号通路增强小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞神经分化的能力,而分化后的APP转基因小鼠MSCs出现自噬通路异常。     

Absence of effect of chronic nicotine administration on amyloid beta peptide levels in transgenic mice overexpressing mutated human APP (Sw, Ind)

Studies have indicated that nicotine has disease-modifying and cognitive-enhancing properties in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Nicotine has been proposed to be neuroprotective through anti-amyloid beta (Abeta) effects, anti-excitotoxic effects, and anti-free radical effects. Previously, conflicting data from Abeta plaque developing transgenic mice have shown significant Abeta-lowering effects, or alternatively no effects, of nicotine administration. In this study, dosing of transgenic mice (J20 strain) with mutated human APP (Swedish mutations: K670N and M671L and Indiana mutation: V717F) transgene, with nicotine in drinking water for 20 weeks did not have a significant effect on total levels of Abeta 40 or 42 in hippocampus or cortex. This treatment strategy resulted in increased levels of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activity, and reduced levels of cortical glial fibrillary acidic protein, but had no effect on cortical synaptophysin protein levels. The J20 mouse strain produces higher levels of Abeta 42, the more pathogenic form of Abeta, than Abeta 40 compared to other Abeta plaque developing mouse strains; this could account for differences in effectiveness of nicotine in transgenic mice models of AD.     

Altered metabolism of familial Alzheimer's disease-linked amyloid precursor protein variants in yeast artificial chromosome transgenic mice

Missense mutations in the beta-amyloid precursor protein gene (APP) co- segregate with a small subset of autosomal dominant familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) cases wherein deposition of the 39-43 amino acid beta-amyloid (A beta) peptide and neurodegeneration are principal neuropathological hallmarks. To accurately examine the effect of missense mutations on APP metabolism and A beta production in vivo, we have introduced yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) containing the entire approximately 400 kbp human APP gene encoding APP harboring either the asparagine for lysine and leucine for methionine FAD substitution at codons 670 and 671 (APP(K670N/M671L)), the isoleucine for valine FAD substitution at codon 717 (APP(V7171)) or a combination of both substitutions into transgenic mice. We demonstrate that, relative to YAC transgenic mice expressing wild-type APP, high levels of A beta peptides are detected in the brains of YAC transgenic mice expressing human APP(K670N/M671L) that is associated with a concomitant diminution in the levels of apha-secretase-generated soluble APP derivatives. Moreover, the levels of longer A beta peptides (species terminating at amino acids 42/43) are elevated in YAC transgenic mice expressing human APP(V7171). These mice should prove valuable for detailed analysis of the in vivo effects of the APP FAD mutations in a variety of tissues and throughout aging and for testing therapeutic agents that specifically alter APP metabolism and A beta production.      

Apolipoprotein E mediates sulfatide depletion in animal models of Alzheimer's disease

Herein, we tested a recently proposed working model of apolipoprotein E (apoE)-mediated sulfatide metabolism/trafficking/homeostasis with two well-characterized amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic (Tg) animal models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) (i.e., APP(V717F) and APPsw) on a wild-type murine apoE background or after being bred onto an Apoe(-/-) background. As anticipated, lipidomics analysis demonstrated that the sulfatide levels in brain tissues were reduced beginning at approximately 6 months of age in APP(V717F) Tg, Apoe(+/+) mice and at 9 months of age in APPsw Tg, Apoe(+/+) mice relative to their respective non-APP Tg littermates. This reduction increased in both APP Tg mice as they aged. In contrast, sulfatide depletion did not occur in APP Tg, Apoe(-/-) animals relative to the Apoe(-/-) littermates. The lack of sulfatide depletion in APP Tg, Apoe(-/-) mice strongly supports the role of apoE in the deficient sulfatide content in APP Tg, Apoe(+/+) mice. Collectively, through different animal models of AD, this study provides evidence for an identified biochemical mechanism that may be responsible for the sulfatide depletion at the earliest stages of AD.     

BMSCs脑内移植改善AD小鼠学习记忆功能的分子机制研究

目的:观察骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)脑内移植对阿尔茨海默病(AD)小鼠学习记忆能力及病理改变的影响,并对其分子机制进行探讨。方法:将C57/BL6野生型(WT)小鼠和C57/BL6 APP/PS1转基因(Tg)小鼠随机分为4组:WT/PBS组、WT/BMSCs组、Tg/PBS组及Tg/BMSCs组,侧脑室注射法将PBS或BMSCs注入小鼠脑内。术后第3天起进行持续8 d的Morris水迷宫实验以检测小鼠认知能力。术后第10天取材,组织免疫荧光染色检测小鼠脑内小胶质细胞的激活;real-time PCR检测CX3C趋化因子配体1(CX3CL1)、CX3C趋化因子受体1(CX3CR1)、IL-1β、TNF-α、Nurr1、YM1、胰岛素降解酶(IDE)和基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP9)的mRNA表达;ELISA检测脑组织匀浆CX3CL1和Aβ42的含量;Western blot检测突触后致密蛋白95(PSD95)、突触小泡蛋白(SYP)、p85和p110蛋白表达以及Akt磷酸化水平的变化。结果:术后第10天,在APP/PS1小鼠海马区附近观察到移植的BMSCs。水迷宫实验结果显示,与WT/PBS组小鼠相比,Tg/PBS组小鼠逃避潜伏期明显延长(P0.01),BMSCs移植治疗后APP/PS1小鼠逃避潜伏期明显缩短(P0.05);与Tg/PBS组相比,Tg/BMSCs组CX3CL1在海马区的mRNA水平(P0.01)及皮质区的蛋白水平(P0.05)明显增加;BMSCs移植可以促进WT和Tg小鼠脑内小胶质细胞的激活,同时M2型小胶质细胞表面标志物YM1的mRNA表达上调(P0.05)。Tg/PBS组与WT/PBS组相比,皮质区和海马区TNF-α的mRNA表达明显升高(P0.05),皮质区Nurr1的mRNA表达降低(P0.01);而与Tg/PBS组相比,Tg/BMSCs组皮质区的TNF-α(P0.01)mRNA表达降低,CX3CR1和Nurr1的mRNA表达明显上调(P0.05),海马区TNF-α和IL-1β的mRNA明显下调(P0.05),CX3CR1和Nurr1的mRNA表达明显增加(P0.05)。此外,Tg/BMSCs组的PSD95、p85和p110蛋白表达及Akt的磷酸化水平均较Tg/PBS组明显增加(P0.05)。与Tg/PBS组比,BMSCs移植降低了APP/PS1小鼠脑内Aβ42蛋白的水平(P0.05),增加了海马区Aβ清除相关酶IDE和MMP9的表达(P0.05)。结论:BMSCs移植可以调控神经炎症因子分泌,促进神经保护因子和突触蛋白的表达,从而改善APP/PS1小鼠的学习记忆能力,其分子机制可能是BMSCs移植上调CX3CL1后激活了PI3K/Akt通路。     

beta-site APP cleaving enzyme mRNA expression in APP transgenic mice: anatomical overlap with transgene expression and static levels with aging

The principal enzyme responsible for the beta-site cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) in the brain is a membrane-bound aspartyl protease beta-site APP cleaving enzyme (BACE). We examined human APP (hAPP) and BACE mRNA expression by in situ hybridization in young and old hAPP transgenic mice from two lines: Tg2576, hAPP KM670-671NL (hAPP(Sw)) at 4 and 15 months; and PDAPP, hAPP V717F, at 4 and 11 months. In transgene-positive mice from both lines, hAPP expression was most prominent in cortical, cerebellar, and hippocampal neuronal populations. Cingulate, entorhinal, and hippocampal amyloid burden in transgene-positive 16-month Tg2576 mice was 4 to 8%, and in 12-month PDAPP mice, 2 to 4%; there was no cerebellar amyloid deposition. BACE expression in transgenic and nontransgenic mice was highest in the cerebellar granule cell layer and hippocampal neuronal layers, intermediate in cortex, lower in subcortical regions, and minimal or absent in white matter of the cerebellum. Emulsion-dipped sections confirmed a predominantly neuronal pattern of expression. The amount of hybridization signal did not differ between transgenic and nontransgenic mice, or young and old mice, within each line. Thus, hAPP and endogenous BACE expression in similar anatomical localizations allow for processing of hAPP and Abeta formation in hAPP transgenic mice, but these are modified by additional age-related and anatomical factors.     

鹿茸多肽对APP/PS1双转基因小鼠Rho/ROCK通路的影响

目的 探讨鹿茸多肽(VAP)对APP/PS1双转基因小鼠Rho/ROCK通路的影响.方法 APP/PS1双转基因小鼠随机分为模型组和鹿茸多肽组,每组20只,另以同窝同性别阴性小鼠20只设立为对照组.鹿茸多肽组小鼠鹿茸多肽100 mg/kg灌胃给药,每天1次,连续28 d.治疗后水迷宫实验检测并记录小鼠逃避潜伏期和穿越平...     

β淀粉样蛋白及代谢酶类在阿尔茨海默病和糖尿病模型小鼠脑内的表达

目的观察阿尔茨海默病(AD)和糖尿病模型小鼠脑内β淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)及代谢相关酶类的表达情况,以便从分子水平找到糖尿病并发AD的实验室依据。方法 5月龄双转基因痴呆症模型小鼠(APP/PS1双转基因小鼠)、ob/ob T2DM肥胖模型小鼠和野生型C57BL/6J小鼠为对照,分别用免疫组化染色、ELISA和Western blot检测脑内老年斑(SP)、Aβ含量及Aβ代谢酶类的表达情况。结果 APP/PS1小鼠大脑皮质及海马均可见一定数量的SP;ob/ob小鼠大脑皮质内偶可见SP,而对照组未见SP。与对照小鼠相比,APP/PS1与ob/ob小鼠脑内Aβ40、Aβ42的含量明显升高(P0.05);但APP/PS1小鼠脑内Aβ水平显著高于ob/ob小鼠(P0.05)。APP在APP/PS1小鼠脑内的表达显著高于其他两组小鼠;在ob/ob小鼠脑内的表达要强于对照小鼠(P0.05)。Aβ生成的关键酶BACE1在APP/PS1与ob/ob小鼠脑内的表达显著高于对照小鼠(P0.05),但其在APP/PS1小鼠脑内的表达要强于ob/ob小鼠(P0.05)。Aβ降解的关键酶IDE在APP/PS1与ob/ob小鼠脑内的表达显著低于对照小鼠(P0.05),且在ob/ob小鼠脑内表达最低。结论 Aβ生成与降解的异常以及其异常聚集沉积不仅发生在早期AD脑内,同时也发生在T2DM脑内,提示Aβ过表达可能是促进2型糖尿病并发AD的重要原因之一。