对恶性梗阻性黄疸术前减黄指标的再认识（附28例临床分析）

目的：对恶性梗阻性黄疸的术前减黄标准以及减黄后手术时机进行探讨。方法：在既往研究的基础上,将原有的减黄公式年龄（岁）×3＋TB（μmol/L）〉380修改为年龄（岁）×3＋TB（μmol/L）〉450,并将满足〉450的28例患者进行术前减黄。将患者肿瘤切除率、并发症发生率等临床资料和前期研究的17例减黄患者（〉380）的临床资料进行对比分析。结果：年龄（岁）×3＋TB（μmol/L）〉450的28例中完成肿瘤切除10例（35.7%）,行单纯内引流18例（64.3%）,术中失血量（438.7±276.6）mL,术后并发症发生率10.7%（3/28）,1例死亡。年龄（岁）×3＋TB（μmol/L）〉450的17例中完成肿瘤切除6例（35.3%）,行单纯内引流11例（64.7%）,术中失血量（445.3±254.5）mL,术后并发症发生率11.8%（2/17）,1例死亡。结论：以年龄（岁）×3＋TB（μmol/L）〉450作为恶性梗阻性黄疸患者术前减黄的标准,并根据TB下降情况决定手术时机,能够获得良好的治疗效果。     

恶性梗阻性黄疸术前减黄78例临床分析

目的 探讨术前减黄对低位胆道恶性梗阻性黄疽患者行胰十二指肠切除术的影响.方法 对78例行胰十二指肠切除术的低位胆道恶性梗阻性黄疸患者进行回顾性分析.结果 术前减黄组入院时总胆红素为(268±70)μmol/L,至术前下降为(174±55)μmol/L,与减黄前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),与未减黄组术前总胆红素[(248±85)μmol/L]比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后并发症发生率为40%(31/78),其中减黄组为46%(11/24),未减黄组37%(20/54),两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),单个并发症发生率两组之间差异亦无统计学意义.结论 术前减黄可以有效降低血清胆红素水平;但术前减黄不能降低低位恶性胆道梗阻患者行胰十二指肠切除术后的病死率和并发症.     

术前胆道引流对恶性阻塞性黄疸患者免疫功能的影响

目的观察术前胆道引流恶性阻塞性黄疸患者免疫、炎症状况的影响。方法选择2006年3月至10月我科住院的恶性阻塞性黄疸手术患者22例,按照术前胆道引流与否分为减黄组(PBD)和未减黄组(NPBD),另取10例胆囊结石或肝血管瘤手术患者作为正常对照组,观察引流前、引流后、术后1d、7d指标,包括肝功能指标ALT、AST、TB、DB、ALP、GGT以及免疫、炎症反应指标IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α、CD4+、CD8+、CRP。结果术前胆道引流使13例患者的ALT、AST、GGT、TB下降。恶性阻黄组的IL-8水平较正常对照组的高[(1.330±0.334)μg/Lvs(0.331±0.095)μg/L,P0.05];恶性阻黄组的TNF-α水平较正常对照组的高([1.450±0.270)μg/Lvs(0.644±0.112)μg/L,P0.05]。引流后TNF-α水平较引流前显著降低,为(1.060±0.212)μg/L;术后7d时PBD组TNF-α水平为(0.793±0.251)μg/L,较术前差异性有统计学意义;非引流组术后7d时TNF-α水平为(1.180±0.205)μg/L,较术前下降明显,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。恶性阻黄患者胆道引流前后CD4+、CD8+、CD4+/CD8+、CRP水平无差别,是否行胆道引流差别亦无统计学意义。结论术前胆道引流可降低恶性阻塞性黄疸的血清TNF-α水平;血清TNF-α水平可作为反应恶性阻塞性黄疸免疫、炎症反应状态较为敏感的因子。     

肝门部胆管癌术前减黄临床价值

目的探讨术前减黄对肝门部胆管癌手术切除病人的影响。方法回顾中山大学附属第一医院1999年1月至2005年12月58例血清总胆红素(TB)>85μmol/L的肝门部胆管癌手术切除病人临床资料,分析并发症的发生情况以及减黄和其他因素对术后并发症、病死率的影响。结果术前减黄31例(53.4%,31/58),平均减黄9d,减黄组术前的TB下降为(214±125)μmol/L,与减黄前的(292±103)μmol/L及未减黄组术前的(382±174)μmol/L相比差异有显著性意义。术前减黄可降低天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALP)、直接胆红素(DB)水平。术后并发症总发生率为55.2%(32/58);减黄组为58.1%(18/31),未减黄组为51.9%(14/27),两组之间差异无显著性意义。单个并发症总发生率两组之间差异亦无显著性意义。影响术后病死率的危险因素为肝切除,影响术后肾功能不全的危险因素为TB>340μmol/L。结论术前减黄可以有效降低胆红素水平及改善肝门部胆管癌手术切除病人术前的肝功能;肝门部胆管癌切除手术的风险性较高;术前胆红素过高易引发术后肾功能不全;术前是否减黄与术后并发症发生率不相关。     

B超引导经皮肝穿刺胆道引流治疗阻塞性黄疸80例

目的探讨B超引导经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术（percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage,PTCD）治疗阻塞性黄疸的临床价值。方法回顾性分析广州中医药大学第一附属医院2009年5月至2012年5月80例阻塞性黄疸病例采用PTCD治疗的临床资料,总结放置PTC管数、平均手术时间、术后24 h胆汁引流量,并对比分析手术前后血清总胆红素水平（TB）差异。结果 80例患者穿刺放置PTC管95根,留置时间为7~185（45±21）d。平均手术时间为（30±15）min,术后24 h胆汁引流量为（415±214）ml。术后1周TB均值（μmol/L）与术前相比明显下降,差异有统计学意义（116±56vs 354±150,t=17.030,P〈0.01）。术后2周TB降至（57±36）μmol/L,与术后1周TB相比,差异有统计学意义（t=10.621,P〈0.01）。发生胆汁漏及胆道出血并发症共2例（2.5%）。结论 B超引导PTCD术具有微创、安全的优点,是治疗阻塞性黄疸有效方法之一。     

术前内镜减黄对胰十二指肠切除术后并发症的影响

[摘 要] 目的 探讨术前内镜胆道引流减黄对梗阻性黄疸患者胰十二指肠切除术后并发症的影响。方法回顾性分析南京医科大学附属无锡第二医院2013年1月至2015年12月期间73例接受胰十二指肠切除术患者的临床资料,根据术前是否行内镜胆道引流分为胆道引流组（preoperative biliary drainage,PBD）和非PBD组,其中PBD组30例,非PBD组43例,对比分析两组术后胰瘘、胆瘘、出血、切口感染并发症的发生情况。结果 PBD组术后胰瘘、切口感染发生率高于非PBD组,差异有统计学意义（ P < 0.05）;术后胆瘘、出血发生率组间比较差异无统计学意义（ P > 0.05）。结论 术前内镜减黄增加胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘和切口感染的发生率,不应作为胰十二指肠术前常规操作。     

梗阻性黄疸术前减黄指征及方案的探讨

目的 探讨梗阻性黄疸术前减黄的意义及具体实施方案.方法 2007年9月至2012年9月期间67例行手术治疗的梗阻性黄疸患者,按自定的术前减黄指征:①血清总胆红素(TBIL)＞342.0μmol/L;②年龄＞65岁;③合并胆管炎、肝功能B～C级、心肺功能差、糖尿病血糖控制不理想并伴有其他并发症、营养不良患者.其中28例人选术前减黄组,行透视下经皮经肝胆管引流术(PTBD)及内镜下鼻胆管引流术(ENBD),对减黄组置管后1～2周进行手术.未减黄组39例,常规术前准备后于人院4～6 d进行手术.结果 术前未减黄39例的手术时间、术中出血量、术后并发症的发生率、平均住院时间分别为(356±38) min、(656±72) ml、56.4％(22/39)、(25±6)d.28例术前进行了减黄,其手术时间、术中出血量、术后并发症的发生率、平均住院时间分别为(373±51) min、(634±61) ml、53.6％(15/28)、(34±8)d.术前减黄组与未减黄组手术时间、术中出血量、术后并发症的发生率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).两组平均住院时间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 选择性进行术前减黄治疗,降低了患者手术风险;建议TBIL＞342.0μmol/L,年龄＞65岁,伴胆管炎,一般条件差的患者行术前减黄治疗.     

术前内镜下梗阻性黄疸行胆道内外引流的临床意义

目的 探讨术前内镜下胆管内支撑引流术（ENBD）和／或术前内镜下鼻胆管引流术（ERBD）对梗阻性黄疸患进行治疗和术前准备的临床意义。方法 根据病因将胆道梗阻病例33例分为良性组21例，恶性组12例。33例患实施急诊和择期引流的同时行胆道造影以明确诊断。结果 所有患胆道均得到充分引流，急性胆管炎患胆道感染得以迅速控制，免于急诊手术；恶性组除2例晚期胰头癌患仅行ERBD姑息治疗外，其余经ERBD或ENBD引流后，TB均降至40μmol/L以下，为手术创造了条件。全部行根治性手术，其中除1例出现肝残面胆瘘外，余无并发症发生，全组无手术死亡率。结论 术前ENBD和ERBD确有进一步的影像学诊断价值的和微创性，其良好的胆道引流减压减黄效果，急诊床旁ENBD尤其对急性重症胆管炎及老年急性胆管炎的治疗具有特别重要的意义。     

胰十二指肠切除术前胆道引流在不同程度梗阻性黄疸患者中的应用价值分析

背景与目的：梗阻性黄疸是胰头及壶腹周围恶性肿瘤常见的临床特征,可引起机体各种病理生理变化,从而增加胰十二指肠切除术（PD）后并发症发生风险。然而,对此类患者行术前胆道引流（PBD）是否有益以及行PBD的指征,以往一些研究结果存在较大差异,因此,本研究进一步在不同程度黄疸患者中分析行PBD的必要性及应用指征。方法：回顾性分析中国人民解放军海军军医大学第一附属医院肝胆胰脾外科2016—2018年358例行PD的梗阻性黄疸患者（包括行PBD患者与直接手术患者）的临床资料。根据术前血清总胆红素（TBIL）水平（行PBD患者引流前TBIL水平）,将患者分为轻度黄疸组（TBIL<250μmol/L）与重度黄疸组（TBIL≥250μmol/L）,分别比较两组患者中行PBD的患者与直接手术患者间的相关临床指标。结果：轻度黄疸组183例,其中行PBD 34例、直接手术149例;重度黄疸组175例,其中行PBD 75例、直接手术组100例。轻度黄疸组与重度黄疸组中,行PBD的患者与直接手术患者间的术前基本资料、术中指标、术后病理方面部分存在差异（部分P<0.05）。术后结局指标方面,轻度黄疸组...     

术前减黄对低位胆道恶性梗阻性黄疸患者行胰十二指肠切除术的影响

目的探讨术前减黄对低位胆道恶性梗阻性黄疸患者行胰十二指肠切除术的影响。方法回顾1999年1月至2005年12月98例总胆红素>85μmol/L行胰十二指肠切除术的低位胆道恶性梗阻性黄疸的临床资料。结果术前减黄34例(35%,34/98),减黄前的胆红素水平为(266±119)μmoL/L,减黄后下降为(184±115)μmoL/L(t=2.66,P=0.010)。减黄组术中红细胞输注量为(276±419)ml,未减黄组为(397±344)ml(P=0.016);术后总的并发症发生率为39%(38/98);减黄组为35%(12/34),未减黄组为40%(26/64),差异无显著性(P=0.053),感染性并发症和单个并发症发生率两组之间亦无显著性差异(P=0.513)。单变量分析显示术前胆红素>340μmol/L(P=0.042)、手术出血量>600 ml(P=0.001)和术中红细胞输注量>600 ml(P=0.003)时,术后并发症的发生率显著性上升。多变量Logistic回归分析表明影响术后并发症的危险因素为手术出血量>600 ml(OR=2.77,P=0.036)和术中红细胞输注量>600 ml(OR=3.78,P=0.048)。结论低位恶性胆道梗阻患者,术前胆红素>340μmol/L时术后并发症的发生率显著增加,但术前减黄并未降低术后并发症的发生率,术者的技术和操作熟练程度可能影响术后并发症的发生。     

Specific Antibiotic Prophylaxis Based on Bile Cultures Is Required to Prevent Postoperative Infectious Complications in Pancreatoduodenectomy Patients Who Have Undergone Preoperative Biliary Drainage

Background Preoperative biliary drainage (PBD) is associated with bacterial contamination of bile, but the effects of PBD on morbidity after pancreatoduodenectomy remain controversial. The aim of this study was to characterize bile contamination to develop successful specific antibiotic prophylactic strategies for pancreatoduodenectomy. Methods Ninety-one consecutive patients who underwent pancreatoduodenectomy for periampullary tumor were prospectively evaluated. Prophylactic antibiotics were selected based on preoperative bile cultures. Bile cultures and postoperative complications were compared in 46 patients who underwent PBD (drainage group) versus 45 patients who did not (nondrainage group). Results The incidence of positive bile cultures was higher in the drainage group (78%) than in the nondrainage group (36%) (P < 0.001). In the drainage group, positive bile cultures were frequently polymicrobial (61%) and demonstrated resistance to several antibiotics, including cefazolin (83%), cefmetazole (72%), and cefpirome (64%). Overall morbidity (30% and 22%) and infectious morbidity (13% and 11%) did not differ significantly between the drainage and nondrainage groups, respectively. Conclusions PBD had a notable influence on bile microbial contamination, including a higher rate of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, specific antibiotic prophylaxis based on bile culture is required for preventing infectious complications in pancreatoduodenectomy patients who undergo PBD.     

Stented versus nonstented pancreaticojejunostomy after pancreatoduodenectomy: a prospective study.

OBJECTIVE: To compare morbidity and mortality rates of stented versus nonstented pancreaticojejunostomy after partial pancreatoduodenectomy. BACKGROUND DATA: Despite a marked reduction in the mortality rate after partial pancreatoduodenectomy in recent years, leakage of the pancreaticojejunostomy still occurs in 5% to 25% of patients and remains the major source of complications. METHODS: The authors compared the morbidity and mortality rates of 85 consecutive patients who had a partial pancreatoduodenectomy with (n = 44) or without (n = 41) temporary stented external drainage of the pancreatic duct between 1994 and 1997. RESULTS: A pancreatic fistula was diagnosed in 3 of the 44 patients (6.8%) with stents versus 12 of the 41 patients (29.3%) without stents. Surgical reintervention was necessary in 1 of the 3 patients with a pancreatic fistula in the stented group and 3 of the 12 patients with a pancreatic fistula in the nonstented group. There were two deaths after surgery, both in the nonstented group. The median hospital stay after surgery was 13 days in patients with stents and 29 days in patients without stents. CONCLUSION: In this nonrandomized prospective observational study, temporary external drainage of the pancreatic duct with a PVC tube significantly reduced the leakage rate of the pancreaticojejunostomy as well as the duration of hospital stay after partial pancreatoduodenectomy. Although promising, these observations require confirmation by further studies.     

Effect of preoperative biliary drainage on surgical outcome after pancreatoduodenectomy

BACKGROUND: The role of preoperative biliary drainage in patients with biliary obstruction undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy remains controversial. Several authors failed to show any effect of preoperative biliary drainage, whereas others even reported an increased morbidity following pancreatoduodenectomy. METHODS: Retrospective analysis was performed in a consecutive series of 257 patients undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy between November 1993 and November 1999. RESULTS: Ninety-nine patients (38%) underwent preoperative biliary drainage for a median time period of 10 days (range 1 to 41) prior to resection. Cumulative postoperative morbidity was 47% (120 patients), the reoperation rate was 4.3% (11 patients), and mortality was 2.3% (6 patients). There was no difference in total morbidity, infectious complications, reoperation rate, mortality, or long-term survival between patients with or without preoperative biliary drainage. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative biliary instrumentation and biliary drainage do not affect early or late outcome in patients undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy.     

恶性梗阻性黄疸181例术前减黄临床分析

目的:观察恶性梗阻性黄疸病人术前减黄的临床疗效。方法:对181例恶性梗阻性黄疸病人术前行超声引导下经皮经肝胆道穿刺引流,并对肿瘤切除率、并发症发生率等指标进行了分析。结果:97例胰头癌中行胰十二指肠切除35例(36.1%),单纯内引流62例;84例胆管癌中行胰十二指肠切除14例,肝门部胆管癌切除19例,胆管中段癌切除7例,共计40例(47.6%);行单纯内引流者44例。术后发生并发症15例次,死亡3例。减黄速度平均每周递减30%以上者在肿瘤切除率、并发症发生率以及住院时间上均优于30%以下者;而减黄速度平均每周递减30%以上者,无论引流2周或3周,其肿瘤切除率及并发症发生率无显著差别。结论:恶性梗阻性黄疸病人行术前减黄后黄疸是否顺利下降,可作为预测手术风险、手术效果以及病人预后的指标,血清胆红素连续2周下降30%可作为选择手术时机的标准。     

Effect of biliary decompression on morbidity and mortality of pancreatoduodenectomy

To evaluate the effect of levels of serum bilirubin on morbidity and mortality after pancreatoduodenectomy, a prospective study was designed to compare patients who underwent preoperative biliary decompression to those who did not. Preoperative biliary decompression decreased the mean serum bilirubin level from 15.8 to 5.8 mg/dl in one group of 10 patients (Group A). The only statistical differences between this group and the two other groups of patients (Groups B and C) who were not treated with preoperative biliary decompression was the level of serum bilirubin before pancreatoduodenectomy (5.8, 22, and 1.3 mg/dl in Groups A, B, and C, respectively). Only one death occurred in each group of patients. The numbers of nonfatal complications were comparable. These results suggest that there is no decrease in morbidity or mortality after pancreatoduodenectomy when the serum bilirubin level is decreased by preoperative biliary drainage.     

术前减黄对重症黄疸患者行胰十二指肠切除术的影响

目的　探讨术前以手术方法减轻梗阻性黄疸 (减黄 )对壶腹周围癌伴重度黄疸患者行胰十二指肠切除术 (PD )的影响。方法　回顾分析对比 2 2例壶腹周围癌伴重度黄疸患者PD术前行减黄手术 (减黄组 ) ,与 3 0例直接行PD手术 (未减黄组 )患者的临床资料。结果　两组临床资料具有可比性 (P >0 .0 5 )。两组均行经典式PD手术 ,减黄组手术时间及术中出血量分别为 3 44(2 40～5 70 )min及 10 5 7(60 0～ 2 10 0 )ml ,较未减黄组的 3 0 6(2 10～ 490 )min及 90 8(2 0 0～ 2 0 0 0 )ml有增多趋势 ,但无统计学差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。减黄组术中输血量为 13 0 0 (80 0～ 2 40 0 )ml ,较未减黄组的93 9(0～ 2 40 0 )ml明显增多 (t =2 .0 5 7,P <0 .0 5 )。术后并发症发生率减黄组为 5 9.1% (13 /2 2 ) ,未减黄组为 5 3 .3 % (16/3 0 ) ,手术死亡率减黄组为 4.5 % (1/2 2 ) ,未减黄组为 6.7% (2 /3 0 ) ,两组比较差异均无显著性 (均P >0 .0 5 )。但在总住院时间上减黄组为 71(4 3～ 10 1)d ,较未减黄组的 47(2 9～ 81)d明显延长 (t =-3 .3 2 2 ,P <0 .0 5 )。结论　对伴有重度梗阻性黄疸的壶腹周围癌患者 ,若能充分进行术前准备 ,一期行PD手术利大于弊。     

胆胰液分流预防胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的价值

目的：探讨胆胰液分流预防胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的价值。方法；对91例胰十二指肠切除术患胰、胆、胃消化直重建时分别采用改良Roux-en—Y吻合术、总胆管放置T型引流管和胰管内放置引流管3种胆胰液分流术治疗，同时用未行胆胰液分流术45例作对照。结果：胰十二指肠切除术后行胆胰液分流术91例的胰瘘发生率为2．2％(2／91)，未行胆胰液分流术45例的胰瘘发生率为15．5％(7／45)（P＝0.00065)。应用改Roux－en—Y吻合术6例，胰管内放置引流管26例，无1例出现胰瘘；总胆管放置T型引流管59例，2例出现胰瘘。结论：胆胰液分流是预防胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘发生的重要环节。     

Postoperative complications and survival after pancreatoduodenectomy in patients aged over 70 years

An analysis of postoperative complications and survival was conducted in 31 patients undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) for carcinoma of the pancreas or periampullary carcinoma. Of them, 11 were over 70 years of age and 20 were under 70. Anastomotic leakage was the most common complication after PD. Definite pancreatic leakage was found in one patient in the over 70 group, and one case each of pancreatic, biliary, and gastric leakage were found in the under 70 group. All complications were treated conservatively without any further operative intervention. The overall morbidity rate was 41.9% (13/31), being 45.5% (5/11) in the over 70 group and 40.0% (8/20) in the under 70 group, and no operative deaths occurred within 30 days after surgery. The cumulative survival rate of the patients aged over 70 years with carcinoma of the pancreas or periampullary carcinoma did not differ significantly from the rate of those under 70. It was thus concluded that PD achieves an adequate prognosis and survival in patients over 70 years of age.     

Abdominal drainage after hepatic resection is contraindicated in patients with chronic liver diseases

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine whether abdominal drainage is beneficial after elective hepatic resection in patients with underlying chronic liver diseases. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Traditionally, in patients with chronic liver diseases, an abdominal drainage catheter is routinely inserted after hepatic resection to drain ascitic fluid and to detect postoperative hemorrhage and bile leakage. However, the benefits of this surgical practice have not been evaluated prospectively. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between January 1999 and March 2002, 104 patients who had underlying chronic liver diseases were prospectively randomized to have either closed suction abdominal drainage (drainage group, n = 52) or no drainage (nondrainage group, n = 52) after elective hepatic resection. The operative outcomes of the 2 groups of patients were compared. RESULTS: Fifty-seven (55%) patients had major hepatic resection with resection of 3 Coiunaud's segments or more. Sixty-nine (66%) patients had liver cirrhosis and 35 (34%) had chronic hepatitis. Demographic, surgical, and pathologic details were similar between both groups. The primary indication for hepatic resection was hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 100, 96%). There was no difference in hospital mortality between the 2 groups of patients (drainage group, 6% vs. nondrainage group, 2%; P = 0.618). However, there was a significantly higher overall operative morbidity in the drainage group (73% vs. 38%, P < 0.001). This was related to a significantly higher incidence of wound complications in the drainage group compared with the nondrainage group (62% vs. 21%, P < 0.001). In addition, a trend toward a higher incidence of septic complications in the drainage group was observed (33% vs. 17%, P = 0.07). The mean (+/- standard error of mean) postoperative hospital stay of the drainage group was 19.0 +/- 2.2 days, which was significantly longer than that of the nondrainage group (12.5 +/- 1.1 days, P = 0.005). With a median follow-up of 15 months, none of the 51 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in the drainage group developed metastasis at the drain sites. On multivariate analysis, abdominal drainage, underlying liver cirrhosis, major hepatic resection, and intraoperative blood loss of >1.5L were independent and significant factors associated with postoperative morbidity. CONCLUSION: Routine abdominal drainage after hepatic resection is contraindicated in patients with chronic liver diseases.