起源于三尖瓣环非间隔部位的房性心动过速体表心电图特点及射频消融治疗

目的报道起源于三尖瓣环非间隔部位的房性心动过速(简称房速)体表心电图特点及射频消融结果。方法13例房速均被证实起源于三尖瓣环非间隔部位并射频消融成功。影像学消融靶点位于三尖瓣环,局部电图可见A波和V波,且A∶V<2,V波的振幅>0.5 mV。结果9例消融成功部位位于三尖瓣环下侧壁,4例位于三尖瓣环上侧壁,靶点局部A波激动时间领先体表心电图P波起点41±15 ms,AV比值0.5±0.4。三尖瓣环下侧壁起源的房速P波特点:Ⅰ、aVL、aVR导联P波正向,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联P波负向,V1～V6导联P波负向。三尖瓣环上侧壁起源的房速P波特点:Ⅰ、aVL导联P波正向,aVR导联P波负向或呈等电位线,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联P波低幅正向波或呈等电位线,V1导联负向,胸前导联由右向左P波逐渐移行为正向。结论三尖瓣环非间隔部位是右房房速的一个重要起源点,其体表心电图有明确特征。     

射频消融治疗起源于心房下部局灶房性心动过速

对6例起源于右房下部及3例起源于冠状静脉窦口局灶性房性心动过速(简称房速),行常规心内电生理检查,明确房速时心房激动顺序,寻找心房激动最早起源点标测与消融,临床随访评价疗效。结果:6例右房下部房速心电图Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF、V1导联P′为负,Ⅰ、aVL为正,3例冠状窦口部房速心电图Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF及V1导联P′波为负\正双向,Ⅰ、aVL P′低平,不易区别。成功消融靶点双极电图A-P间期40±15 m s。结论:体表心电图可大致区分房速起源部位。     

房性心动过速的起源部位及心电图特征

通过常规方法或三维电解剖标测系统(CARTO)精确定位26例房性心动过速(简称房速)的起源部位,右房起源房速23例:界嵴5例,冠状静脉窦口5例,房间隔右侧3例,Koch三角2例,右心耳1例,上腔静脉1例,余右房各壁各1例。左房起源房速3例均为右上肺静脉。V1导联P波双向或负向者房速多起源于右房;P波正向或双向的房速起源于左房;aVL导联及Ⅰ导联P波正向对诊断右房房速有意义。     

三尖瓣环游离壁起源房速的电生理特征

目的报道一组起源于三尖瓣环(TA)游离壁房性心律失常的心电生理特征及射频消融治疗。方法7例患者经心内电生理检查和射频消融证实的起源于三尖瓣环游离壁的房性心律失常,对其心电生理特点及射频消融进行分析。结果三尖瓣环房速表现为阵发性,为心房程序刺激诱发(4例)或静滴异丙肾上腺素后自发(3例)。三尖瓣环房速有独特的体表心电图特征,所有患者I,aVL导联P波直立,TA11点起源房速II,III,aVF导联P波直立;TA9点起源房速II,III,aVF导联P波低幅直立;TA7点起源房速II,III,aVF导联P波倒置。TA11点起源房速胸导V1导为负向,V2～V6导P波逐渐移行为正向。其余部位TA房速V1～V6P波均为负向。7例患者均消融成功,随访12月均无房速复发。结论三尖瓣环房速有独特的心电图特征和房内激动顺序,长期随访这类房速射频消融有较好的治疗效果。     

心房后间隔局灶性房性心动过速的电生理特征及射频消融

目的 探讨起源于心房后间隔及邻近区域局灶性房性心动过速（房速）心脏电生理特点及射频导管消融特点.方法 入选23例患者,男12例,女11例,平均年龄（48.3±19.3）岁,自发或心房程序刺激诱发房速后,分析体表心电图P＆#39;波特点并于后间隔各个部位进行激动标测和射频消融治疗.结果 23例心房刺激均能反复诱发或终止房速,平均周长（346.7±61.8） ms,房速时P＆#39;波时限明显短于窦性心律时P波时限[（86.2±14.0）ms对（115.4±19.9） ms,P＜0.05].体表P＆#39;波表现为Ⅰ导联多呈等电位线,下壁导联呈深倒负向波,aVR和aVL导联呈正向波,V3～W5导联呈负向波.常规激动标测,所有患者于冠状静脉窦口（CSO）附近标测到相对提前的心房激动,其中12例起源于右后间隔,6例起源于CSO及近端,2例起源于心中静脉,3例起源于左后间隔.靶点提前体表P＆#39;波平均（34.4±18.0） ms,放电开始至心动过速终止时间为（6.2±4.2）s,11例患者放电过程中出现交界区心律.所有患者均消融成功,其中3例需应用盐水灌注导管.随访4个月～ 10年,无复发病例及手术相关并发症.结论 后间隔局灶性房速P＆#39;波形态具有特异性,对导管消融定位意义较大.由于解剖的复杂性,部分病例标测和消融困难,需结合右心房后间隔、冠状静脉窦（CS）内和/或其分支、左心房后间隔等多部位标测和/或消融方能获得成功.     

经射频导管消融起源于心耳的局灶性房速

目的起源于左、右心耳处的局灶性房性心动过速(房速)比较少见,本研究报告14例起源于左、右心耳的局灶性房速的电生理特性和射频导管消融结果。方法 14例患者年龄为12～55岁,均有反复发作心悸和心动过速的病史,11例心动过速呈无休止发作,抗心律失常药物难以控制,其中3例伴明显左心室增大。电生理检查明确局灶性房速机制,其它机制的室上性心动过速经详细的的电生理检查和心内标测排除。对14例患者均在房速时进行体表心电图分析和激动标测,在心动过速时双极和单极标测所示的最早心房激动部位处行射频导管消融。14例患者中,5例应用CARTO三维标测系统引导标测和消融;除3例患者外,其他11例患者均应用盐水灌注导管消融。结果 10例起源于右心耳的局灶性房速患者,房速时的P’波形态Ⅰ导联和Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联均为正向波,aVL导联P’波负向、正向、双向者分别是3例、3例和4例;V1导联负向波为主(7/10),V3～V6导联正向波为主(9/10),1例V1～V6导联P波全部为正向波。4例左心耳局灶性房速的P’波形态,Ⅰ和aVL导联均为负向波,Ⅱ、Ⅲ和aVF导联均为正向波,V1～V6导联均为正向波。10例右心耳起源房速均消融成功;4例左心耳起源房速2例消融成功,2例消融失败。14例均无围术期相关并发症发生。在随访期间,右心耳起源房速复发1例,经再次消融成功;其他成功消融患者在未服用抗心律失常药物下无房速复发,3例左心室增大患者随访中左心室基本恢复正常。结论起源于左、右心耳局灶性房速多呈无休止特点,可导致心动过速性心肌病。经射频导管消融心耳部(尤其是右心耳)起源局灶性房速有较高的成功率、较低的复发率和较好的安全性。     

经射频导管消融起源于心耳的局灶性房速

目的起源于左、右心耳处的局灶性房性心动过速(房速)比较少见,本研究报告14例起源于左、右心耳的局灶性房速的电生理特性和射频导管消融结果。方法 14例患者年龄为12～55岁,均有反复发作心悸和心动过速的病史,11例心动过速呈无休止发作,抗心律失常药物难以控制,其中3例伴明显左心室增大。电生理检查明确局灶性房速机制,其它机制的室上性心动过速经详细的的电生理检查和心内标测排除。对14例患者均在房速时进行体表心电图分析和激动标测,在心动过速时双极和单极标测所示的最早心房激动部位处行射频导管消融。14例患者中,5例应用CARTO三维标测系统引导标测和消融;除3例患者外,其他11例患者均应用盐水灌注导管消融。结果 10例起源于右心耳的局灶性房速患者,房速时的P’波形态Ⅰ导联和Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联均为正向波,aVL导联P’波负向、正向、双向者分别是3例、3例和4例;V1导联负向波为主(7/10),V3～V6导联正向波为主(9/10),1例V1～V6导联P波全部为正向波。4例左心耳局灶性房速的P’波形态,Ⅰ和aVL导联均为负向波,Ⅱ、Ⅲ和aVF导联均为正向波,V1～V6导联均为正向波。10例右心耳起源房速均消融成功;4例左心耳起源房速2例消融成功,2例消融失败。14例均无围术期相关并发症发生。在随访期间,右心耳起源房速复发1例,经再次消融成功;其他成功消融患者在未服用抗心律失常药物下无房速复发,3例左心室增大患者随访中左心室基本恢复正常。结论起源于左、右心耳局灶性房速多呈无休止特点,可导致心动过速性心肌病。经射频导管消融心耳部(尤其是右心耳)起源局灶性房速有较高的成功率、较低的复发率和较好的安全性。     

经主动脉无冠状窦内射频消融房性心动过速四例

4例经主动脉无冠状窦内射频消融成功的房性心动过速(简称房速),其体表心电图P波特点:4例Ⅰ和aVL导联P′波正向;2例Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联P波呈负正双向,1例呈浅倒置,1例在基线水平;4例V1导联P′波呈负正双向。房速时无冠状窦标测到最早的A波,较His束电位提前15～20ms,较体表P波起始领先32～40ms。在无冠状窦内消融成功,随访3～21个月,房速无复发。     

Carto标测指导下射频导管消融左心耳房性心动过速

目的探讨三维电解剖Carto指导下标测消融源于左心耳部位房性心动过速(房速)的方法和可行性。方法结合电生理和空间信息,首先利用Carto系统建立左心房三维解剖结构。对3例起源于左心耳的房速进行Carto标测,根据Carto标测来确定最早激动点,并以此为靶点进行射频消融。同时分析心动过速时体表心电图的P波特点。结果电解剖标测证实3例房速均为局灶性房速,其最早激动点起源于左心耳,并向左心房前壁、房间隔和后下壁激动。左心耳放电成功消融3例房速。体表心电图分析显示房速时Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF和V1导联P波为正向,I、aVL导联为完全负向。结论三维电解剖标测可以清楚显示左心耳解剖结构以及源于其中的房速的激动顺序并有利于经导管进行射频消融。     

起源于右心耳局灶性房性心动过速电生理特点及射频消融

目的探讨起源于右心耳局灶性房性心动过速（RAAT）心电图、电生理特点及射频消融。方法138例经射频消融治疗的局灶性房性心动过速（房速）中有7例（5．0％）起源于右心耳,通过10极冠状静脉窦（CS）电极导管、高位右心房（HRA）电极导管、希氏束（HBE）电极导管和消融导管（ABL）记录其电生理检查结果、靶点位置,并记录和观察体表心电图房性P波形态（正向、负向、低平和双向）。结果7例RAAT患者平均年龄为（41．1±19．6）岁,病史（5．4±4．0）年,其中男性4例,女性3例。房速持续性4例,阵发性2例,通过心房程序刺激诱发1例。体表心电图房性P波形态特征：所有患者V,导联P波负向,绝大多数下壁导联P波正向或双向,胸前导联P波由负向逐渐变为正向。心内电生理检查提示房速时HRA处A波最早,有效消融靶点较体表心电图P波提前（38．4±12．6）ms。6例患者消融成功,其中4例使用盐水灌注消融导管,随访3～12个月无房速复发,未见并发症发生。结论RAAT相对少见（5．0％）,有特殊的心电图和心内电生理表现,盐水灌注消融导管能提高消融成功率,远期效果好。     

无冠窦起源房性心动过速的电生理特点及射频消融治疗五例分析

目的研究无冠窦起源房性心动过速(房速)的电生理特点。方法 5例无冠窦起源房速患者,其中男性2例,女性3例,年龄37～68岁。观察心动过速时P波形态,心内标测心房最早激动部位,并行射频消融治疗。结果 5例无冠窦起源房速的周长平均为(363±44)ms。P波形态主要表现为在Ⅱ、Ⅲ和aVF导联上直立和双向,aVR导联倒置,在aVL导联上全为正向。胸前导联中,V_1～V_2为负正双向,V_3～V_5为负正双向或正向,V_6为正向。5例患者均于无冠窦内成功消融,术后随访6个月均未见复发。结论无冠窦起源房速P波形态的特征可能为右胸导联先负后正,下壁导联直立或双向。此类房速的射频消融安全有效。     

Focal atrial tachycardia from the ostium of the coronary sinus: electrocardiographic and electrophysiological characterization and radiofrequency ablation

OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to characterize the electrocardiographic and electrophysiologic features and frequency of focal atrial tachycardia (AT) originating from the coronary sinus ostium (CS). BACKGROUND: The ostium of the coronary sinus has been described as a site of origin of AT, but detailed characterization of these tachycardias is limited. METHODS: Thirteen patients (6.7%) of 193 undergoing radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for focal AT are reported. Endocardial activation maps (EAM) were recorded from catheters at the CS (10 pole), crista terminalis (20 pole), and His positions. The P waves were classified negative, positive, isoelectric, or biphasic. RESULTS: The mean age was 41 +/- 6 years, seven female patients, with symptoms for 8 +/- 3 years. Tachycardia was induced by programmed extra-stimuli in eight patients, was spontaneous in three patients, and in response to isoproterenol in two patients. These foci had a characteristic P-wave morphology. At the CS ostium, the P-wave was deeply negative in all inferior leads, negative or isoelectric becoming positive in lead V(1), then progressively negative across the precordium. Lead aVL was positive in all patients. Earliest EAM activity occurred at the proximal CS at 20 +/- 3 ms ahead of P-wave. Mean activation time at the successful RFA site = -36 +/- 8 ms; RFA was acutely successful in 11 of 13 patients. Long-term success was achieved in 11 of 11 over a median follow-up of 25 +/- 4 months. CONCLUSIONS: The CS ostium is an uncommon site of origin for focal AT (6.7%). It can be suspected as a potential anatomic site of AT origin from the characteristic P-wave and activation timing. Long-term success was achieved with focal ablation in the majority of patients.     

无冠窦起源房速的电生理特征与射频消融

目的进一步分析起源于主动脉无冠窦房性心律失常的心电生理特征及射频消融治疗。方法11例患者经心内电生理检查和射频消融证实的起源于主动脉无冠窦局灶性房速,对其临床特征,心电生理特点及射频消融进行分析。结果无冠窦房速大多为女性,表现为阵发性,为心房或心室程序刺激诱发和终止。所有患者房速心电图P波窄而低幅,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,aVF和v,导联P波负正双向,Ⅰ,aVL导联直立,V2～V6导联P波负向。心内最早激动位于希氏束远端,并领先于体表P波起始（15±3）ms。无冠窦内标测最早激动等于或早于希氏束远端,局部电位特征为大A小V（或大V）,无希氏束电位,11例患者无冠窦内放电均在8秒内终止心动过速,均无并发症,无抗心律失常药物随访12±5月所有患者均无心动过速复发。结论主动脉无冠窦房速有独特的临床特征,心电图特征及心房内激动顺序,长期随访这类房速射频消融有良好的治疗效果。     

希氏束旁起源房性心动过速心电生理特征及射频消融疗效

目的分析起源于希氏束旁房性心动过速(房速)的心电生理特征及射频消融治疗效果。方法选自2009年1月至2014年5月在首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院心内科就诊的经心内电生理检查和射频消融证实起源点位于希氏束旁的房速,简称希氏束旁房速18例,其中男2例,女16例,年龄31~68(40±9)岁,病史1~10年。对患者临床特征、心电生理特点及射频消融疗效进行分析。结果希氏束旁房速大多为女性,16例表现为阵发性,为心房或心室程序刺激诱发和终止,2例为无休止心动过速。所有患者房速心电图P波窄而低幅,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,a VF和V1导联P波负正双向,Ⅰ、a VL导联为直立,V2~V6导联P波负向。右房激动标测示心内最早激动位于希氏束附近,并领先于体表P波起始(15±3)ms。16例患者于无冠窦内消融成功,2例于右房希氏束旁消融成功,均无并发症,随访12个月所有患者均无心动过速复发。结论希氏束旁房速有独特的临床特征,心电图特征及心房内激动顺序,应首选无冠窦途径消融,长期随访房速行射频消融治疗安全有效。     

Focal atrial tachycardia originating from the left atrial appendage: electrocardiographic and electrophysiologic characterization and long-term outcomes of radiofrequency ablation

Introduction: This study sought to investigate electrophysiologic characteristics and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in patients with focal atrial tachycardia (AT) arising from the left atrial appendage (LAA).
Methods: This study included seven patients undergoing RFA with focal AT. Activation mapping was performed during tachycardia to identify an earlier activation in the left atria and the LAA. The atrial appendage angiography was performed to identify the origin in the LAA before and after RFA.
Results: AT occurred spontaneously or was induced by isoproterenol infusion rather than programmed extrastimulation and burst atrial pacing in any patient. The tachycardia demonstrated a characteristic P-wave morphology and endocardial activation pattern. The P wave was highly positive in inferior leads in all patients. Lead V₁ showed upright or biphasic (±) component in all patients. Lead V₂–V₆ showed an isoelectric component in five patients or an upright component with low amplitude (<0.1 mV) in two patients. Earliest endocardial activity occurred at the distal coronary sinus (CS) ahead of P wave in all seven patients. Mean tachycardia cycle length was 381 ± 34 msec and the earliest endocardial activation at the successful RFA site occurred 42.3 ± 9.6 msec before the onset of P wave. RFA was acutely successful in all seven patients. Long-term success was achieved in seven of the seven over a mean follow-up of 24 ± 5 months.
Conclusions: The LAA is an uncommon site of origin for focal AT (3%). There were consistent P-wave morphology and endocardial activation associated with this type of AT. The LAA focal ablation is safe and effective. Long-term success was achieved with focal ablation in all patients.     

起源于左心耳局灶性房性心动过速的电生理特征和射频消融治疗

目的 报道一组起源于左心耳局灶性房性心动过速(房速)的电生理特征和射频消融治疗.方法 9例患者中男性5例,平均年龄(21±9)岁,经心内电生理检查和射频消融证实为起源于左心耳的房速,对其电生理特点及射频消融进行分析.结果 左心耳房速表现为无休止性或静脉滴注异丙肾上腺素诱发,程序刺激不能诱发或终止房速.左心耳房速有独特的体表心电图特征,所有患者P波Ⅰ、aVL导为负向,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联P波高而直立.V_1导P波为直立或正负双向(以直立为主),V_2～V_6导P波为等电位线(5例)或<0.1 mV低幅直立(4例).常规心内标测,最早心房激动为CS远端.成功靶点处局部心房激动领先P波起始(36.7±7.9)ms.5例患者最终使用盐水灌注导管消融成功,随访(12 ±5)个月无房速复发.结论 左心耳房速有独特的心电图特征和房内激动顺序,对这类房速盐水灌注导管可能是更好的选择,左心耳内局灶消融长期随访安全有效.     

Focal atrial tachycardias arising from the right atrial appendage: electrocardiographic and electrophysiologic characteristics and radiofrequency ablation

Objective: To characterize the electrocardiographic and electrophysiological features and frequency of focal atrial tachycardia (AT) originating from the right atrial appendage (RAA).
Background: The RAA has been described as a site of origin of AT, but detailed characterization of these tachycardias is limited.
Methods: Ten patients (3.8%) of 261 undergoing radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for focal AT are reported. Endocardial activation maps (EAM) were recorded from catheters at the CS (10 pole), tricuspid annulus (20 pole Halo catheter), and His positions. P waves were classified as negative, positive, isoelectric, or biphasic.
Results: The mean age was 39 ± 20 years, nine males, with symptoms for 4.1 ± 5.1 years. Tachycardia was incessant in seven patients, spontaneous in one patient, and induced by programmed extrastimuli in two patients. These foci had a characteristic P wave morphology. The P wave was negative in lead V₁ in all patients, becoming progressively positive across the precordial leads. The P waves in the inferior leads were low amplitude positive in the majority of patients. Earliest EAM activity occurred on the Halo catheter in all patients. Mean activation time at the successful RFA site =−38 ± 15 msec. Irrigated catheters were used in six patients, due to difficulty achieving adequate power. RFA was acutely successful in all patients. Long-term success was achieved in all patients over a mean follow up of 8 ± 7 months.
Conclusions: The RAA is an uncommon site of origin for focal AT (3.8%). It can be suspected as a potential anatomic site of AT origin from the characteristic P wave and activation timing. Irrigated ablation catheters are often required for successful ablation. Long-term success was achieved with focal ablation in all patients.     

Adenosine-sensitive atrial tachycardia originating from the proximal coronary sinus

BACKGROUND: Atrial tachycardia (AT) can originate from the proximal coronary sinus (CS). However, detailed electrophysiologic characteristics of the tachycardia are not available. OBJECTIVES: We describe the electrophysiologic characteristics, response to adenosine 5'-triphosphate, and results of radiofrequency ablation of AT with the earliest activation in the proximal CS. METHODS: In 7 of 54 patients (age 57 +/- 18 years) with nonmacroreentrant "focal" AT undergoing electrophysiologic study and radiofrequency ablation, the earliest atrial activation site was located in the proximal CS. RESULTS: The earliest activation site was inside the CS 13 +/- 3 mm from the ostium. The AT could be induced and terminated by atrial extrastimuli or burst pacing. In all patients, the AT was also terminated by a very small dose of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (4.2 +/- 1.1 mg). Rapid ventricular pacing during the tachycardia produced ventriculoatrial dissociation. Radiofrequency ablation directed at the earliest atrial activation site was effective in only three patients (group A). In the remaining four patients (group B), after the radiofrequency energy deliveries, the earliest activation site shifted to an adjacent site with a small increase in the cycle length. Three group B patients underwent successful ablation in the slow pathway region. No recurrence was observed over a follow-up period of 22 +/- 5 months. CONCLUSION: AT with earliest activation in the proximal CS is sensitive to a small dose of adenosine 5'-triphosphate. In some patients, radiofrequency applications in the slow pathway region are effective even if the local activation is not early.