腹腔镜辅助与开腹Soave术治疗小儿先天性巨结肠的疗效分析

目的:探讨腹腔镜辅助Soave术治疗小儿长段型及不能单纯经肛门Soave手术治疗的常见型先天性巨结肠的有效性与安全性。方法:回顾分析62例先天性巨结肠患儿的临床资料,患儿分别行腹腔镜辅助Soave手术(腹腔镜组,n=30)与传统开腹Soave手术(开腹组,n=32)。结果:两组手术时间、单种并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(P0.05);腹腔镜组术中出血量、术后首次排气排便时间、住院时间、术后并发症总发生率优于开腹组(P0.05),腹腔镜组住院费用偏高(P0.05)。结论:腹腔镜辅助Soave手术治疗长段型及不能单纯经肛门Soave手术治疗的常见型先天性巨结肠是安全、有效的。对于常见型巨结肠,可先行经肛门Soave术,必要时选择腹腔镜辅助。     

捆绑式鼻胆管支架在微创治疗肝外胆管结石中的应用探讨

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆总管探查术(laparoscopic common bile duct exploration,LCBDE)中置入捆绑式鼻胆管支架用于全保留Oddi括约肌功能微创治疗肝外胆管结石的可行性。方法:选择112例患者,随机分为3组,39例(LE组)行术前内镜逆行胰胆管造影/内镜十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术+腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC),36例(LT组)行LC+LCBDE+T管引流,37例(LES组)于LC+LCBDE术中置入捆绑式鼻胆管支架,比较各组手术时间、出血量、术后肛门恢复排气时间、拔管时间、住院时间、住院费用、患者满意度及术后并发症(胆漏、胆管残留结石)情况。结果:3组患者术中出血量、术后肛门排气时间、拔管时间及术后并发症差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。LE组手术时间长于LES、LT两组(P0.05),LE组与LES组住院时间短于LT组(P0.05)。LE组、LT组日均补液量多于LES组(P0.05)。LT组住院费用最低,LE组住院费用最高,LES组满意度最高,LT组最低,三组两两相比差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:LCBDE术中置入捆绑式鼻胆管支架是安全、可行的。     

术中结肠灌洗应用于左侧结肠癌并肠梗阻Ⅰ期根治性切除吻合术的效果

目的探讨术中结肠灌洗应用于左侧结肠癌并肠梗阻I期根治性切除吻合的效果。方法选取2014-12—2018-06间汝南县人民医院收治的58例左侧结肠癌患者。将行择期根治性切除吻合术的28例患者作为对照组,将伴有肠梗阻术中行结肠灌洗、I期根治性切除吻合术的30例患者作为观察组。比较2组的近期疗效。结果观察组手术时间长于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。2组术中出血量及术后肛门排气时间、并发症发生率和住院时间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论在严格掌握手术指征和术中结肠充分灌洗的前提下,对左侧结肠癌并肠梗阻患者实施I期根治性切除吻合术,其近期效果与择期手术无显著差异,是安全可行的。     

腹腔镜粘连松解治疗粘连性肠梗阻效果观察

目的分析腹腔镜粘连松解治疗粘连性肠梗阻的临床效果。方法将符合手术指证的80例粘连性肠梗阻患者随机分为2组,每组40例。观察组实施腹腔镜手术,对照组实施常规开腹手术。比较2组手术时间、术中出血量、术后肛门恢复排气时间和住院时间。结果 2组患者手术时间比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组术中出血量、术后肛门恢复排气时间及住院时间均少于对照组,术后并发症发生率和复发率小于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论腹腔镜治疗粘连性肠梗阻,安全、有效且复发率低。     

腹腔镜肠粘连松解术治疗急性粘连性肠梗阻近期效果

目的评价腹腔镜粘连松解术治疗急性粘连性肠梗阻的近期效果。方法随机将48例行粘连松解术的急性粘连性肠梗阻患者分为2组,各24例。对照组行开腹手术,腹腔镜组行腹腔镜手术。结果腹腔镜组手术时间、术中出血量及术后肛门恢复排气时间、镇痛药物使用率、并发症发生率和住院时间均短(少)于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论腹腔镜肠粘连松解术治疗急性粘连性肠梗阻,创伤小、并发症发生率低,有利于患者术后恢复。     

应用腹腔镜与开腹手术治疗结肠癌疗效观察

目的观察比较腹腔镜手术与开腹手术治疗结肠癌的临床疗效。方法将78例结肠癌患者随机分为观察组和对照组,各39例。对照组予以传统开腹手术。观察组行腹腔镜手术。观察记录2组手术时间、切口长度、住院时间、术中出血量、术后肛门排气时间及术后并发症发生情况。结果观察组平均手术时间较对照组长,平均切口长度、住院时间、术中出血量、术后肛门排气时间均优于对照组,术后并发症发生率小于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论腹腔镜结肠癌手术具有临床疗效优、并发症发病率低,值得推广应用。     

腹腔镜脾切除联合完全腹腔断流术治疗肝硬化门静脉高压症的临床研究

目的研究肝硬化门静脉高压症应用腹腔镜脾切除联合完全腹腔断流术治疗的临床效果,为临床治疗提供指导。方法选取2017年2月至2019年2月本院收治的98例肝硬化门静脉高压症患者进行研究,随机(随机数字表法)分成观察组(n=49)和对照组(n=49)。对照组行开腹脾切除联合断流术,观察组行腹腔镜脾切除联合完全腹腔断流术。观察并比较两组患者住院费用、术后血浆引流量、手术时间、住院时间、术后肛门排气时间、术中出血量以及并发症发生情况。结果观察组术中出血量、术后血浆引流量与对照组比较明显更少,手术时间、住院时间以及术后肛门排气时间则较对照组显著更短(P0.05)。观察组腹水、胸腔积液、发热、门静脉系统血栓等发生率与对照组相比明显更低(P0.05)。结论肝硬化门静脉高压症应用腹腔镜脾切除联合完全腹腔断流术治疗具有术后及术中出血量少、住院时间短等优点,且无任何严重并发症,值得临床推广应用。     

急性阑尾炎患者实施腹腔镜阑尾切除术的疗效观察

目的分析急性阑尾炎腹腔镜阑尾切除术的疗效。方法将72例急性阑尾炎患者随机分为2组,各36例。对照组行开腹阑尾切除术,观察组行腹腔镜阑尾切除术。比较2组手术时间、术中出血量、术后肛门排气时间及切口感染率和术后住院时间。结果 2组均顺利完成手术,观察组无中转开腹手术。2组手术时间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组术中出血量、术后肛门排气时间、切口感染率及术后住院时间均少于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论腹腔镜阑尾切除术治疗急性阑尾炎,创伤小、并发症少、患者术后恢复快。     

腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜治疗胆道术后胆总管复发结石的临床疗效与并发症观察

目的:探讨腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜治疗胆道术后胆总管复发结石的临床疗效与并发症。方法:回顾分析2013年1月至2016年11月收治的121例胆道术后胆总管复发结石患者的临床资料,将其分为两组,观察组行腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜手术,对照组行开腹胆总管切开取石术联合T管引流术。对比两组手术时间、术中出血量、术后肛门排气时间、术后住院时间、取石成功率与并发症发生率。结果:两组手术时间差异无统计学意义(P0.05),观察组术中出血量、术后肛门排气时间、术后住院时间、术后并发症发生率优于对照组(P0.05)。取石成功率观察组为96.72%,对照组为96.67%(P0.05)。结论:腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜手术治疗胆道术后胆总管复发结石临床疗效显著,并发症发生率较低,值得临床推广应用。     

肠道支架联合腹腔镜在急性梗阻性左半结肠癌治疗中的初步应用

目的:探讨腹腔镜结肠癌Ⅰ期切除吻合术中置入肠道支架的短期疗效。方法:回顾分析2013年6月至2016年5月收治的27例中老年急性梗阻性左半结肠癌患者的临床资料。入院常规行全腹部增强CT检查,排除同时性结肠癌远处转移。常规行胃肠减压,纠正电解质紊乱、贫血及低蛋白血症。对照组(n=16)于24~48 h内急诊行左半结肠癌根治术,视术中情况选择性行近端结肠造瘘或Ⅰ期结肠吻合术;支架组(n=11)入院后先通过超细内镜引导下置入肠道支架解除梗阻,梗阻状况及全身情况改善后进一步行腹腔镜辅助左半结肠癌根治+Ⅰ期吻合术。结果:支架组无死亡病例,未行结肠残端造口,未出现术后吻合口瘘。两组淋巴结廓清数量、首次住院时间、首次住院费用差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。支架组手术时间、术中出血量、预防性造口率少于对照组(P0.05)。结论:超细内镜结肠支架置入术联合腹腔镜结肠癌根治术治疗急性梗阻性左半结肠癌短期疗效显著。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.