锁骨下动脉损伤的外科处理

目的 探讨锁骨下动脉损伤的外科治疗特点。方法 1990年7月～2006年1月，对12例锁骨下动脉损伤患者，取锁骨上下联合切口，充分显露锁骨下动脉全段，分别采用动脉破口修补、包裹修复、血管吻合及人造血管移植修复重建损伤动脉。均为男性，年龄18～36岁，平均22.6岁。损伤部位：锁骨下动脉第1段1例，第2段4例，第3段7例。损伤类型：均为不完全断裂及破损，其中动脉破损区小于动脉周径1／3者4例，小于动脉周径2／3者5例，大于动脉周径2／3者3例。伴全臂丛神经损伤1例，神经干缺损5cm；部分臂丛神经损伤3例，其中2例仅前束损伤，神经缺损分别为4cm和6cm；正中神经完全损伤及尺神经不完全损伤1例，神经缺损4cm。损伤至手术时间3h～1.5个月。结果 术后无死亡及肢体坏死。获随访2个月～12年，平均5年2个月。10例桡动脉搏动恢复良好，2例桡动脉搏动不明显，均为动脉直接吻合者。4例合并臂丛神经损伤患者，前束损伤者术后肢体功能基本恢复正常，屈肘肌力Ⅳ级；全臂丛神经完全损伤者术后上肢功能基本无改善。结论 锁骨下动脉解剖位置特殊，动脉损伤后显露、修复均较困难。锁骨上下联合切口可在直视下显露动脉全段，修复重建安全可靠。     

臂丛神经合并血管损伤的显微外科治疗

目的 探讨臂丛神经合并血管损伤的诊断,显微外科治疗及临床效果。方法 针对不同损伤部位,采取臂丛神经血管探查,进行神经修复,移植及血管修补和自体静脉及人工血管移植同时修复神经损伤及血管损伤。结果 本组７例,经上述方法处理后患肢血液循环良好,经１年以上随访,部分病例恢复神经功能,优良率为５７．１％。结论明确臂丛神经合并血管损伤的诊断,采用有效的     

锁骨下血管合并臂丛损伤的处理

目的 探讨锁骨下动脉合并臂丛神经损伤的诊断和处理。方法 5例锁骨下动脉损伤合并臂丛损伤，其中锁骨下动脉第一段损伤1例，第三段损伤4例；2例合并动脉瘤，1例动脉瘤加动静脉瘘．2例血管纤维化自行闭塞。根据锁骨下动脉损伤性质，分别采用静脉移植、直接缝合、血管结扎处理，损伤臂丛神经采取直接缝合、神经松解。结果 3例开放性损伤患者早期手术修复动脉和神经，术后伤肢无疼痛，神经功能有不同程度恢复；2例闭合钝器伤晚期患者，1例行血管、神经松解术，仅疼痛减轻，1例血管臂丛神经广泛粘连，神经松解术后无任何恢复。结论 除原发性损伤外，进行性增大的血肿或假性动脉瘤压迫可加重臂丛神经损害．如能早期处理血肿或动脉瘤，解除压迫，可减轻神经损害，有利于臂丛神经功能恢复。     

臂丛神经损伤早期修复的临床研究

目的研究臂丛神经损伤早期行神经修复的可行性和优点。方法2004年2月-2005年10月，对5例早期臂丛神经损伤患者行神经探查修复术。其中2例为臂丛神经束支部损伤，3例为臂丛神经根性撕脱伤。受伤后至手术时间最短为4h，最长为25d，平均为5．8d（140h）。4例伴有锁骨下动脉或腋动脉损伤，2例伴有锁骨骨折，均在修复神经的同时行血管和骨折的处理。结果5例患者在术中及术后均未出现严重的并发症。术后随访时间为12—24个月。臂丛神经功能均有不同程度的恢复，血管通畅性良好。结论臂丛神经损伤早期行探查修复手术有利于神经的再生，但需严格掌握手术适应证，并需具备相应的医疗能力。     

锁骨下动脉假性动脉瘤的外科处理

探讨发生在锁骨下动脉假性动脉瘤的诊断及手术治疗要点。方法；采用锁骨上下联合切口，充分显露锁骨下动脉全段及瘤体，采用血管重建，动脉破口修补及包裹修复法修复损伤动脉。结果；本组４例，经上述方法处理后患肢血循环良好。结论：锁骨下动脉解剖位置特殊，损伤后修复较为困难。     

臂丛神经合并上肢大血管损伤的手术时机与方法的选择

目的 总结臂丛神经合并上肢大血管损伤的手术治疗结果,探讨最佳手术时机与方法的选择.方法 2005年6月至2011年6月,对4例臂丛合并上肢大血管损伤患者进行手术治疗.4例患者中,2例臂丛根性损伤合并锁骨下动脉损伤,2例臂丛束支部损伤合并肱动脉损伤.根据患者创伤程度与类型的不同,分别采用神经直接缝合、神经移植与神经移位修复臂丛损伤.采用血管直接吻合、血管移植与血管搭桥修复血管损伤.其中1例神经血管急诊一期修复;1例神经血管亚急诊一期修复;2例急诊一期修复血管,二期修复神经.结果 术后随访28 ～ 44个月,平均37个月.修复的血管通畅,患肢血供良好,修复的神经功能均有不同程度的恢复.结论 臂丛合并上肢大血管损伤应争取一期同时修复血管与神经,二期修复神经会明显增加手术的难度与风险.     

腋-腋动脉人工血管转流术在血管外科疾病53例中的应用

目的：探讨腋－腋动脉人工血管转流术在血管外科疾病中应用的价值。方法：回顾性分析，总结8年间行腋－腋动脉人工血管转流术的53例患者的临床资料。其中单侧锁骨下动脉闭塞46例；锁骨下动脉瘤3例，锁骨下动脉创伤4例，仅有肢体缺血症状的33例；同时伴有锁骨下动脉窃血症状的18例，2例真性动脉瘤患者无缺血和窃血症状。结果：53例患者术后上肢缺血及锁骨下动脉窃血症状消失，动脉瘤得以根治，患肢动脉搏动恢复正常，双侧肱动脉压力差均小于或等于10mm Hg，无任何手术并发症发生，治愈率为100％，39例得到术后随访，随访率为74％，平均随访时间3年3个月，所有转流人工血管均通畅良好。结论：腋－腋动脉人工血管转流术是一种方法简单易行，创伤小，风险低，并发症少，手术时间短，术后恢复快的术式，特别适合于有严重心脑血管疾病，年老，体弱或锁骨下动脉起始部难以显露，分离的患者。     

人工血管在臂丛神经合并血管损伤中应用的临床初步研究

目的研究人工血管在臂丛神经合并血管损伤中应用的可行性和优点。方法2004年2月-2004年10月，对6例臂丛神经损伤合并大动脉损伤的患者，进行臂丛修复和人工血管移植修复。人工血管移植长度为7～18cm，平均12．3cm。结果术后桡动脉搏动良好，随访3-6个月，B超证实血管通畅率为100％。2例臂丛束支部不全损伤松解术后上肢功能恢复良好。结论臂丛损伤同时合并有血管损伤时，采用神经、血管同步修复，有望术后改善患肢的血运，提高臂丛治疗的效果。     

四肢主干动脉损伤早期诊断与修复

目的 总结四肢主干动脉损伤应用显微外科技术修复的经验。方法 1997年8月～2006年8月，对200例（316条）四肢主干动脉损伤患者，采用显微镜下血管吻合、修补、自体静脉移植或人工血管移植，并同时对缺损皮肤和肌腱进行一期修复或二期功能重建。血管损伤类型：开放性损伤161例，闭合性损伤39例。完全断裂189条，不完全断裂127条。血管缺损2～8cm。结果 术中输血量800～4000ml。手术成功（一次修复）169例，血栓形成二次修复19例，术后死亡3例，截肢9例。126例获随访3个月～4年，120例肢体血液循环恢复正常，6例肢体存在不同程度功能障碍，可能与合并神经损伤有关。结论 对于四肢主干动脉损伤，采用显微外科技术修复，能获得良好效果，明显提高患肢存活率。     

锁骨下动脉损伤的处理（附9例报告）

锁骨下动脉伤是平战时较为少见而严重的损伤，常因未能控制大出血而死亡。３０年来我所共处理四肢动脉损伤１９６例，其中锁骨下动脉伤９例，占４．６％。经救治本组无１例死亡，患肢循环均良好。作者强调，应充分认识锁骨下动脉损伤的严重性，迅速控制大出血和恢复有效循环血量。本文对此类动脉损伤的诊断、手术切口和损伤血管的修复方法进行了讨论。     

Axillary Artery and Brachial Plexus Injuries due to Anterior Shoulder Dislocation

Abstract Axillary artery injury after shoulder dislocation, without an associated bone fracture is very rare. Vascular injuries associated with brachial plexus lesions range in incidence from 27% to 44%. Management of axillary artery injury is mainly surgical and depends on the extent and the site of injury. The treatment of associated nerve injuries is more controversial. There is a scarcity of literature surrounding the association of injury to the brachial plexus, axillary artery and to the shoulder. The authors report a case of axillary artery associated with a delayed brachial plexus palsy and review the literature with the aim to identify the clinical pattern of this condition and to evaluate the outcome of neuropraxia after blunt axillary artery injury associated with anterior shoulder dislocation.     

神经移位修复臂丛神经根性撕脱伤

１９８７年７月～１９９４年６月，对２１例臂丛神经根性撕脱伤采用神经移位修复。其中复合移位４组神经（膈神经、副神经、颈丛运动支、肋间神经）者１例，３组（膈神经、副神经、颈丛运动支）者６例，２组（膈神经、副神经）者９例，１组（膈神经或颈丛运动支或肋间神经）者５例。术中发现臂丛神经变异１例，对４例合并锁骨下动脉损伤者，在神经移位的同时进行血管修复，促进患肢的血液循环，有利于神经的康复。随访到１９例，随访时间为８个月～６年２个月，优良率达７３．７％。认为，神经移位术是修复神经根性撕裂伤的常规方法，合并血管损伤者也应同时修复，对促进神经功能恢复有利     

Brachial plexus compression due to subclavian pseudoaneurysm from cannulation of jugular vein hemodialysis catheter

Jugular venous cannulation is generally safer than subclavian cannulation. The traumatic complications associated with jugular vein hemodialysis catheters are rare. A jugular vein, therefore, has become the preferred site for hemodialysis catheter insertion. We describe the first case of brachial plexus compression attributable to delayed recognition of a right subclavian pseudoaneurysm as a complication of jugular venous cannulation of hemodialysis catheter. We advocate that any neck swelling, new bruit, and the symptoms of brachial plexopathy after jugular venous cannulation warrant an intensive investigation to exclude arterial injury. Because delayed diagnosis may lead to a worsened prognosis in patients with brachial plexus palsy, physicians should exercise vigilance to detect and manage early the potentially serious and fatal complications of subclavian artery pseudoaneurysm and brachial nerve injury.     

Penetrating injuries of the subclavian artery

BACKGROUND: Penetrating injuries of the subclavian artery occurs infrequently but represent a surgical challenge. We reviewed our experience with penetrating injury of the subclavian artery and identify factors that influenced morbidity and mortality. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed on 54 consecutive patients who sustained penetrating injury to the subclavian artery during a 10-year period. RESULTS: The causes of injuries were gunshot wounds in 46 patients (85%), stab wounds in 5 patients (9%), and shotgun wounds in 3 patients (6%). The overall mortality was 39%. Operative management of the subclavian artery injury included primary repair in 38 patients, interposition grafting in 13 patients, and ligation in 3 patients. The most common associated injury was subclavian vein (44%) followed by brachial plexus (31%). Predictors of survivability include mechanism of penetrating injuries, hemodynamic status of patients on arrival, and three or more associated injuries involving other structures. Associated brachial plexus injury accounts for the majority of long-term morbidity in survivors. CONCLUSIONS: Penetrating injuries of the subclavian artery are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Multiple concomitant injuries, unstable vital signs upon presentation, and gun shot injuries greatly increase mortality.     

Emergency versus delayed repair of severe brachial plexus injuries

Emergency or early surgery for brachial plexus injury is advisable because emergency nerve surgery is technically easier and because the overall results are better. In cases involving vascular injury, preoperative arteriography is indispensable. The blood supply must be reestablished and the brachial plexus completely explored and, if possible, repaired. In cases not involving vascular injury, violent trauma with fractures of the shoulder often produces lesions in the same brachial plexus. Regardless of associated vascular or bone injuries, brachial plexus lesions should be repaired within the first days after injury (provided that there are no contraindications related to age or general health). If combined vascular and nerve injuries are involved, immediate emergency surgery is mandatory. With early surgery, exploration is easier, shorter grafts are needed, and neurotization is possible in lesions in which the roots have been pulled out.     

Plate osteosynthesis in humeral shaft fractures. Indications and results

Non operative management of humeral shaft fractures is well recognized as the standard of care for uncomplicated injuries. Operative treatment of humeral fractures may be performed when limited indications are present as in patients with multiple trauma including ipsilateral forearm injuries, arterial injury or primary radial nerve palsy. 18 patients with humeral shaft fractures underwent open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) using the AO plating technique at the Kantonsspital Chur from 1980 to 1986. Follow-up was available for 17 patients of whom 16 suffered from multiple injury trauma. The broad DC plate combined with lag screws was used in most cases. Two brachial artery transections were repaired at the time of primary osteosynthesis by the same surgeons with full functional recovery. Concomitant nerve injuries were repaired primarily in one case and postprimarily in 3 more cases. The overall result was excellent in 9 patients, good in 5 patients, fair in 2 patients and poor in one patient with complete brachial plexus injury. Bone healing was uneventful in all 17 patients. No infection and no delayed union or pseudarthrosis has been observed.     

Injuries associated with serious brachial plexus involvement in polytrauma among patients requiring surgical repair

Background

Brachial plexus injury occurs in up to 5% of polytrauma cases involving motorcycle crashes and in approximately 4% of severe winter sports injuries. One of the conditions for the success of operative therapy is early detection, ideally within three months of injury. The aim of this study was to evaluate associated injuries in patients with severe brachial plexus injury and determine whether there is a characteristic concomitant injury (or injuries), the presence of which, in the polytrauma, could act as a marker for nerve structures involvement and whether there are differences in severity of polytrauma accompanying specific types of brachial plexus injury.

Methods

We evaluated retrospectively 84 surgical patients from our department, from 2008 to 2011, that had undergone brachial plexus reconstruction. For all, an injury severity scale (ISS) score and all major associated injuries were determined.

Results

72% of patients had an upper, 26% had a complete and only 2% had a lower brachial plexus palsy. The main cause was motorcycle crashes (60%) followed by car crashes (15%). The average ISS was 35.2 (SD = 23.3), although, values were significantly higher in cases involving a coma (59.3, SD = 11.0). The lower and complete plexus injuries were significantly associated with coma and fractures of the shoulder girdle and injuries of lower limbs, thoracic organs and head. Upper plexus injuries were associated with somewhat less severe injuries of the upper and lower extremities and less severe injuries of the spine.

Conclusion

Serious brachial plexus injury is usually accompanied by other severe injuries. It occurs in high-energy trauma and it can be stated that patients involved in motorcycle and car crashes with multiple fractures of the shoulder girdle are at high risk of nerve trauma. This is especially true for patients in a primary coma. Lower and complete brachial plexus injuries are associated with higher injury severity scale.     

Subclavian arterial injury associated with blunt trauma.

Blunt subclavian artery trauma is an uncommon but challenging surgical problem. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively review the management of blunt subclavian artery injuries treated by the Trauma and Vascular Surgery Services at the East Tennessee State University-affiliated hospitals between 1992 and 1998. Six patients with seven blunt subclavian artery injuries were identified. Physical signs indicating blunt subclavian artery injury were pain or contusion around the shoulder joint; fractures of the clavicle, scapula, or ribs; periclavicular hematomas; and ipsilateral pulse or neurologic deficits. Seven subclavian artery injuries were treated-two arterial transections, two pseudoaneurysms, and three intimal dissections. Associated injuries included four clavicle fractures, one humerus fracture, one combined rib and scapular fractures, and two pneumothoraxes. Vascular surgical treatment included three primary arterial repairs, two saphenous vein interposition grafts, and one polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) graft. One patient was treated nonoperatively with anticoagulation. No deaths occurred. Morbidity occurred in two patients with chronic upper extremity neuropathy producing prolonged disability from pain and weakness; one patient had reflex sympathetic dystrophy, and the other had a brachial plexus injury. In conclusion, blunt subclavian artery trauma can be successfully managed with early use of arteriography and prompt surgical correction by a variety of vascular techniques. Vascular morbidity is usually low, but long-term disability because of chronic neuropathy may result from associated brachial plexus nerve injury despite a successful arterial repair.