石化企业周边中老年居民的多环芳烃内暴露水平研究

目的了解我国石化企业周边居民体内多种多环芳烃（PAHs）的内暴露水平与分布特征。方法于2012年7月选取我国南方某大型石化企业,采用系统抽样法在石化企业周边收集到当地≥45岁居民的尿样。采用快速液相色谱-三重四级杆串联质谱仪检测多环芳烃羟基代谢物（OH—PAHs）。结果本研究共调查165名≥45岁石化企业周边居民,男、女性分别为81、84人,以45～64岁居民为主,占62．82％（102／165）。职业构成主要以农民为主,占49．09％（81／165）。检出2-羟基萘（2-OHN）、1-羟基萘（1-OHN）、2-羟基芴＋3-羟基芴（2-＋3-OHF）、2-羟基菲（2-OHPhe）、3-羟基菲（3-OHPhe）、4-羟基菲（4-OHPhe）、1-羟基菲＋9-羟基菲（1-＋9-OHPhe）和1-羟基芘（1-OHP）10种OH-PAHs,其浓度的中位数分别为：1．83、1．34、0．51、0．14、0．21、0．07、0．69、0．25μmol／mol肌酐,除2-OHN和1-＋9-OHPhe之间无相关性,其他各OH-PAHs间均呈正相关关系（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）,相关系数在0．20～0．76之间。除OHPhes外,吸烟人群体内的其他OH-PAHs含量均高于不吸烟人群（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论石化厂区域中老年居民尿液样本中以总羟基萘（1-OHN和2-OHN）为主,这与石化厂多环芳烃的污染主要是低环的化合物为主一致。     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the air near gas field Molve

Small-volume air samples (approximately 7 m3 per 24 h) of airborne PM10 particle fraction were collected on quartz fibre filters at two measuring sites in the vicinity of the gas field Molve in April and July 2006. It took five to seven days for each sample to collect and one month to collect five to seven samples. Mass concentrations of PM10 fractions were determined by gravimetry while PAHs were analysed using a HPLC with a fluorescent detector. The analysis included fluoranthene (Flu), pyrene (Pyr), benzo(a)anthracene (BaA), chrysene (Cry), benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF), benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF), benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), benzo(ghi)perylene (BghiP) and indene(1,2,3-cd)pyrene (Ind). Average concentrations of all PAHs in April at site A were slightly higher than at site B while in July they were lower and similar on both sites. Average BaP concentration measured at site A in April was 0.156 ng m(-3) and at site B 0.129 ng m(-3), while July BaP averages were 0.022 ng m(-3) at both sites. In both months, the mass concentration of BaP was lower than the limit value (1 ng m(-3)) and well below the tolerant value (2 ng m(-3)) set by a Croatian regulation of 2005. This suggests that the air near gas field Molve was of acceptable quality in respect to BaP at the time of the measurement.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in air

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a large group of organic compounds consisting of two or more condense aromatic rings. They are products of incomplete combustion or pyrolysis of organic matter. Because some PAHs such as Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) are proven carcinogens and mutagens, it is necessary to continuously monitor their concentrations in the air, water, and soil. PAHs with two or three aromatic rings are stable in the gas phase, while most PAHs with five or more aromatic rings bond to particles. Higher concentrations of PAHs are present in the atmosphere of urban areas, mostly in the winter, due to heating. In the summer, these concentrations drop because most PAHs are unstable at high temperatures and break down by oxidation and photooxidation. Measurements of PAHs in the air include sampling on the filter paper or solid adsorbent, extraction, and chromatographic analysis. This review presents the measurements of BaP in some locations in the world and compares them with the findings in Croatia.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in carcinogenesis

A symposium on "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Carcinogenesis" was presented at the third International Congress of Pathophysiology held in Lathi, Finland, 28 June-3 July 1998. The congress was also sponsored by the International Union of Biological Sciences and the International Society of Free Radical Research. Institutional support for the symposium included the Electric Power Research Institute, National Center for Toxicological Research, and EPA/National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory and the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. The symposium focused on the sources, carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, and risk assessment of individual and mixtures of PAHs that are found in solid wastes, Superfund sites, and other hazardous waste sites. Based on the occurrence of PAHs at numerous Superfund sites and the significant data gaps on the toxic potential of certain PAHs, the information developed during this symposium would be of value in assessing health risks of these chemicals at Superfund and other hazardous waste sites.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in smokehouses

The level of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from smoking kilns in Danish smokehouses was determined. Of 60 smokehouses curing fish with hot smoke from smoldering alder chips, 10 companies were selected for the analysis of workzone air. The amount of PAH, determined as the sum of 11 selected compounds, varied from 2.2 micrograms/m3 to 2,472 micrograms/m3 above the kiln doors. Samples taken approximately 2 m in front of the kiln doors contained 0-19.2 micrograms/m3.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in quench oils

The results of experiments to monitor the build up of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in quench oils during use are presented. Oils from four quenching baths at three heat treatment companies were sampled at intervals over periods of 6–18 months. Information was obtained from the operators on the frequency of topping up the oil, bath temperature and other relevant parameters. The oils were analysed quantitatively for PAH to observe any changes in concentrations during use and to relate operating conditions to PAH levels. The expected increase of PAH over time was not observed and possible explanations for this are discussed     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure,oxidative stress,and asthma in children

Purpose

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are known for their carcinogenic and teratogenic properties. However, little is known about the effect of PAH on our immune and respiratory systems. Hence, we investigated associations (1) between PAH exposure and IgE levels and asthma in children and (2) between PAH exposure and the oxidative stress marker 8OHdG potentially involved in disease pathogenesis stratifying by (3) sex-based differences.

Methods

A total of 453 kindergarten children were recruited and provided samples. Urine biomarker of PAH exposure (1-OHP levels) was measured by UPLC-MS/MS and a marker of oxidative stress (8OHdG) was measured by ELISA. Serum IgE were assessed and information on asthma was collected. Associations between 1-OHP levels, 8OHdG, IgE and asthma were analyzed by multivariate linear and logistic regression. A mediation analysis was conducted to evaluate whether the risk of increased IgE and asthma related to PAH exposure is explained by 8OHdG changes.

Results

Urine 1-OHP levels were positively related to 8OHdG levels (per ln-unit: β?=?0.30kU/l, p?=?0.002). Similar results were also found for 1-OHP levels with IgE levels (per ln-unit: β?=?0.27 kU/l, p?=?0.027). 1-OHP levels (per ln-unit) were significantly associated with asthma, with an OR (95% CI) of 1.42 (1.18–1.70). In addition, 1-OHP levels were associated with asthma. It is estimated that 35% of the effect of PAH exposure on asthma is mediated by 8OHdG levels.

Conclusion

Exposure to PAH may enhance oxidative stress and may induce asthma. The effect of PAH exposure on asthma may be mediated by oxidative stress.

     

济南市居民膳食油脂多环芳烃暴露定量风险评估

目的 对济南市居民膳食油脂暴露于多环芳烃(PAHs)可能导致的致癌风险进行定量评估。方法 2014-2016年在济南市超市、餐饮单位、农贸市场、批发市场和其他零售终端采集定型包装膳食油脂90份,采用超高效液相色谱仪(UPLC),荧光检测器(FLR)同时快速检测植物油中15种多环芳烃残留含量。结合2002年山东省居民营养与健康状况调查的膳食油脂消费量数据,将济南市居民分为成人(>18岁)、青少年(6～18岁)和儿童(0～6岁)3组,分别进行膳食油脂PAHs暴露点评估,以致癌性为关键毒性效应终点,采用暴露限值(MOE)法定量评估济南市人群膳食油脂PAHs暴露的健康风险。结果 90份样品苯并(a)芘检出率为4333％(39/90),含量范围为未检出~925ug/kg,没有样品超标。各组人群在平均暴露水平(均值和P50值)以及成人和青少年高暴露水平(P95值)时的MOE值均大于10000,儿童高暴露水平(P95值)下的MOE值低于10000。结论 成人和青少年膳食油脂PAHs暴露健康风险较低。儿童摄入膳食油脂过多(达到人群暴露量的P95)时,有一定的致癌风险。     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and cancer in man.

Various substances and industrial processes, surrogates of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), are currently classified as human carcinogens. This paper reviews recent epidemiological studies reporting direct evidence of the carcinogenic effects of PAHs in occupationally exposed subjects. Risks of lung and bladder cancer were dose dependent when PAHs were measured quantitatively and truly nonexposed groups were chosen for comparison. These new findings suggest that the current threshold limit value of 0.2 mg/m3 of benzene soluble matter (which indicates PAH exposure) is unacceptable because, after 40 years of exposure, it involves a relative risk of 1.2-1.4 for lung cancer and 2.2 for bladder cancer.     

Variability in total dust exposure in a cement factory

Exposure assessment is a main component of epidemiologic studies and variability in exposure. This assessment is considered as a common approach for such phenomenon. A total of 129 dust samples were collected randomly from 197 personnel from a cement factory located in Ilam province, during 2009 in Iran. The between- and within-group components of variability were determined to assess the contrast in exposure level between the Similar Exposure Groups (SEGs) and to calculate the within-worker geometric standard deviation of the theoretical exposure-response slope. Results were analyzing by one-way random effects model. According to the mentioned model, the probability of long-term mean exposure exceeding to the occupational exposure limit (OEL) was assessed for each SEGs. The arithmetic means (AM) of total dust levels ranged from 0.04 to 39.37 mg/m(3). The geometric means (GM) of total dust were higher in the crusher (20.84 mg/m(3)), packing (17.29 mg/m(3)), kiln (16.78 mg/m(3)), cement mill (14.90 mg/m(3)), and raw mill (10.44 mg/m(3)). However, the figures for the maintenance and administration parts were 3.77 mg/m(3) and 1.01 mg/m(3), respectively. The random effects model data demonstrated that the F-value calculated was greater than the critical F-value approximately 59% of the variability in the exposure was due to differences between groups. Based on these finding, the order of probability of the long-term mean exposure exceeding (Z) to the OEL of 10 mg/m(3) for total dust which were in kiln (100%), packing (100%), cement mill (90%), crusher (73%), raw mill (60%) administration (2.3%) and the maintenance parts (0%).     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in tea and tea infusions

Tea is the one of most widely consumed beverage in the world. It is generally believed that tea consumption might have health promoting properties. But residues of certain chemical compounds might impose a health threat on tea drinkers. The main contaminants are heavy metals, fluoride, pesticides and even dioxins. Tea lives which possess a high surface area can be contaminated with atmospheric PAHs. The manufacturing processes may also introduce PAHs into tea lives. The aim of his study was to determine the contamination of black, green, red and white teas by PAHs. In this investigation, content of 23 PAH, i.e 16 EPA PAH and 15 EU PAH were determined in 18 brands of tea and its infusions. The analytical procedure was based on ultrasonic extraction for dried tea and liquid-liquid extraction for infusions. All samples were cleaned up by florisil cartridge. The total content of 23 PAH varied between 22.9 microg/kg to 2945.5 microg/kg and 2.7 microg/kg to 63,1 microg/kg microg/kg for BaP. The analysed tea samples showed an increasing presence of PAH in the following order (mean value): black tea < red tea < green tea < white tea. However the highest content of PAH was found in the one brand of black tea bag both in sum of PAH and BaP content. During tea infusion 1.6% of total PAHs contained in tea was released into the beverage. The dominant PAHs in tea infusion were 2, 3 and 4 rings PAH, while the most toxic compounds were found at trace amounts. The concentrations of total 23 PAHs and BaP in tea infusions ranged from 332.5 ng/dm3 to 2245.9 ng/dm3 and 0.35 ng/dm3 to 18.7 ng/dm3 respectively.     

Effects of chromium exposure from a cement factory

The aim of the study was to determine the chromium concentrations of soil and plant specimens taken from a rural area exposed to cement factory emissions and also to determine the blood concentrations and sensitivity conditions observed in humans residing in this rural area. The study was carried out in Cukurhisar, a town in Eskisehir-Turkey, between May 2000 and March 2001. Besides the 108 soil (36 for control) and plant specimens, which were taken from eight different directions from the cement factory, blood samples of the individuals residing in this area were taken from 258 subjects (258 for control) following a physical examination, and patch tests were also applied. The chromium concentrations of the soil and plant specimens taken from different places in different directions of the factory were higher than in the control areas. The physical examination of subjects did not reveal results different from those of the control group except for the diagnosis of contact dermatitis. The analyses of venous blood samples showed that chromium concentrations were found to be within the reference values given for both groups, but higher in the subjects (P<0.001). According to the results of patch tests, sensitivity to chromium was found to be more frequent for the subject group than the control group (P<0.05). According to these results, clinical tools revealed no toxic effects for the subjects, except contact dermatitis. However, sensitivity to patch tests showed that this subject group has been affected compared to the control group and that this effect increased with age.     

Variability in dust exposure in a cement factory in Tanzania

Dust exposure levels were studied in a cement factory in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, as part of an epidemiological study assessing chronic respiratory health effects. One hundred and twenty personal 'total' dust samples were collected from 80 randomly selected workers from eight a priori occupational groups (OGs) based on work areas using a 37 mm Millipore sampler. The between-group, within-group and within-worker variances were determined to assess the contrast in exposure level between the OGs and to estimate the attenuation and standard error of the theoretical exposure-response slope. Using mixed-effect model estimates, the probability of overexposure relative to the occupational exposure limit (OEL) was assessed for each OG. The geometric means of total dust exposure were higher in the cranes (38.64 mg m(-3)), packing (21.30 mg m(-3)) and crusher (13.48 mg m(-3)) than in the cement mill (3.23 mg m(-3)), kiln (2.87 mg m(-3)), raw mill (1.85 mg m(-3)), maintenance (1.16 mg m(-3)) and administration (0.29 mg m(-3)). The a priori grouping scheme seems to be an efficient scheme because of the high contrast in exposure level between the OGs (0.78) and minimal attenuation of the theoretical exposure-response slope (1.0%). When using the reduced mixed-effect model, the probabilities of overexposure () relative to the OEL of 10 mg m(-3) for total cement dust were higher in the crane (96%), packing (88%) and crusher (73%) than in the cement mill (16%), kiln (14%), raw mill (5%), maintenance (2%) and administration (0.01%).     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure in an artificial shooting target factory: assessment of 1-hydroxypyrene urinary excretion as a biological indicator of exposure

Five representative workers and two external observers were monitored by personal air and urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (PyOH) sampling for a four-shift working week in an artificial shooting target factory. The targets (clay pigeons), are made from petroleum pitch and molded at 190 degrees C. No respiratory protective mask was worn. Atmospheric concentrations of pyrene and benzo (a) pyrene (BaP) ranged from 0.66 to 5.05 microg/m(3) and 0.037 to 0.270 microg/m(3) respectively with a mean pyrene/BaP ratio of about 20 and a correlation r = 0.51. Maximum PyOH urinary excretion ranged from 1.84 to 10.9 micromol/molCreat. This occurred at the postshift for the observers but often appeared later for workers: up to 10.75 h for the person with the apparently highest dermal exposure. The apparent PyOH excretion half lives ranged from 1.9 to 12.5 h with an arithmetic mean of 6.1 h. All these data were confirmed by additional measurements taken over a weekend after the postshift. The correlation between atmospheric pyrene and urinary PyOH concentrations (increase over the shift) was poor (r = 0.37). It improve greatly (r = 0.74) if the amount of pyrene inhaled over the shift and the corresponding amount of PyOH excreted were considered. The ratio of urinary excreted PyOH to the pyrene inhaled dose (with assumed retention of 100%), ranged from 0.18 to 0.70 (arithmetic mean = 0.34). This suggests that the respiratory tract is the main entrance route for pyrene (apart from the worker who handled crude targets without gloves).     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in maternal and umbilical cord blood from pregnant Hispanic women living in Brownsville, Texas

Venous blood was drawn from 35 pregnant Hispanic women living in Brownsville, Texas, and matched cord blood was collected at birth. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to measure concentrations of 55 individual PAHs or groups of PAHs. Results indicate that these women and their fetuses were regularly exposed to multiple PAHs at comparatively low concentrations, with levels in cord blood generally exceeding levels in paired maternal blood. While the possibility of related adverse effects on the fetus is uncertain, these exposures in combination with socioeconomically-disadvantaged and environmentally-challenging living conditions raise legitimate public health concerns.