青少年生活事件应激的绘画特征

目的 探索青少年生活事件应激与房树人测验绘画特征的联系,为青少年生活事件应激评估研究提供新思路.方法 对937名青少年进行生活事件评定和房树人测验.对具有不同绘画特征的青少年生活事件总应激量及各因子应激量进行统计分析.结果 青少年生活事件应激相关的绘画特征有果实（β=-4.887）、房子大小（β=-2.378）、地平线（β=4.420）、人物涂黑（β=3.324）、尖锐部分（β=-3.135）、动物（β=4.605）、下雨雪花（β=-9.655）和画面简单（β=3.283）.结论 房树人测验对青少年生活事件应激评定具有一定的辅助参考价值.     

青少年交往焦虑绘画特征的研究

目的 探索青少年交往焦虑的房树人测验绘画特征,为青少年交往焦虑研究提供新思路.方法 对956名青少年进行交往焦虑评定和房树人测验.结果 青少年交往焦虑的总体评分为(41.44±8.208),男女生之间差异没有统计学意义.青少年交往焦虑的相关的绘画特征有云朵(β=0.106)、人物双手(β=0.107)、月亮(β=0.166)、地平线(β=-0.147)、下雨雪花(β=-0.096)、人物张口(β=-0.091)、鸟儿(β=0.081)、门大小(β=-0.074).结论 房树人测验对青少年交往焦虑评定具有一定的辅助参考价值.     

青少年暴力风险相关心理影响因素分析

目的探讨暴力高危青少年的自尊、应对方式以及生活事件应激水平，及三者之间的相互关系。为制定针对性干预措施提供依据。方法通过整群抽样选取2所中学的1312名学生，使用自尊量表（SES）、简易应对方式量表（SCSQ）和青少年生活事件量表（ASLEC）在自尊水平、应对方式、应激水平三个方面进行对照研究，并对三者和暴力行为之间的关系进行分析。结果回收问卷1312份，1305份有效。男生663人，女生642人，平均年龄（14．37±1．71）岁。暴力高风险学生筛出率为9．43％（123／1305）；男性青少年的暴力风险高于女性（7．6％VS1．8％，P=0．000）。以是否存在暴力高风险为因变量，相关心理因素为自变量进行Logistic回归分析显示：男性（OR=4．427，95％CI：2．595～6．952）、消极应对分数偏高（OR=2．251，95％ CI：1．452～3．488）、ASLEC“其他”因子分数偏高（OR=4．517，95％a：2．272～8．978）是暴力行为发生的危险因素。结论男性、消极应对分数偏高以及ASLEC“其他”因子分数偏高是学校青少年暴力行为发生的危险因素。     

精神分裂症患者健康一级亲属的认知功能研究

目的：探讨精神分裂症患者健康一级亲属的认知功能特点。方法：对72例精神分裂症患者健康一级亲属（研究组）以及与其人口学资料相匹配的31名健康对照（对照组）进行2-back测验、Go／No．go测验、Stroop测验、修订版韦氏成人智力量表的数字符号、连线测验分量表等认知功能的评定。结果：研究组在2-back测验反应时（t=7．749）和错误数（t=2．432）、Go／No·go测验反应时（t=4．147）以及数字符号测试（t=-2．248）成绩上均差于对照组（P〈0．05或P〈0．001）。多发病家系组在2-back测验反应时（t=3．233）、Go／No-go测验反应时（t=2．981）以及数字符号测试（t=2．041）成绩上均差于单发病家系组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论：精神分裂症患者健康一级亲属存在不同程度的认知功能损害;认知功能损害可能是精神分裂症的遗传易感性指标。     

急性发作精神分裂症患者血清前炎性因子与临床特征的关系

目的分析血清前炎性因子水平与急性发作精神分裂症患者临床特征间的关系,探索前炎性因子在疾病发生机制中可能的作用。方法共纳入急性发作的精神分裂症患者105例（患者组）,健康对照50名（对照组）。采用酶联免疫（ELISA）法检测所有研究对象血清IL-1B、IL-6和TNF—的浓度;使用阳性和阴性症状量表（PANSS）评定患者的精神病理症状。在比较患者组与对照组血清前炎性因子浓度差异的同时,分析其与患者临床特征的关系。结果（1）患者组与对照组相比,血清IL-1β[12.3（2．8,15．0）ng／L比7．9（1．3,9．9）ng／L]、TNF—α[151．6（58．9,186．8）ng／L比108．9（37．0,132．3）ng／L]的差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;（2）按照性别、发作次数、病程、家族史、精神病理症状对患者组进行分层,首发患者血清IL－1β、TNF－α[水平高于复发患者;病程小于5年患者血清TNF－α水平高于病程超过5年的患者;家族史阳性患者IL－6水平高于阴性患者;以阳性症状为主患者的TNF—α水平高于以阴性症状为主的患者,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;（3）患者组血清IL－1β与IL－6（r=0．49,P〈0．01）、TNF－α（r=0．30,P〈0．01）呈正相关;对照组血清IL－1β水平与IL－6（r=0．55,P〈0．01）、TNF—α（r=0．34,P=0．02）呈正相关。结论急性发作的精神分裂症患者存在免疫激活,免疫激活程度与疾病的临床特征有关;免疫异常可能在疾病发生过程中起关键作用。     

长期住院男性精神分裂症患者认知功能调查

目的：探讨长期住院男性精神分裂症患者的认知功能。方法：采用数字划消测验、空间广度测验评定57例男性长期住院精神分裂症患者（患者组）和57名正常对照者（正常对照组）的认知功能。结果：患者组在数字划消测验的完成时间、漏划个数以及空间广度测验的总分、顺行得分、逆行得分上明显差于正常对照组（t=8．21,t=3．47,t=4．72,t=2．36,t=5．88;P〈0．05或P〈0．001）。相关分析显示,患者的病程、服药时间与数字划消测验的完成时间呈显著正相关（r=0．41,P〈0．01;r=0．30,P〈0．05）。结论：长期住院男性精神分裂症患者的认知功能明显受损,且与患者的病程和服药时间相关。     

男性青少年暴力犯罪的Stroop研究

目的探讨男性青少年暴力犯罪者的Stroop测试特点。方法根据一般情况问卷调查、青少年暴力危险性定式评估（SAVRY）及面谈,将少教所男性服教人员分为有攻击行为组（n=71）和无攻击行为组（n=38）分别进行Stroop测验（CWT）。结果有攻击行为组与无攻击行为组比较,在年龄、受教育年限、扶养人情况、个人健康状况、家庭类型、经济状况及犯罪类型方面的差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,但前者在学校受处分的次数明显多于后者,差异具有统计学意义（P=0．002）。两组在Stroop测试（CWT）中的黑色汉字卡（卡2）修改次数（P=0．040）和四种颜色汉字卡（卡4）修改次数（P=0．033）两个成绩的比较,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论有攻击行为组在Stroop测验中表现纠错能力差,提示暴力攻击行为者存在在认知功能方面的缺陷。     

复员退伍精神分裂症患者自尊感的相关因素分析

目的 探讨分析复员退伍精神分裂症患者自尊感的相关因素。方法 选取河北省荣军医院180例复员退伍精神分裂症患者采用自编一般情况调查表、自尊感量表（SES）、总体幸福感量表（GWB）、社会支持量表（SSES）、艾森克人格问卷（EPQ）、阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）、自知力与治疗态度问卷（ITAQ）评定并进行相关性分析。结果 患者自尊水平低于正常人群（u=-21．383,P〈0．01）;不同一般资料情况（年龄、婚姻状况、受教育程度、病程、家族史、住院时间及是否合并躯体疾病）的患者SES评分差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;自尊与精神症状、自知力和不良反应无相关性（P〉0．05）;与SSRS的对支持的利用度维度、EPQ的内外向E维度及GWB评分呈正相关（r分别为0．196,0．159,0．154,P〈0．05）;多元回归分析显示对支持的利用度是影响自尊的突出因素。结论 丰富患者娱乐生活、给予更多的社会支持、增强幸福感,有助于提高复员退伍精神分裂症患者的自尊。     

儿茶酚氧位甲基转移酶基因多态性与抑郁症认知功能的关联性研究

目的探讨儿茶酚氧位甲基转移酶（COMT）基因多态性与抑郁症认知功能及其严重程度的关系。方法采用病例一对照研究。应用聚合酶链反应（PCR）及聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（PAGE）方法．检测抑郁症患者（患者组）和健康志愿者（对照组）COMT基因多态性分布。患者组评定24项汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD-24）、威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST）、中国韦氏成人记忆量表（WMS—RC）、连线A、B测验。结果COMT等位基因与基因型频率在患者组和对照组内均有显著性差异（Χ^2检验,P均〈0．01）,在两组间无显著性差异（Χ^2检验,P均〉0．05）;患者组COMT等位基因、基因型之间在WCST、WMS—RC和连线A、B测验无显著性差异（F检验,P均〉0．05）,但在HAMD-24认识障碍因子分上均有显著性差异（F检验,P均〈0．05）;患者组基因型A／A与认识障碍（r=-0．210,P=0．036）、绝望感（r=-0．331,P=0．001）均呈负相关;等位基因A与绝望感呈负相关（r=-0．220,P=0．028）;等位基因G与认识障碍（r=0．210,P=0．036）、绝望感（r=0．331,P=0．001）均呈正相关。在WCST测验中,等位基因G与持续错误数呈正相关（r=0．341,P=0．000）;在WMS—RC测验中,等住基因G与数字广度（倒背）呈负相关（r=-0．327,P=0．001）。结论提示COMT基因多态性与抑郁症患者的疾病严重程度及认知功能的改变存在相关性。     

强迫症患者持续性注意功能的相关性研究

目的了解强迫症（OCD）持续性注意功能损害情况及其相关因素。方法对65例OCD患者在入组时进行连续操作试验（CPT）测试，以65例正常健康人进行对照，采用耶鲁-布朗强迫量表（Y—BOCS）、汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）、汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）评定病情与情绪，并对测试结果与病程、年龄、病情严重度和焦虑、抑郁情绪等进行回归分析。结果OCD患者CPT视觉单目标持续性注意测验（VOT）、视觉连续目标持续性注意测验（VST）、听觉持续性注意测验（ET）均高于正常对照组（z=3．79～8．62，P〈0．05），CPT评分与病程、年龄无关（标准化回归系数Beta=0．012—0．198，P〉0．05），与病情严重度和情绪有相关性（VOTCV Beta=0．566，VOTHAMA Beta=0．382，VOTHAMD Beta0．294，P〈0．05）。结论OCD患者存在一定的注意损害，注意损害与病情严重度和情绪有关。     

早年创伤对认知功能影响的研究进展

早年创伤是一个全球普遍存在的问题,严重影响儿童、青少年的大脑发育,继而导致认知功能、人格水平、社会行为的改变。早年创伤主要是父母、监护人或其他年长者对孩子施加躯体虐待、躯体忽视、情感虐待、情感忽视或性虐待。美国一项调查显示：儿童虐待事件的发生率高达1．2％[1]。早年创伤影响认知功能的多个领域,包括学习／工作记忆、视觉空间能力、执行功能、言语智能、复杂推理搜决策、学业表现等比]。创伤造成的认知功能改变是目前国内外神经科学和精神医学领域研究的热点,但其发病机制仍不明确,鉴于早年创伤与认知功能的关系问题,现就早年创伤对大脑发育、神经认知的影响加以综述。     

Brain network markers of abnormal cerebral glucose metabolism and blood flow in Parkinson＇s disease

Neuroimaging of cerebral glucose metabolism and blood flow is ideally suited to assay widely-distributed brain circuits as a result of local molecular events and behavioral modulation in the central nervous system. With the progress in novel analytical methodology, this endeavor has succeeded in unraveling the mechanisms underlying a wide spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases. In particular, statistical brain mapping studies have made significant strides in describing the pathophysiology of Parkinson＇s disease （PD） and related disorders by providing signature biomarkers to determine the systemic abnormalities in brain function and evaluate disease progression, therapeutic responses, and clinical correlates in patients. In this article, we review the relevant clinical applications in patients in relation to healthy volunteers with a focus on the generation of unique spatial covariance patterns associated with the motor and cognitive symptoms underlying PD. These characteristic biomarkers can be potentially used not only to improve patient recruitment but also to predict outcomes in clinical trials.     

Effect of Ganoderma lucidum spore on expression of insulin-like growth factor-1, nuclear factor-kappa B, and neuronal apoptosis in the epileptic rat brain*★

BACKGROUND：It has been reported that Ganoderma lucidum spore powder, a very well known Chinese traditional medicine, can affect immunoregulation, free radical scavenging, and anti-hypoxia responses. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the effect of Ganoderma lucidum spore powder on expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 （IGF-1）, nuclear factor-κB （NF-κB） and neuronal apoptosis in rats with pentylenetetrazol （PTZ）-induced epilepsy. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A cellular and molecular biology experiment with randomized controlled study design was performed at the Central Laboratory of Basic Medical College of Jiamusi University from June to August 2005. MATERIALS： Thirty healthy, adult, male, Wistar rats were selected and randomly divided into 3 groups （10 rats per group）： control, epilepsy model, and Ganoderma lucidum spore powder. A sub-eclampsia PTZ dose （35 mg/kg） was intraperitoneally injected to induce epilepsy in the latter two groups. Wild Ganoderma lucidum spore powder （30 g/L） was provided by the wild Ganoderma lucidum plant nursery at Jiamusi, China. Immunohistochemical detection and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediate dUTP nick end-labeling （TUNEL） kits were purchased from Wuhan Boster Biological Technology Co., Ltd., China. METHODS： Ganoderma lucidum spore powder was intragastrically administered at a dose of 10.0 mL/kg, once a day for 28 days. In the epilepsy and control groups, an equivalent volume of normal saline was intragastrically administered. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Immunoreactivity for IGF-1 and NF-κB/P65 were detected by immunohistochemical staining. Neuronal apoptosis was detected using TUNEL methods. RESULTS： The hippocampus and cerebral cortex of rats with PTZ-induced epilepsy exhibited a higher number of apoptotic cells at high magnification （×400）, compared with the control group. Expression of IGF-1 and NF-κB were higher in the epilepsy group, compared with the control group （P 〈 0.01）. In Ganoderma lucidum spore-treated rats,     

Differential cognitive responses to guqin music and piano music in Chinese subjects： an event-related potential study

Objective To compare the cognitive effects of guqin （the oldest Chinese instrument） music and piano music. Methods Behavioral and event-related potential （ERP） data in a standard two-stimulus auditory oddball task were recorded and analyzed. Results This study replicated the previous results of culture-familiar music effect on Chinese subjects： the greater P300 amplitude in frontal areas in a culture-familiar music environment. At the same time, the difference between guqin music and piano music was observed in NI and later positive complex （LPC： including P300 and P500）： a relatively higher participation of right anterior-temporal areas in Chinese subjects. Conclusion The results suggest that the special features of ERP responses to guqin music are the outcome of Chinese tonal language environments given the similarity between Guqin＇s tones and Mandarin lexical tones.     

Chaotic electrical stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus – mossy fiber sprouting, epileptic seizures, and brain electrical activity in pentylenetetrazol-kindled rats★

BACKGROUND： Previous studies have demonstrated that appropriate interventions can alter brain electrical activity of epileptic patients prior to and during a seizure, leading to maintenance of a highly chaotic state, thereby inhibiting abnormal epileptic discharges, and eventually controlling epileptic seizure. OBJECTIVE： This study was designed to observe the effects of chaotic electrical stimulation to the subthalamic nucleus on mossy fiber sprouting, epileptic seizures, and electrical discharges, and to summarize the most suitable intervention. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： This randomized grouping, neuroelectrophysiological study was performed at the Laboratory of Neurology, Union Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University in September 2007. MATERIALS： Fifty-five healthy, male, Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to an epileptic model by an intraperitoneal injection of pentylenetetrazol. The YC-2 programmed electrical stimulator was provided by Chengdu Instrument Factory, China; the video electroencephalographic system （KT-88-2400） and 24-hour active electroencephalographic system were products of Contec Medical System Co., Ltd., China; pentylenetetrazol was purchased from Sigma, USA. METHODS： The present interventional method consisted of electrical stimulation to the subthalamic nucleus with an intensity of 500 μA, pulse width 0.05 ms, frequency 30 Hz, and a duration of 20 minutes for 14 successive days. Fifty-five rats were divided into 6 groups： （1） pre-stimulation （n = 10）, pentylenetetrazol was administered and 30 minutes later, chaotic electrical stimulation was performed; （2） synchronous stimulation （n = 10）, rats received pentylenetetrazol and chaotic electrical stimulation concurrently; （3） post-administration stimulation （n = 10）, after pentylenetetrazol administration, chaotic electrical stimulation was performed immediately after cessation of a seizure; （4） sham-stimulation （n = 10）, following pentylenetetrazol administration, an electrode was con     

氧化应激与认知功能障碍的研究进展

氧化应激（Oxidative Stress）不仅在糖尿病、高血压病等身心疾病中起着重要作用,而且对阿尔茨海默病（AlzheimerDisease,AD）、帕金森病（Parkin-son Disease,PD）等神经精神障碍的认知功能也有一定影响。强烈或持续性的氧化应激可通过诱导细胞凋亡和炎性反应导致细胞、组织损害。流行病学及动物研究均表明,母孕期遭受应激可能会影响胎儿的神经心理发育过程,造成胎儿大脑某区域的缺陷,引起持续性认知改变、神经内分泌和行为反应,增加后代精神疾病的患病风险。现对氧化应激与认知功能障碍的机制进行综述。     

Effect of bilobalide B on cholinergic hippocampal neurons exposed to cholesterol and apolipoprotein E4*☆

BACKGROUND： Extracts of ginkgo biloba leaves have been reported to improve nerve function and activity in Alzheimer＇s disease, which is associated with reduced secretion of cholinergic neurotransmitter in hippocampal neurons. OBJECTIVE： To validate the protective effect of bilobalide B against in vitro injury of cholinergic neurons of the hippocampus induced by combined cholesterol and apoE4 DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： This randomized, controlled animal experiment was performed in the Pathology Laboratory, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from July 2003 to July 2006. MATERIALS： Neonatal Wistar rats, 1-day-old, both male and female, and mean body mass of 5 g were selected for this study. Cholesterol and apolipoprotein E4 （apoE4） were purchased from Sigma Company （USA）, bilobalide B was purchased from Tianjin Zhongyi Pharmaceutical Factory, batch number 20050312. METHODS： Hippocampal neurons were divided into three groups： a normal control group （routinely added media）, a model group （exposed to media containing 40 mg/L cholesterol and 30 mg/L apoE4 for 24 hours） and a bilobalide B group （exposed to media containing 160 mg/L bilobalide B for 16 hours, and then with addition of 40 mg/L cholesterol and 30 mg/L apoE4 for an additional 24 hours）. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Levels of acetylcholine （ACh） and activity of acetylcholinesterase （ACHE） and choline acetyltransferase （CHAT） in hippocampal neurons were determined by microdosage hydroxylamine colorimetry, hydroxylamine colorimetry and radiological chemistry, respectively. RESULTS： The ACh level was significantly lower in the model group than that in the normal control group （P 〈 0.01）, while it was markedly higher in the bilobalide B group than in the model group （P 〈 0.05）. Activity of AChE was significantly decreased in the model group compared with the normal control group （P 〈 0.05）. However, there was no significant difference between the model group and the bilobalide B group ?     

Intrathecal MK-801 inhibits formalin-induced activation of spinal p38-MAPK in rats**★

BACKGROUND： p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK） plays an instrumental role in signal transduction from the cell surface to the nucleus, while subcutaneous injection of formalin can induce increased activation of spinal p38 MAPK. However, the mechanisms underlying the formalin-induced activation of spinal p38 MAPK in rats are unclear. OBJECTIVE： To observe the effects of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid （NMDA） receptor antagonist MK-801 on the formalin-induced activation of spinal p38 MAPK in rats. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： This randomized grouping, controlled animal experiment was performed at the Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Shanxi Medical University between May and November 2007. MATERIALS： Forty eight healthy, adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups： formalin ＋ normal saline （n = 12） and formalin ＋ MK-801 （n = 36）. The formalin ＋ MK-801 group was further divided into three subgroups according to the dosage of MK-801 （10, 50, and 100 nmol/L, 12 rats for each subgroup） METHODS： Following anesthesia, polyethylene tubing filled with sterile normal saline was implanted into the subarachnoid cavity. On postoperative days 5-8, rats received a 15 minute perfusion of normal saline or MK-801 （10, 50, and 100 nmol/L） in the formalin ＋ normal saline and formalin ＋ MK-801 groups, respectively, followed by formalin injection for the induction of nociceptive behavior. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Detection of total p38 MAPK and of phosphorylated p38 MAPK by western Blot analysis; observation of nociceptive behaviors in the 1 hour after formalin injection. RESULTS： Western Blot analysis revealed that injection of formalin had no effect on total p38 MAPK expression but resulted in increased phosphorylation of p38 MAPK in the spinal cord. This increase was apparent after 5 minutes, peaked at 20 minutes, and thereafter descended and reached control levels after 45 minutes. Pretreatment with MK-801 （10, 50, 100 nmol/L） resulted in a dose-dependent reduc     

Changes of 5-hydroxytryptamine and tryptophan hydroxylase expression in the ventral horn of spinal cord

Objective To investigate changes of 5-hydroxytryptamine （5-HT） and its synthesis rate-limiting enzyme tryp-tophan hydroxylase （TPH） in the ventral horn of spinal cord after exercise-induced fatigue, and to further discuss the mecha- nism of exercise-induced central fatigue at spinal level. Methods Sixteen healthy adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into 2 groups： exercise-induced fatigue group and control group. Immunohistochemical staining for 5-HT and TPH in the ventral horn were performed and analysized quantitatively. The mean optic densities of 5-HT and TPH positive fibers or terminals were measured by computerized image analyzer. Results Both 5-HT and TPH positive fibers/terminals decreased in the exercise-induced fatigue group. The immunohistochemical staining was weaker and the mean optic densities decreased obviously in the fatigue group compared with those in the control group （P 〈 0.05）. Conclusion 5-HT and TPH in the ventral horn of spinal cord might be involved in exercise-induced fatigue.     

Naoxintong dose effects on inflammatory factor expression in the rat brain following focal cerebral ischemia

BACKGROUND： Certain components of tetramethylpyrazine, a traditional Chinese medicine, exhibit protective effects against brain injury. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the effects of different Naoxintong doses on expression of nuclear factor-kappa B （ kB）, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and complement 3 in rats following focal cerebral ischemia. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： The randomized experiment was performed at the Laboratory of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University from June 2004 to June 2006. MATERIALS： A total of 150 adult, healthy, male, Sprague Dawley rats, weighing 280-320g, were selected. Naoxintong powder （mainly comprising szechwan lovage rhizome, milkvetch root, danshen root, and radix angelicae sinensis） was obtained from Buchang Pharmacy Co., Ltd. in Xianyang City of Shanxi Province of China, lot number 040608. METHODS： The rats were randomly assigned into sham operation, saline, high-dose Naoxintong, moderate-dose Naoxintong, and low-dose Naoxintong groups, with 30 rats in each group. Rat models of middle cerebral artery occlusion were established using the suture method, with the exception of the sham operation group. Rats in the high-dose, moderate-dose and low-dose Naoxintong groups received 4, 2, and 1 g/kg Naoxintong respectively, by gavage. Rats in the saline group were treated with 1 mL saline by gavage All rats were administered by gavage at 5 and 23 hours following surgery, and subsequently, once per day. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： At 6, 24, 48, 72 hours, and 7 days following model establishment, brain water content was measured. Histopathological changes in brain tissues were detected using hematoxylin-eosin staining. Expression of nuclear factor- kB, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor- α, and complement 3 was examined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS： A total of 150 rats were included in the final analysis with no loss. Brain water content was significantly increased in the ischemic hemisphere of rats from the saline, as well as the high-dose, mo