腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治术经膀胱前入路与膀胱后入路疗效比较

目的 探讨腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治术(LRP)经膀胱前入路与膀胱后入路的优缺点.方法 回顾分析59例LRP围手术期资料和术后肿瘤学及排尿功能情况.患者平均年龄66岁.均经穿刺活检诊断为前列腺癌,TNM分期为T1c～T3b,Gleason评分3～8.分为膀胱后入路组25例,膀胱前入路组34例.2组患者年龄、体质量指数、PSA值、Gleason评分差异无统计学意义.统计学分析比较2组患者术前、术中和术后临床参数和并发症发生率、术后肿瘤学和排尿状况. 结果 59例手术均获成功.后入路和前入路2组患者术中平均出血量分别为(642.0±552.7)和(637.1±370.8)ml、并发症发生率分别为4.0%和2.9%、切缘阳性率分别为24.0%和20.6%.2组患者术后3个月控尿率分别为72%和88%、6个月控尿率分别为88%和91%,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).前入路组平均前列腺切除时间(174.2±58.0)min,后入路组(224.85±66.7)min,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).前入路组术后平均恢复时间(5.9 d)与后入路组(7.5 d)比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05). 结论 LRP经膀胱前入路较膀胱后入路前列腺切除时间和术后恢复时间短,具有临床应用优势.     

机器人辅助腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术

前列腺癌好发于中老年男性,是目前最常见的泌尿系统恶性肿瘤之一.在美国,前列腺癌是发病率仅次于皮肤癌的男性恶性肿瘤,在肿瘤相关死亡原因中排在第二位.随着社会的人口老龄化、生活习惯的改变、前列腺癌检出率的提高,我国前列腺癌的发病率正逐年上升.关于前列腺癌的手术治疗近年有较多进展,其中手术机器人的出现使前列腺癌的微创外科治疗进入了新的时代,现简单阐述如下.     

3种机器人辅助腹腔镜根治性前列腺切除术手术入路对比研究:前入路、后入路及经膀胱入路

目的:比较前入路、后入路及经膀胱入路机器人辅助腹腔镜根治性前列腺切除术(RARP)围手术期指标及手术效果。方法:回顾性分析2015年12月～2018年8月收治的43例前入路RARP(前入路组)、26例后入路RARP(后入路组)和10例经膀胱入路RARP(经膀胱入路组)患者的临床资料。比较三组患者临床资料、围手术期指标(手术时间、术中出血、术后病理分期、术后Gleason评分、切缘阳性率)及手术效果[尿控恢复时间、术后国际勃起功能问卷表-5(IIEF-5)]。结果:前入路组平均年龄(69.7±7.3)岁,平均BMI(22.9±3.1)kg/m~2,平均术前tPSA(34.5±21.3)ng/ml,术前Gleason评分中位值8(6～9)分,平均前列腺体积(38.2±16.6)ml,术前IIEF-5评分中位值12(6～19)分。后入路组平均年龄(62.3±10.9)岁,平均BMI(27.2±6.3)kg/m~2,平均术前tPSA(15.8±7.2)ng/ml,术前Gleason评分中位值7(6～8)分,平均前列腺体积(44.7±10.8)ml,IIEF-5评分中位值13(6～20)分。经膀胱入路组平均年龄(58.6±9.4)岁,平均BMI(26.5±3.1)kg/m~2,平均术前tPSA(19.5±4.1)ng/ml,术前Gleason评分中位值6(6～7)分,平均前列腺体积(33.4±15.8)ml,术前IIEF-5评分中位值16(10～21)分。临床分期前入路组:cT_(1c)期18例,cT_(2a)期3例,cT_(2b)期3例,cT_(2c)期17例,cT_(3a)期1例,cT_(3b)期1例;后入路组:cT_(1c)期17例,cT_(2a)期3例,cT_(2b)期4例,cT_(2c)期2例;经膀胱入路组:cT_(1c)期8例,cT_(2a)期1例,cT_(2b)期1例。所有患者术前尿控均正常。79例手术均顺利完成,无中转开放病例,无输血病例,无严重术中、术后并发症发生。术后病理结合术前检查示前入路组:pT_(2b)期9例,pT_(2c)期16例,pT_(3a)期3例,pT_(3b)期12例,pT_4期3例,Gleason评分中位值8(6～9)分;后入路组:pT_(2a)期13例,pT_(2b)期9例,pT_(2c)期2例,pT_(3a)期2例,Gleason评分中位值7(6～8)分;经膀胱入路组:pT_(2a)期6例,pT_(2b)期3例,pT_(2c)期1例,Gleason评分中位值6(6～7)分。前入路组切缘阳性11例(25.6%),后入路组切缘阳性6例(23.1%),经膀胱入路组切缘阳性1例(20.0%),三组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。前入路组手术时间(115.5±20.5)min,后入路组手术时间(126.5±33.5)min,经膀胱入路组手术时间(140.5±15.5)min。前入路组术中失血量(80±20.5)ml,后入路组术中失血量(44.5±9.5)ml,经膀胱入路组术中失血量(65.5±35.5)ml。前入路组术后3周拔除尿管,其余两组患者术后7d拔除导尿管,前入路组完全恢复尿控时间(6.5±3.5)周,后入路组22例即刻实现尿控(尿控定义为无需使用尿垫),4例术后2周实现尿控;经膀胱入路组患者9例即刻实现尿控,1例术后2周实现尿控;后入路组与经膀胱入路组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),前入路组与后入路组、前入路组与经膀胱入路组比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。三组患者随访时间3～35个月,平均12个月,所有患者尚无肿瘤复发表现(tPSA0.2ng/ml)。术后第3个月,IIEF-5评分中位值前入路组为10(4～12)分,后入路组为10(4～13)分,经膀胱入路组为11(5～14)分,三组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);三组IIEF-5评分与术前比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:经膀胱入路RARP有待成为治疗局限性低风险前列腺癌的可选术式。经膀胱入路与后入路患者术后即刻尿控率较高,均优于前入路,术后肿瘤控制效果和勃起功能仍有待于进一步随访。     

经耻骨后膀胱入路机器人辅助腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术初步体会

前列腺癌根治术是泌尿外科最复杂的手术之一,由于疾病本身的多样性,手术治疗的方法也是多种多样的。目前较为常用的方法主要有以下几种:前入路、后入路、侧入路,经膀胱入路作为一种新的手术入路也在逐渐开展和运用[1]。2008年,Desai等[2]在2例尸体模型中完成了经膀胱入路机器人辅助腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术,开创了经膀胱入路行根治性前列腺切除的先河,其中1例为单孔腹腔镜,另1例为多孔腹腔镜,并发现单孔腹腔镜存在操作器械碰撞的问题。     

机器人单孔经膀胱入路前列腺癌根治术的护理配合

目的:总结机器人辅助单孔经膀胱入路前列腺癌根治术的手术护理配合经验。方法:选择7例行机器人辅助单孔经膀胱前列腺癌根治术的患者,对术前准备、术中配合和术后整理经验进行总结。结果:7例患者的手术均在全机器人辅助腹腔镜下完成,无中转开放,平均手术时间为2.5h,术中平均出血量为50ml,平均住院天数为5d。术后未放置腹腔引流管,无护理相关并发症,所有患者拔管后尿控良好。医护人员做到有效沟通、团队协作,将优质护理贯穿于整个围术期;洗手护士、巡回护士分工合作,保障了手术患者的安全。结论:对行机器人辅助单孔经膀胱入路前列腺癌根治术的患者进行的手术期护理可以提高手术效率,降低手术风险,缩短患者住院时间,值得进一步推广。     

经膀胱前入路和经膀胱后入路机器人辅助前列腺癌根治术早期效果比较

目的:探讨不同入路机器人辅助前列腺癌根治术的早期效果。方法:回顾性分析2018年3月至2020年3月北京协和医院泌尿外科同一术者完成的44例机器人辅助前列腺癌根治术的病例资料,患者平均年龄65.9岁（范围：46~81岁）。手术经膀胱前入路完成24例（前入路组）,经膀胱后入路完成20例（后入路组）。采用 t检...     

机器人辅助腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治术的研究现状

在过去的10年中，随着机器人手术系统的不断改进及应用的拓宽，机器人辅助腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治术（robot—assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy，RALP）的报道迅速增多，仅2009年全球超过了60，000例，占前列腺癌根治术的70%，在前列腺高发的美国及欧洲大部分等国家，RALP几乎取代了单纯腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治术（laparoscopic radical prostateetomy，LRP）和传统开放耻骨后前列腺癌根治术（radical retropubic prostatect—omy，RRP），有着广泛的应用前景。     

机器人辅助腹腔镜大体积前列腺癌根治术的初步经验

初步探讨使用机器人辅助腹腔镜手术治疗局部早期大体积前列腺癌病例的经验。回顾性分析2017年2月～2018年6月我院行机器人辅助前列腺癌根治术(RALP)的大体积前列腺癌患者的临床和病理资料。9例患者手术均获得成功,前列腺体积大小约80～167 cm~3,手术切缘除,例可疑阳性,其余均为阴性,无术中及术后输血。尽管手术难度将因为增大的前列腺体积有所提升,但RALP仍适用于此类大体积前列腺癌患者的手术治疗,并能获得较好的疗效。     

改良耻骨上入路（SAHZU法）机器人辅助前列腺癌根治术

目的探讨改良耻骨上入路（SAHZU法）机器人辅助前列腺癌根治术治疗前列腺癌（RALP）的安全性及效果。 方法回顾性分析2020年1月至2020年8月在我院接受SAHZU-RALP手术的19例前列腺癌患者的临床资料,包括：患者一般资料、围手术期指标、尿控、性功能和并发症等。 结果19例患者均顺利完成手术,无术中并发症或中转开放手术,手术切缘均阴性。平均手术时间为（113±13）min,平均失血量为（47±12）ml。术后中位住院时间（IQR）为3（1~3）d,术后留置Foley导尿管的中位时间（IQR）为7（6~7） d,留置引流管的中位时间（IQR）为1（0~2） d。在早期功能方面,7例患者拔除尿管后可即刻尿控（0~1个垫片/d）,术后随访至6个月时,有14例患者可完全尿控,8例患者勃起功能满意（IIEF评分≥18）。 结论采用SAHZU-RALP治疗局限性前列腺癌在技术上是可行的。这项技术只需四个小切口,无需使用特伦德伦伯格（Trendelenburg）体位即可顺利完成手术,对肿瘤根治疗效好,术后尿控恢复满意,并发症少,但需要长期的随访数据,更多的患者以及临床随机对照研究来验证其疗效。     

经腹膜外入路腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术(附16例报告)

目的总结经腹膜外入路腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术的临床体会。方法回顾性分析2010年10月至2011年12月,采用四孔经腹膜外入路行腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术治疗局限性前列腺癌患者16例的临床资料。结果本组16例手术全部顺利完成,9例同期行盆腔淋巴结清扫术,无一例中转开放。手术时间150～420min,平均270min。术中出血量50～2000ml,平均534ml,4例术中输血400～800ml,输血率25%。术后病理报告切缘阳性1例(6.2%)。术后4～15d出院,平均8d。所有患者留置尿管2周,拔除尿管后无真性尿失禁。随访3～17个月,8例昼夜控尿良好,8例白天偶有压力性尿失禁,其中1例术后4个月出现吻合口狭窄。9例患者术后可勃起,其中1例行保留神经的前列腺癌根治术患者术后1个月可正常进行性生活。结论经腹膜外入路腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术具有创伤小、出血少、操作容易、并发症少等优点,是开展腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术的较好选择。     

A New Anatomic Approach for Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Prostatectomy: A Feasibility Study for Completely Intrafascial Surgery

Robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP) has been disseminated widely, changing the knowledge of surgical anatomy of the prostate. The aim of our study is to demonstrate the feasibility of a new, purely intrafascial approach.     

腹腔镜下经腹膜外途径前列腺癌根治术(附2例报告)

目的:探讨腹腔镜下经腹膜外途径前列腺癌根治术的手术方法和临床效果。　方法:2例前列腺癌患者, 腹腔镜下经腹膜外途径分离前列腺,切开膀胱颈部,分离前列腺尖部、游离精囊后顺行将前列腺切除,膀胱颈成形 后与后尿道吻合。　结果:手术时间分别为10、7h,出血量分别为1000、500ml。术后24h恢复肠道功能,3周后 拔除尿管,未出现并发症。　结论:腹腔镜下腹膜外途径前列腺癌根治术创伤小、视野清晰、出血少、恢复快,是早 期前列腺癌根治术的方法之一。     

经腹膜外腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术（附7例报告）

目的：探讨经腹膜外腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术的手术方法和疗效.方法：对7例局限性前列腺癌患者实施经腹膜外前列腺癌根治术.结果：7例手术均成功完成,手术时间145～250 min,平均175 min.估计术中出血量200～600 ml,平均300 ml,其中3例患者输400 ml红细胞悬液,术中无腹膜破裂、直肠输尿管损伤、膀胱损伤等病例;术后病理均报告切缘阴性,无淋巴结转移,留置导尿14～23天,平均18.2天;术后1～3天肠道功能恢复,平均1.6天.术后发牛尿漏2例,6天后尿漏消失.随访3～10个月,平均6个月,术后拔除尿管出现轻度尿失禁3例（43%）,1周内完全恢复尿控率71.4%（5/7）,第1、3、6个月完全恢复控尿率分别为71.4%（5/7）、85.7%（6/7）、100%（7/7）,术后3个月检查血清PSA＜0.2 μg/L,随访期间末出现生化复发.结论：腹腔镜下腹膜外途径前列腺癌根治术创伤小、并发症少、恢复快,是局限性前列腺癌安全有效的外科治疗方法.     

腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术36例报告

目的探讨腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术(laparoscopic radical prostatectomy,LRP)的可行性和手术技巧。方法2005年3月～2008年12月,行LRP36例。平均年龄64岁(51～73岁),术前病理检查均证实为前列腺癌。T111例,T225例。21例参照Montsouris方法行经腹腔途径LRP,15例行经腹膜外途径LRP。结果平均手术时间265min(155～480min),平均出血量455ml(170～2500ml)。中转开放手术3例,其中2例为阴茎背静脉复合体出血,1例为直肠损伤。术后病理报告切缘阳性2例。术后尿管留置10～30d,平均14d,无真性尿失禁发生。术后漏尿6例,尿道狭窄2例。术后平均随访15.5月(2～44个月),穿刺孔皮下种植转移1例,余35例无复发转移。术后1个月前列腺特异抗原(PSA)0～5.85ng/ml。结论LRP治疗局限性前列腺癌安全有效。熟练掌握盆腔解剖,预先处理阴茎背静脉复合体,熟练掌握膀胱颈重建和镜下吻合技术是成功完成手术的关键。     

腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术(附11例报告)

目的探讨腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术的应用价值。方法4例采用经腹腔途经,7例采用经腹膜外途经,手术切除前列腺、精囊、输精管壶腹,行膀胱尿道吻合。结果11例手术均获得成功,手术时间180~390min,平均304min。术中出血量300~1200ml,平均520ml。术后留置尿管时间12~28d,平均19.8d。无直肠损伤等并发症。术后住院时间12~24d,平均20d,无尿失禁及尿道狭窄。11例随访1~36个月,平均11个月,未发现肿瘤局部复发和远处转移,术后3个月前列腺特异抗原0~0.05μg/L。结论腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术是一种安全、有效的治疗方法。     

Posterior Musculofascial Reconstruction After Radical Prostatectomy: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Context

In 2001, Rocco et al. described a surgical technique whose aim was the reconstruction of the posterior musculofascial plate after radical prostatectomy (RP) to improve early return to urinary continence. Since then, many surgeons have applied this technique—either as it was described or with some modification—to open, laparoscopic, and robot-assisted RP.

Objective

To review the outcomes reported in comparative studies analysing the influence of reconstruction of the posterior aspect of the rhabdosphincter after RP. The main outcome evaluated was urinary continence at 3–7 d, 30–45 d, 90 d, 180 d, and 1 yr after catheter removal.

Evidence acquisition

A systematic review of the literature was performed in November 2011, searching the Medline, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. A “free-text” protocol using the terms posterior reconstruction of the rhabdosphincter, posterior rhabdosphincter, and early continence was applied. Studies published only as abstracts and reports from meetings were not included in this review. One thousand seven records were retrieved from the Medline database, 1541 from the Embase database, 1357 from the Scopus database, and 1041 from the Web of Science database. The authors reviewed the records to identify studies comparing cohorts of patients who underwent RP with or without restoration of the posterior aspect of the rhabdosphincter. Only papers evaluating use of this technique as the only technical modification among the groups were included. A cumulative analysis was conducted using Review Manager v.5.1 software (Cochrane Collaboration, Oxford, UK).

Evidence synthesis

Eleven studies were identified in the literature search, including two randomised controlled trials (RCTs), which were negative studies. The cumulative analysis of comparative studies showed that reconstruction of the posterior musculofascial plate improves early return of continence within the first 30 d after RP (p = 0.004), while continence rates 90 d after surgery are not affected by use of the reconstruction technique. The statistical significance of the reconstruction seems to decrease when higher continence rates are reported. Use of posterior rhabdosphincter reconstruction does not seem to be related to positive surgical margin (PSM) rates or with complications like acute urinary retention (AUR) and bladder neck stricture (BNS). Some studies suggested lower anastomotic leakage rates with the posterior musculofascial plate reconstruction technique.

Conclusions

The role of reconstruction of the posterior musculofascial plate in terms of earlier continence recovery is encouraging but still controversial. Methodological flaws and poor surgical standardisation seem to be the major causes. In two RCTs and one parallel (not randomised) group trial, posterior rhabdosphincter reconstruction offered no significant advantage for return of early continence after RP. No significant complications related to the posterior musculofascial plate reconstruction technique have been reported so far. A multicentre RCT is necessary to clarify the possible role of the technique in terms of earlier continence recovery.     

腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术(附21例报告)

目的探讨腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术的手术技巧和疗效。方法 2005年3月～2008年9月,经腹腔途径行腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术21例(T1a3例,T1b4例,T2a6例,T2b8例),游离膀胱前间隙、盆筋膜,显露前列腺尖部,缝扎阴茎背静脉复合体后离断膀胱颈,游离切除精囊,重建膀胱颈并与尿道吻合。结果 19例手术获得成功,中转开放手术2例,其中阴茎背静脉复合体损伤1例,直肠损伤1例。手术时间155～450min,平均280min;术中出血量170～2500ml,平均470ml。术后病理报告切缘阳性1例。术后尿管留置10～40d,平均14d,无真性尿失禁发生。术后发生漏尿3例,尿道狭窄1例,均治愈。21例随访5～44个月,平均18.5月,PSA0～5.85ng/ml,平均0.23ng/ml,未发现局部复发和远处转移。结论腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术是治疗局限性前列腺癌的安全有效措施。熟练掌握盆腔解剖,预先处理阴茎背静脉复合体,膀胱颈重建和镜下吻合技术是成功实施手术的关键。     

经腹膜外腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术的关键点及操作技巧（附33例报告）

目的：总结经腹膜外腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术治疗前列腺癌的手术经验和操作技巧.方法：2006年1月～2010年3月对33例前列腺癌患者行经腹膜外腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术,手术经腹膜外顺行路径切除前列腺,切开膀胱颈部前先以1-0可吸收线缝扎背血管复合体,采用单针连续吻合法进行膀胱与尿道的吻合.结果：33例手术均获得成功,无中转开放手术.手术时间120～575 min,平均234 min,术中出血量100～1500 ml,平均320 ml,术后48小时内胃肠功能恢复,术后1～2天下地活动,没有直肠损伤和吻合口尿漏出现.标本切缘阳性1例.2例术后出现轻度尿失禁.2例出现尿道狭窄.对其中31例患者随访3～51个月,未发现肿瘤局部和生化复发和远处转移;术后3个月前列腺特异性抗原0～0.1 μg/L.结论：经腹膜外腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术是一种安全有效的手术方法.熟悉前列腺局部解剖及熟练掌握各种腹腔镜下操作技术是手术成功的关键.     

Best Practices in Robot-assisted Radical Prostatectomy: Recommendations of the Pasadena Consensus Panel

Context

Radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) has long been the most common surgical technique used to treat clinically localized prostate cancer (PCa). More recently, robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) has been gaining increasing acceptance among patients and urologists, and it has become the dominant technique in the United States despite a paucity of prospective studies or randomized trials supporting its superiority over RRP.

Objective

A 2-d consensus conference of 17 world leaders in prostate cancer and radical prostatectomy was organized in Pasadena, California, and at the City of Hope Cancer Center, Duarte, California, under the auspices of the European Association of Urology Robotic Urology Section to systematically review the currently available data on RARP, to critically assess current surgical techniques, and to generate best practice recommendations to guide clinicians and related medical personnel. No commercial support was obtained for the conference.

Evidence acquisition

A systematic review of the literature was performed in agreement with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis statement.

Evidence synthesis

The results of the systematic literature review were reviewed, discussed, and refined over the 2-d conference. Key recommendations were generated using a Delphi consensus approach. RARP is associated with less blood loss and transfusion rates compared with RRP, and there appear to be minimal differences between the two approaches in terms of overall postoperative complications. Positive surgical margin rates are at least equivalent with RARP, but firm conclusions about biochemical recurrence and other oncologic end points are difficult to draw because the follow-up in existing studies is relatively short and the overall experience with RARP in locally advanced PCa is still limited. RARP may offer advantages in postoperative recovery of urinary continence and erectile function, although there are methodological limitations in most studies to date and a need for well-controlled comparative outcomes studies of radical prostatectomy surgery following best practice guidelines. Surgeon experience and institutional volume of procedures strongly predict better outcomes in all relevant domains.

Conclusions

Available evidence suggests that RARP is a valuable therapeutic option for clinically localized PCa. Further research is needed to clarify the actual role of RARP in patients with locally advanced disease.     

Complete Periprostatic Anatomy Preservation During Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy (RALP): The New Pubovesical Complex-Sparing Technique

Background

Puboprostatic ligament preservation has been proposed as a method to accelerate continence recovery after radical prostatectomy (RP). However, these ligaments present anatomic continuity with the bladder, and there must be interruption at some point to expose the prostatourethral junction.

Objectives

To describe the surgical steps of pubovesical complex (PVC)–sparing robot-assisted laparoscopic RP (RALP) and present the preliminary results of our technique.

Design, setting, and participants

Thirty PVC-sparing RALP procedures were performed in patients <60 yr with clinically localised prostate cancer between 2007 and 2009 by the same surgeon.

Surgical procedure

The principles of bladder neck preservation, tension and energy-free dissection of the bundles as well as seminal vesicle sparing are applied. Ventrally, a plane of dissection is developed between the detrusor apron and the prostate. The soft connective tissue between Santorini's plexus and the prostate is blandly dissected, leaving the plexus intact and in place.

Measurements

The rates and location of positive surgical margins (PSM) as well as functional outcomes are presented.

Results and limitations

Three of 30 patients (10%) had a PSM (two apical margins and one on the left posterolateral side). At catheter removal, 24 of 30 patients (80%) were dry (0 pads), and 6 of 30 patients (20%) needed one security pad. After 3 mo, 22 of 30 patients (73%) presented an International Index of Erectile Function score >17 (with or without phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors). Thirteen of 22 potent patients had an Erection Hardness Score of 3, and 9 of 22 patients had a score of 4. Small sample size, low mean age of enrolled patients (52 yr), and the absence of diseases that could impair the continence and potency recovery are some of the limitations of the study. Moreover, it is difficult to quantify the effect of each applied continence-sparing technique.

Conclusions

The holistic preservation of the PVC during RALP is technically feasible. It leads towards an absolute preservation of the periprostatic anatomy that may enhance early functional outcomes. Further studies are needed to confirm our results.