重症监护病房真菌感染临床分析

目的：探讨重症监护病房（ICU）患者深部真菌感染的危险因素及防治措施。方法：采用回顾性调查方法,对我院ICU 2006年1月～2007年1月收治的176例患者进行调查。结果：深部真菌感染患者24例,感染率13.6%。最常见感染部位为肺部,白色念珠菌是最常见的感染菌株。诱发因素主要有长期应用广谱抗生素、接受侵入性操作、住院时间长等。结论：ICU患者发生深部真菌感染是多种危险因素综合作用的结果,应采取有效措施,消除诱发因素,早期诊断及治疗。     

深部真菌医院感染的调查分析

目的：探讨医院内深部真菌感染情况和可能的危险因素,进一步预防和控制院内真菌感染。方法查询和分析2011年11月～2013年12月我院发生深部真菌感染患者的具体资料。结果我院这二年内发生感染的患者总数为313例,院内真菌感染患者为51例,占16.3%,患者中绝大多数为老年人。白色念珠菌是最主要的病原菌,占所有病原菌的68.06%,其次是克柔念珠菌和热带念珠菌。感染部位主要是呼吸道和泌尿道,基础性疾病中以呼吸道疾病和恶性肿瘤为主。患者感染前多数均接受过广谱抗生素和免疫抑制剂的治疗,或者进行过手术和侵入性治疗。结论深部真菌院内感染情况严重,应给予高度重视,预防和控制感染的主要出路在于加强对医院环境和医护人员的管理,合理应用抗生素等药物,及时发现和治疗感染患者。     

医院内深部真菌感染的临床分析

目的研究ICU深部真菌感染的临床及病原学特点。方法收集78例ICU深部真菌患者的血、痰、粪便、尿、腹腔引流液培养结果及其临床资料。结果 78例ICU深部真菌患者中共分离出95株真菌,以白色念珠菌及光滑念珠菌为主,其中白色念珠菌占54.74%,光滑念珠菌占22.11%,感染部位以呼吸道感染最常见,占72.63%,其次为尿路感染,占11.58%。结论 ICU深部真菌感染菌种和部位有自己的特点,并且有一定的诱发因素,该病重在预防。     

老年恶性肿瘤患者医院真菌感染调查分析

目的 探讨老年恶性肿瘤真菌感染发病率、危险因素.方法 采用回顾调查方法分析我院2001年1月～2006年12月住院恶性肿瘤患者中发生真菌感染者的临床资料.结果 老年恶性肿瘤患者发生真菌感染占同期整个医院真菌感染病例的42.4%,真菌感染部位分布:下呼吸道占首位(44.5%),泌尿道次之(19.0%),口腔真菌感染位列第三(18.5%).感染的真菌中白色念珠菌占第一位(54.6%),热带念珠菌次之(23.0%),克柔念珠菌列第三位(6.1%).氟康唑是一种高效、低毒抗真菌药,疗效好,本组病例有效率为82.5%.结论 年龄和肿瘤本身以及放化疗及抗生素、激素的广泛使用,长期住院,恶性肿瘤的扩散转移是医院真菌感染的重要因素.感染部位主要在下呼吸道,感染的真菌中白色念珠菌占第一位.氟康唑仍是治疗真菌感染的有效药物.     

内科ICU重症患者深部真菌感染49例药物治疗分析

目的探讨内科ICU重症患者深部真菌感染的防治措施。方法将49例ICU重症深部真菌感染患者资料收集,分析患者的真菌感染特点以及药物应用疗效。结果 49例ICU重症深部真菌感染患者中以白念珠菌为主,感染部位以呼吸系统感染最为常见。本组药物治疗的总有效率为62%,总病死率为26.5%,各种治疗药物的有效率无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论对ICU患者加强呼吸道管理,预防真菌发生及改善抗感染免疫力,而提高治疗有效率,综合药物治疗,并调整用药的抗真菌治疗是有效的防治措施。     

640例儿童真菌感染的特征及耐药性分析

目的：探讨患儿真菌感染的临床特点、危险因素及耐药性监测。方法：回顾性分析640例真菌培养阳性患儿的临床资料。结果：640例中菌种以白色念珠菌为主,占65%,近平滑念珠菌感染有上升趋势,占14.3%,感染部位以呼吸道及消化道为主。640株真菌耐药的药敏结果提示白色念珠菌对两性霉素B和5-氟胞嘧啶敏感,对唑类药物耐药率在80%以上。近平滑念珠菌对整体抗真菌药物的耐药率低于其他念珠菌属。血液科及ICU中抗生素联合应用,住院天数≥7天,年龄≤3岁均是真菌感染的危险因素,其中年龄≤3岁真菌感染的相对RR值是年龄＆gt;3岁的11.1倍。真菌药敏结果提示对氟康唑耐药,但临床使用氟康唑仍有效。结论：在患儿真菌感染中,以白色念珠菌为主,感染部位以呼吸道及肠道为主。年龄、使用免疫抑制剂、联合应用抗生素可作为真菌感染的独立危险因素。     

重症监护室患者深部真菌感染因素分析及预防对策

目的分析该院重症监护室（ICU）患者深部真菌感染危险因素,并探讨相应的预防对策。方法从该院病案室资料库中选取60例ICU深部真菌感染患者的资料,对真菌菌种类型、菌种分布、感染的危险因素、临床表现、抗菌药物应用等进行调查、分析。结果 60例患者中,ICU深部感染真菌以白色念珠菌为主（41.67%）;发生真菌感染共82例次,其中呼吸系统感染最常见,共28例次（34.15%）;感染危险因素包括应用广谱抗菌药物（79.23%）、治疗15d后留置尿管（73.33%）、接受治疗7d后行中心静脉置管（71.39%）、术后留置引流管（71.39%）、接受治疗7d后行机械通气（70.00%）;感染前使用的抗菌药物以青霉素为主（68.32%）。结论 ICU深部真菌感染具有较高的发病率,应尽量减少和避免可能导致感染的各种危险因素,并采取有效的预防措施。     

侵袭性白念珠菌感染的危险因素及耐药性变迁

目的 分析四川大学华西医院住院患者侵袭性白念珠菌感染的分布情况、可能的危险因素以及真菌耐药性变化,为临床预防和合理用药提供依据.方法 对四川大学华西医院2010年1月到2012年12月100例侵袭性白念珠菌感染患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,分析并总结其标本来源、科室分布、年龄分布、感染的危险因素、抗菌药物使用情况以及真菌耐药率的变迁.结果 在侵袭性白念珠菌感染中,血流感染最为多见,占55％,感染患者多为ICU重症患者,占35％.年龄分布中位数为53.5岁.可能相关危险因素中外科手术和气管插管/切开、机械通气分别占74.6％和46.5％,有94例(82.5％)使用过抗菌药物.3年来我院白念珠菌对氟康唑、伏立康唑、两性霉素B耐药率为0％,对5-氟胞嘧啶和伊曲康唑的耐药率分别保持在4.1％和27.7％以下.结论 白念珠菌是ICU重症患者的血流侵袭性真菌感染中重要的病原菌,外科手术和气管插管/切开及呼吸机的使用是最显著侵袭性白念感染的两大危险因素.虽然目前临床常用抗真菌药物能覆盖侵袭性白念珠菌的治疗,但仍应加强对重点科室以及有相关危险因素患者的监测,重视培养鉴定与药敏结果对临床用药的指导,以减少耐药菌的出现与流行.     

老年危重患者深部真菌感染临床调查

目的　了解老年危重患者深部真菌感染的感染率与相关病死率 ,并分析感染相关危险因素。方法　采用回顾性调查研究的方法对 1999年 6月～ 2 0 0 1年 5月华山医院老年科 ICU的患者进行调查。结果　在调查的 2 4 7名患者中 ,有 32名患者发生深部真菌感染 ,感染率为 12 .96 % ;其中 ,18人死亡 ,相关病死率为 5 6 .2 5 % ,高于平均水平。最常见感染部位为肺部 (2 8例 ,87.5 % )。念珠菌是最常见的感染菌种 ,尤其是白念珠菌 (31株 ,72 .0 9% )。在单因素分析中 ,入住 ICU时间 (P=0 .0 0 0 )、使用广谱抗生素种类数 (P=0 .0 18)、合并严重细菌感染 (P=0 .0 0 0 )、具有 COPD基础 (P=0 .0 14 )、气管插管 (P=0 .0 11)为发生深部真菌感染的危险因素 ;L ogistic多因素回归分析显示合并严重细菌感染及使用广谱抗生素为老年科 ICU深部真菌感染的独立危险因素。结论　老年科 ICU深部真菌感染发生率较高 ,预后差 ,应采取有效措施 ,控制各类危险因素 ,切实降低其发病率。     

296例医院内真菌感染分析

目的:了解住院患者深部真菌感染的发生情况.方法:采用回顾性分析方法,对我院2010年2 -12月间的真菌感染病例进行回顾性分析.结果:真菌感染296例;感染以念珠菌属为主,占90.54％,念珠菌属中感染占前三位的分别是白色念珠菌(54.73％)、热带念珠菌(13.18％)、光滑念珠菌(7.09％);真菌感染涉及的科室共有26个,其中,呼吸科感染例数居首,占33.78％;所有真菌感染病例均患有基础疾病,其中患肺部疾病的真菌感染率居首,占32.43％,肿瘤伴发的真菌感染死亡率最高,感染83例,死亡13例,死亡率为15.66％;在治疗上,应用的药物有氟康唑、卡泊芬净、伊曲康唑、伏立康唑、米卡芬净,其中氟康唑应用最频繁,达77.03％;真菌感染伴细菌感染的患者193例,占65.20％;大部分患者接受了侵入性操作.结论:对高龄、患严重基础疾病、需侵入性治疗的患者应采取适当的预防真菌感染的措施,合理选择药物,加强病原菌的监测,尤其对合并感染更要加强警惕,积极治疗,以减轻患者的痛苦.     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Polymorphisms in genes involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking

Smoking behavior is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The genetic contribution to smoking behavior is at least as great as its contribution to alcoholism. Much progress has been achieved in genomic research related to cigarette-smoking within recent years. Linkage studies indicate that there are several loci linked to smoking, and candidate genes that are related to neurotransmission have been examined. Possible associated genes include cytochrome P450 subfamily polypeptide 6 (CYP2A6), dopamine D₁, D₂, and D₄ receptors, dopamine transporter, and serotonin transporter genes. There are other important candidate genes but studies evaluating the link with smoking have not been reported. These include genes encoding the dopamine D₃ and D₅ receptors, serotonin receptors, tyrosine hydroxylase, trytophan 2,3-dioxygenase, opioid receptors, and cannabinoid receptors. Since smoking-related factors are extremely complex, studies of diverse populations and of many aspects of smoking behavior including initiation, maintenance, cessation, relapse, and influence of environmental factors are needed to identify smoking-associated genes. We now review genetic polymorphisms reported to be involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking.     

Tramadol concentrations in blood and in cerebrospinal fluid in a neonate

Based on blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples collected in a full-term neonate, the penetration of tramadol in the central nervous system is described. Following intravenous administration of tramadol, a lag time of about 4 h was observed until full blood–brain equilibration was achieved. This pharmacokinetic observation is in line with a recent pharmacodynamic evaluation of the central opioid effects of tramadol in adults.     

Disease control in asthmatic children seen in private practice in Switzerland

ABSTRACT

Background: Asthma is the most common chronic childhood disease in Switzerland with a prevalence of 10%. Asthma has a high economic burden accounting for high medical costs. Assessment of disease control is likely to be of help in the implementation of strategies to improve asthma. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate asthma control and therapy regimens among children in private practice.

Methods: We assessed asthma control as well as therapy regimens in 575 asthmatic children in an experience programme in Switzerland by using an abbreviated questionnaire based on the asthma control questionnaire and the child health questionnaire on Visit 1 and Visit 2.

Results: Good asthma control at Visit 1 was only present in 25.7% of asthmatic children. Occasional asthma symptoms, limitation of physical activity, nocturnal awakening and anxiety of the parent was present in 80.5%, 41.2%, 46.8% and 57% of the children, respectively. After adjustment of therapy regimens at Visit 1, mainly by adding a leukotriene receptor antagonist, asthma control was reported to be much better in 53.4% of the children at Visit 2.

Conclusions: As asthma control is inadequately achieved within a major portion of asthmatic children, it is imperative to find measures to improve asthma control and hence, to reduce the burden of disease.