耐碳青酶烯类铜绿假单胞菌相关耐药基因及I型整合酶基因研究

目的研究耐碳青酶烯类铜绿假单胞菌的相关耐药基因及Ⅰ型整合酶基因。方法采用聚合酶链反应（PCR）法对铜绿假单胞菌碳青酶烯类耐药相关的金属β-内酰胺酶IMP、VIM、SPM、GIM基因和外膜蛋白oprD2基因及Ⅰ型整合酶基因等6种主要耐药基因进行检测与分析。结果51株耐亚胺培南和美罗培南铜绿假单胞菌SPM、GIM金属酶基因检测均阴性,16株IMP和5株VIM型金属酶基因阳性,14株耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌oprD2基因阳性,其余37株铜绿假单胞菌oprD2基因阴性,7株产金属酶并同时伴有膜孔蛋白oprD2基因缺失,49株Ⅰ型整合酶基因intⅠ1阳性。结论膜孔蛋白oprD2基因缺失是铜绿假单胞菌对碳青酶烯类抗菌药物耐药的主要原因,其次是产生金属酶,Ⅰ型整合酶基因广泛存在于铜绿假单胞菌中,提示要加强对耐药基因在病原菌种属间传播和扩散的监测工作。     

铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南耐药机制的研究

目的 研究铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南耐药机制。方法 用PCR法对铜绿假单胞菌亚胺培南耐药相关的金属β-内酰胺酶IMP、VIM基因和外膜蛋白OprD2基因等3种主要耐药基因进行了检测与分析。结果 35株耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌IMP和VIM型金属酶基因检测均阴性，35株耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌OprD2基因检测均阴性，但35株铜绿假单胞菌23S rRNA基因扩增阳性。结论 研究表明湖北襄樊地区铜绿假单胞菌不产生金属酶，但从遗传学角度证实外膜蛋白OprD2基因缺失是襄樊铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南耐药的重要机制。     

新疆地区铜绿假单胞菌金属β-内酰胺酶分布及耐药分析

目的 研究新疆地区铜绿假单胞菌临床分离株中产金属β-内酰胺酶流行株基因型的分布和耐药性.方法 收集铜绿假单胞菌95株,分别用金属酶IMP、VIM、SIM、GIM、SPM引物进行聚合酶链反应(PCR),对扩增产物阳性进行序列分析.结果 共检出8株金属酶阳性菌株,经基因测序确认4株产IMP-6型金属酶,4株产VIM-2型金属酶,其余基因均阴性;产金属酶菌株均耐美罗培南和亚胺培南,且产酶株对头孢吡肟、头孢他啶、哌拉西林等抗菌药物均不敏感,而对氨曲南较敏感.结论 新疆地区铜绿假单胞菌的流行株金属酶基因型主要为IMP-6型和VIM-2型;其耐药性强,临床应根据药敏结果选择用药,以达到最佳抗菌效果.     

绍兴地区铜绿假单胞菌亚胺培南耐药机制研究

目的探讨绍兴地区耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌的耐药机制.方法对5株亚胺培南耐药的铜绿假单胞菌和4株亚胺培南敏感的铜绿假单胞菌进行IMP、VIM和oprD2基因等3种基因检测和测序.结果 5株亚胺培南耐药的铜绿假单胞菌均检出VIM基因,经比对分析为VIM-2型;无IMP基因检出,oprD2基因均无缺失.结论绍兴地区耐亚胺培南的铜绿假单胞菌由VIM-2型基因引起.     

耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌产金属β-内酰胺酶的研究

目的 检测耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌产生金属β-内酰胺酶的情况,对金属β-内酰胺酶进行分型.方法 收集天津医科大学总医院2005-2006年耐亚胺培南并对所有受试抗菌药物均耐药的铜绿假单胞菌16株,应用聚合酶链反应扩增金属β-内酰胺酶基因;应用限制性内切酶特异的酶切位点对聚合酶链反应产物进行酶切反应,确定金属β-内酰胺酶亚型.结果 16株铜绿假单胞菌有2株产生IMP型金属β-内酰胺酶,限制性酶切反应证实为IMP-1型金属β-内酰胺酶基因.结论 临床分离的产金属β-内酰胺酶铜绿假单胞菌以IMP-1型为主,在碳青酶烯类抗菌药物的耐药因素中金属β-内酰胺酶的水解作用并非主要机制.     

基层医院铜绿假单胞菌耐药性分析及耐药基因检测

目的分析二级医院临床分离铜绿假单胞菌抗菌药物敏感性和金属酶、β-内酰胺酶流行情况,指导临床用药。方法回顾性分析2013年2月-2015年10月医院临床分离的非重复铜绿假单胞菌318株,所有菌株均用K-B法进行药敏试验;收集30株耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌,采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测4种碳青霉烯酶耐药基因IMP、VIM、OXA-10、OXA-23。结果铜绿假单胞菌对阿米卡星耐药率最低,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、环丙沙星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢他啶、亚胺培南耐药率依次为27.9%,30.9%,33.0%,34.2%,35.7%,对哌拉西林、美洛西林耐药率较高,耐药率分别为42.0%、54.6%。经基因检测发现VIM型阳性株24株,OXA-10阳性株1株,未扩增出IMP、OXA-23阳性株。结论基层医院铜绿假单胞菌耐药率也很高,以产金属β-内酰胺酶为主,OXA酶检出率较低,基因型为OXA-10。     

耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌耐药特征和碳青霉烯酶基因分析

目的研究耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌对常用抗菌药物耐药性及其产碳青霉烯酶的基因特征。方法对耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性进行回顾性分析;Carba NP法进行碳青霉烯酶表型确证;PCR进行基因型检测。结果 640株耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌对氨曲南耐药率最高,为58.8%;对3种氨基糖苷类耐药率最低,为19.2%~20.6%;对其他6种抗菌药物耐药率为40.0%~51.1%。检出72株耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌产碳青霉烯酶,阳性率为11.3%。基因型检测3株为KPC-2型,占4.2%,26株为IMP型,占36.1%,43株为VIM型,占59.7%。结论耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌对氨基糖苷类敏感性较好,但对其他抗菌药物耐药性严重;碳青霉烯酶主要以金属β-内酰胺酶为主。     

耐碳青霉烯类铜绿假单胞菌相关耐药基因及Ⅰ类整合子的研究

目的了解我院耐碳青霉烯类铜绿假单胞菌耐药相关基因及Ⅰ类整合子存在情况。方法29株耐碳青霉烯类铜绿假单胞菌,采用纸片扩散法(K-B法)进行药敏试验,聚合酶链反应(PCR)方法检测Ⅰ类整合子、外膜孔蛋白OprD2基因、金属酶(MBL)IMP、VIM、GIM、SPM和IMI耐药基因。结果未发现对多粘菌素耐药,哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和替卡西林/克拉维酸耐药率分别为75.9%、86.2%和93.1%,阿米卡星、环丙沙星、亚胺培南、美洛培南、厄他培南、头孢他啶、头孢噻肟、头孢吡肟、氨曲南和哌拉西林的耐药率均为100%。检出OprD2基因缺失22株(75.8%),IMP-9阳性1株(3.4%),Ⅰ类整合酶IntlⅠ阳性26株(89.7%)。未检出VIM、GIM、SPM和IMI耐药基因。结论耐碳青霉烯类铜绿假单胞菌多重耐药情况严重。外膜孔蛋白OprD2基因缺失是我院临床分离的铜绿假单胞菌对碳青霉烯类耐药的主要机制,其次是产金属酶IMP-9耐药基因,Ⅰ类整合酶IntlⅠ携带率高。     

产金属酶合并外膜蛋白缺失的铜绿假单胞菌的检测

目的研究铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南(IMP)耐药机制,为临床合理选择抗生素提供确切的依据. 方法对20株亚胺培南耐药的铜绿假单胞菌,以EDTA、CuCl2、 FeCl2、2-MPA、IMP为酶抑制剂,头孢他啶(CAZ)、亚胺培南为底物,在M-H平板上用纸片扩散法进行抗生素协同敏感性检测,并用聚合酶链反应(PCR) 检测金属酶基因;对3株耐亚胺培南(IMP)的菌株和3株敏感株,提取其菌株外膜蛋白,进行SDS-PAGE电泳分析,比较两组菌株外膜蛋白的差异. 结果协同法检测20株铜绿假单胞菌金属β-内酰胺酶有1例阳性,结果与PCR法检测结果一致,PCR产物经测序证实为VIM-2型金属β-内酰胺酶;金属β-内酰胺酶阳性的菌株在2 种底物纸片中均与EDTA、2-MPA和IMP 纸片有协同作用,其中2-MPA效果最好,与CuCl2、 FeCl2纸片无协同作用;在外膜蛋白SDS-PAGE电泳图谱上发现敏感株存在OprD2、OprE带,但耐药株缺乏OprD2,OprE带缺乏或者染色较淡;定量分析发现耐药株OprD2、OprE含量明显低于敏感株. 结论铜绿假单胞菌对IMP耐药的主要原因是外膜蛋白OprD2、OprE缺失或含量减少以及VIM-2型金属β-内酰胺酶的产生所致,或由两者共同作用所致.     

医院耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌的耐药机制研究

目的研究医院铜绿假单胞菌(PAE)耐药情况及对亚胺培南的耐药机制分布。方法对医院临床分离的150株非重复铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南(IMP)等14种常用抗菌药物的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)进行检测;进一步对耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌(IRPA)64株作为受试株,进行耐药机制表型初筛试验及基因检测。结果 IRPA共64株,占42.6%,其中9株为产金属β-内酰胺酶(MBL)阳性,占试验菌株的14.06%,4株携带VIM基因和3株携带IMP基因,其他为阴性结果;17株主动外排表型筛选阳性,5株同时检测出oprM、mexB基因、有9株仅扩增出oprM基因而没有mexB基因、有3株未扩增出外排基因;oprD2基因缺失共11株,占17.19%。结论调查结果显示,铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南的耐药机制主要有金属酶的产生;主动外排的过度表达;孔道蛋白OprD2的缺失。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.