双侧乳腺癌的预后因素

目的：探讨影响双侧乳腺癌患者生存率的预后因素。方法：对21例经病理组织学证实的双侧原发性乳腺癌患者进行回顾性分析。其中，同时性双侧乳腺癌4例（19%），异时性双侧乳腺癌17例（81%），接受手术，放疗，化疗等单一或综合治疗，分析乳腺癌的多种预后因素与术后生存率的关系。结果：主要的预后因素与肿瘤振奋小，浸润淋巴结的数目，最初的正确治疗和两侧乳癌的间距时间等有关。二、五、十年的生存率各为90%（19/21），71.4%(15.21),66.7%(14.21)。结论：若双侧乳腺癌的治疗正确。仍有相当高的五年生存率，两侧乳腺癌之间的间距时间是最突出的预后因素。与生态2率呈正相关系。早期诊断，早期治疗第二原发癌仍是提高生存率的关键。     

双侧原发性乳腺癌的预后影响因素分析

目的 :研究双侧原发性乳腺癌的预后及其影响因素。方法 :对经病理证实的 30例双侧原发性乳腺癌患者进行分析。结果 :腋淋巴结无转移患者的 5年生存率 ( 64 7% )明显高于腋淋巴结转移的患者 ( 30 8% )。肿瘤直径 <2cm的患者 5年生存率 ( 62 5% )明显高于肿瘤直径≥ 2cm的患者 ( 4 5 5% )。ER受体阳性患者的 5年生存率 ( 66 7% )明显高于ER受体阴性患者 ( 38 9% )。结论 :双侧原发性乳腺癌的预后取决于腋窝淋巴结有无转移 ,肿瘤大小以及ER受体是否阳性。其中腋淋巴结有无转移是影响预后的一个重要指标。     

乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结跳跃式转移的临床病理研究

目的 探讨乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结跳跃式转移与患者临床病理特征的关系及其对预后的影响.方法 回顾性分析1502例行完全腋窝淋巴结清除术乳腺癌患者的临床资料,观察腋窝淋巴结跳跃式转移的发生规律,分析其与患者临床病理特征的关系及对预后的影响.结果 有淋巴结转移者814例,其中腋窝淋巴结跳跃式转移者119例,占14.6%;跳跃式转移中,最常见的是从第Ⅰ、Ⅱ水平跳过第Ⅲ水平至腋尖,发生率为5.2%.跳跃式转移的发生与患者的年龄、肿瘤大小、临床分期以及雌激素受体状态均无关(均P＞0.05).Ⅰ～Ⅱ期患者中,跳跃式转移组的10年无病生存率较非跳跃式转移组低(58.5%∶ 77.3%,P＝0.003);Ⅲ期患者中,两组的10年无病生存率差异无统计学意义(50.0%∶ 57.6%,P＝0.457).Cox多因素分析显示,肿块大小、淋巴结转移数目、淋巴结结外是否受侵及是否发生跳跃式转移,是影响患者预后的独立因素.结论 某些常见的临床病理指标尚不能准确地预测腋窝淋巴结跳跃式转移的发生;早期乳腺癌发生跳跃式转移者预后差,对其应坚持严格而规范的治疗.     

原发性双侧乳腺癌28例

目的分析原发性双侧乳腺癌发生、发展、临床诊治及病理特点，探讨其危险因素、早期诊断及预后。方法收集原发性双侧乳腺癌28例，治疗均行根治术、改良根治术及术后综合治疗并对病理类型与生存关系加以分析。结果28例中因远处转移及脑血管原因死亡5例。结论同时性和异时性的原发性乳腺癌的生存率相差无几，但与单侧乳腺癌相比，双侧乳腺癌的预后较差。     

40岁以下青年食管癌的外科治疗与预后分析

目的 探讨青年食管癌的外科治疗效果及影响其预后的因素.方法 回顾性分析36例40岁以下青年食管癌的临床资料.全组患者均经手术治疗,其中经左胸30例,经右胸6例.结果 总的3、5年生存率分别为32.1%和23.0%.单因素分析显示肿瘤T分期、淋巴结转移状况、病变长度、手术性质、TNM分期为影响预后的主要因素;而多因素分析显示肿瘤T分期、淋巴结转移是影响预后最重要的独立因素.结论 青年食管癌临床分期较晚,根治性手术切除率较低,应加强早诊治意识;肿瘤T分期、淋巴结转移是影响预后的最重要因素.     

男性乳腺癌125例患者的临床病理特征与生存分析

目的:探讨男性乳腺癌患者的临床病理特征以及治疗和生存情况,并进行预后相关因素的分析.方法:回顾性分析1961年1月-2011年12月共125例男性乳腺癌患者的病历资料和随访资料.采用log-rank检验和COX回归模型分析与男性乳腺癌患者预后相关的因素.结果:125例男性乳腺癌患者的5年总生存率为60.5％,5年无病生存率为54.8％.单因素分析结果显示,是否有恶性肿瘤家族史(P=0.041)、肿瘤大小(P＝0.005)、临床TNM分期(P=0.005)、腋窝淋巴结是否转移(P=0.013)和是否行乳腺癌根治术(P=0.016)是与男性乳腺癌患者总生存率相关的预后因素,而是否有恶性肿瘤家族史(P=0.015)、肿瘤大小(P=0.000)、临床TNM分期(P=0.002)和腋窝淋巴结是否转移(P=0.010)是与男性乳腺癌患者无病生存率相关的预后因素.COX回归模型分析结果显示,肿瘤大小(P=0.045)、腋窝淋巴结是否转移(P=0.026)和是否行乳腺癌根治术(P=0.000)是与总生存率相关的独立预后因素,而肿瘤大小(P=0.010)和是否行乳腺癌根治术(P=0.001)是与无病生存率相关的独立预后因素.结论:肿瘤大小、腋窝淋巴结是否转移和是否行乳腺癌根治术是影响男性乳腺癌患者预后的独立危险因素,早期诊断以及以乳腺癌根治术为主的综合治疗措施是提高男性乳腺癌患者生存率的关键.     

双侧原发性乳腺癌的预后影响因素分析

目的：研究双侧原发性乳腺癌的预后及其影响因素。方法：对经病理证实的30例双侧原发性乳腺癌患者进行分析。结果：腋淋巴结无转移患者的5年生存率（64．7％）明显高于腋淋巴结转移的患者（30．8％）。肿瘤直径＜2cm的患者5年生存率（62．5％）明显高于肿瘤直径≥2cm的患者（45．5％）。ER受体阳性患者的5年生存率（66．7％）明显高于ER受体阴性患者（38．9％）。结论：双侧原发性乳腺癌的预后取决于腋窝淋巴结有无转移，肿瘤大小以及ER受体是否阳性。其中腋淋巴结有无转移是影响预后的一个重要指标。     

肿瘤相关巨噬细胞的过表达示腋下淋巴结阴性乳腺癌预后不良

目的探讨肿瘤间质内肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(Tumor-associated macrophages, TAM)表达与腋下淋巴结阴性乳腺癌患者预后的关系。方法 应用免疫组织化学染色法检测172例乳腺癌标本中肿瘤相关巨噬细胞的表达, 分析巨噬细胞表达与乳腺癌临床病理因素及预后的关系。结果 肿瘤相关巨噬细胞高表达乳腺癌患者其预后比低表达患者差。腋下淋巴结阴性乳腺癌患者, 肿瘤相关巨噬细胞高表达患者预后比低表达患者差。Cox多因素分析显示肿瘤相关巨噬细胞是乳腺癌预后不良的独立危险因素。结论 对于腋下淋巴结无转移乳腺癌患者, 肿瘤相关巨噬细胞高表达提示预后不良, 肿瘤相关巨噬细胞可成为判断预后的免疫指标之一。     

双侧原发乳腺癌预后的相关因素分析

目的 探讨双侧原发性乳腺癌（bilateral primary breast cancer,BPBC）的临床病理特征和预后的影响因素。方法 回顾北京大学人民医院乳腺中心收治的68名双侧原发性乳腺癌患者的临床病理资料,分析双侧乳腺癌临床和病理特征和相关性,并对预后影响因素进行单因素和多因素分析。结果 双侧原发性乳腺癌发病率占同期全部乳腺癌患者的3.2%。BPBC患者发病年龄小于单侧乳腺癌患者（P=0.007）。单因素分析结果提示,以12月或24月作为双侧肿瘤发病时间间隔来定义同时性双侧原发性乳腺癌（synchronous bilateral primary breast cancer,sBPBC）与异时性双侧原发乳腺癌（metachronous bilateral primary breast cancer,mBPBC）时,sBPBC患者预后劣于mBPBC患者（P=0.018,P=0.000）;第二原发肿瘤病理类型为浸润性小叶癌患者预后劣于浸润性导管癌（P=0.036）。多因素分析结果提示肿瘤分期、双侧乳癌发病间隔时间和第二原发肿瘤激素受体表达情况是影响BPBC患者预后的主要因素（P=0.02,P=0.02,P=0.049）。结论 BPBC发病年龄较早;sBPBC患者比mBPBC预后更差;肿瘤分期、双侧乳癌发病间隔时间和第二原发肿瘤的病理类型以及激素受体表达情况是影响BPBC患者预后的主要因素。     

118例小肿块多腋窝淋巴结转移乳腺癌患者的临床特征和预后分析

目的分析小肿块多腋窝淋巴结转移(肿块直径≤2 cm、腋窝淋巴结转移≥4个)乳腺癌患者的临床特征和预后。方法1993年1月至2003年12月我院共收治小肿块多腋窝淋巴结转移乳腺癌患者118例,对其临床病理特征、辅助治疗进行分析,以发现相关的预后因素。结果全组患者的5年总生存率为75.0%。腋窝淋巴结转移4～9个及≥10个者的5年生存率分别为89.5%和59.8%(P=0.009),术后化疗患者与未化疗患者的5年生存率分别为82.1%和53.3%(P=0.001),术后内分泌治疗者与未行内分泌治疗者的5年生存率分别为89.2%和61.9%(P=0.001)。单因素Kaplan-Merier生存分析显示,肿瘤分期、术后化疗和内分泌治疗是影响患者预后的重要因素。Cox多因素预后分析显示,肿瘤分期、术后化疗和内分泌治疗是影响患者预后的独立因素。结论小肿块多腋窝淋巴结转移的乳腺癌患者具有易于转移的趋势,患者预后较差,尤其是腋窝淋巴结转移≥10个的患者;肿瘤分期、辅助化疗和内分泌治疗是影响患者预后的独立因素;合理的综合治疗有可能改善小肿块多腋窝淋巴结转移乳腺癌患者的预后。     

双侧乳腺癌（附14例报告）

自１９７２年至１９８９年，共收治乳腺癌９８４例。其中双侧性乳腺癌１４例（１．４％），均为女性。同时性５例（０．５％），异时性９例（０．９％），间隔时间为１０个月至１５年８个月，平均为５年８个月。年龄在３０～６４岁，平均４３．４岁。全部病例两侧乳癌病灶均经病理证实。作者认为对单侧乳癌治疗后患者应长期密切随访，对高危患者在对侧乳腺出现可疑病灶时应及时做活检。双侧乳腺癌的预后与肿瘤大小、腋窝淋巴结受累情况、治疗是否及时、正确，两侧病灶同时或异时发生及间隔时间的长短等因素有关。双侧乳腺癌经及时、积极、合理治疗后，预后并不差于单侧乳腺癌。     

Survival in bilateral breast cancer

The presence of bilateral invasive breast cancer places the patient in a state of double jeopardy. At Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, the overall 10-year recurrence rate for unilateral Stage I breast cancer was 16%, whereas the recurrence rate for simultaneous, bilateral Stage I breast carcinoma was 29%: almost twice as high. The average 10-year survival of all patients with negative axillary nodes was 57%. In this retrospective analysis of 403 patients with bilateral primary operable breast cancer treated at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, significant differences were noted in the disease-free survival between patients with bilateral noninvasive cancer, bilateral invasive cancer, and the combination of invasive and in situ cancers. Bilateral intraductal cancer and lobular carcinoma in situ offered an excellent prognosis. The combination of preinvasive cancer on one side and infiltrating carcinoma on the other had the next best survival. The in situ lesion, when treated by mastectomy, did not alter the patients' life expectancy from that of the general population with unilateral breast cancer, thus indicating that surgeons should strive to detect breast cancer in its preinvasive form. The 5- and 10-year relapse-free survival of patients with bilateral invasive disease, regardless of axillary nodal status and tumor size, was 60% and 51%, respectively, for patients with a bilateral presentation and 54% and 38%, respectively, for carcinomas presenting metachronously. More important in determining prognosis, however, was the number of axillary nodes involved and the level of involvement. Invasion of bilateral axillary nodes at all levels predicted a poor prognosis. Because of this shortened survival, systemic adjuvant therapy should be considered for patients with bilateral invasive disease. The most common preinvasive breast cancer was lobular carcinoma in situ and the most frequently invasive tumor was infiltrating duct cancer. Since a contralateral breast cancer at the time of definitive treatment of the first side does not always present as a mass or with positive mammography, a random biopsy of the second breast is recommended. This should be done in the upper, outer quadrant and should include the subareolar area. With prompt adequate treatment, it is expected that survival from bilateral breast cancer should improve.     

Clinicopathological characteristics of non palpable breast cancer presenting as an axillary Mass

We present the clinical and pathological findings of non-palpable breast cancer presenting an axillary mass in 8 patients at the National Cencer Center Hospital and in 89 cases previously reported in Japan. Mammography and ultrasonography were positive in 26.4% and 26.8% of cases, respectively. 82(94.3%) of 87 patients underwent mastectomy as a local control. In 19(30.6%) of 62 patients, the pathological size of the lesion was less than 5 mm. In 15 patients primary tumors could not be identified pathologically. The number of nodes involved ranged from 1-55 with a median of 5. There was no significant correlation between the number of involved nodes and the size of the axillary mass, nor between the number of involved nodes and the pathological size of the primary breast lesion. The 5-year survival rate was 59.4%. There was no statistically significant difference in 5-year survival rates between occult breast cancer and palpable breast cancer in each nodal category. Only the number of involved nodes was a reliable prognostic factor. Unlike palpable breast cancer, the pathological size of the primary tumor was not a predictor of prognosis. In this respect, the biological behavior of occult breast cancer is quite different from that of palpable breast cancer.     

Treatment results and prognostic factors of early breast cancer treated with a breast conserving operation and radiotherapy

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to analyze the prognostic factors affecting local control and survival rates for patients with early breast cancer who received breast conserving treatment (BCT) and to find out the optimal treatment according to their risk factors. METHODS: From October 1994 to December 2001, 605 patients with 611 stage I and II breast cancers received BCT, and the results were analyzed retrospectively. BCT consists of breast conserving surgery and whole breast irradiation. All the patients underwent lumpectomy or quadrantectomy. Axillary lymph node dissection or sentinel lymph node biopsy was performed in 608 cases (99.5%). The radiation dose to the whole breast was 50.4 Gy over 5 weeks with a 1.8 Gy daily fraction and with boost doses of 9-14.4 Gy administered to the tumor bed. Adjuvant chemotherapy was performed in most of the patients with axillary lymph node metastasis or tumors larger than 1 cm. The median follow-up period was 47 months. RESULTS: Local relapse, regional relapse and distant metastasis occurred in 15 (2.5%), 16 (2.6%) and 43 patients (7.1%), respectively. The 5-year overall survival, local-relapse-free survival, distant-metastasis-free survival and disease-free survival rates were 95.3%, 97.2%, 91.3% and 88.5%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, age (P = 0.02), number of involved axillary lymph nodes (P = 0.01) and nuclear grade (P = 0.01) affected the local-relapse-free survival. The factors associated with disease-free survival were the T stage (P = 0.05), number of involved axillary lymph nodes (P = 0.01) and nuclear grade (P = 0.001). Overall survival was associated with the T stage (P = 0.02), number of involved axillary lymph nodes (P = 0.01) and c-erb B2 overexpression (P = 0.05). Patients with more than two factors among (i) age 1 cm, (ii) positive lymph node metastasis and (iii) high nuclear grade showed an inferior 5-year disease-free survival rate compared with others (P = 0.0005). CONCLUSIONS: The most important prognostic factor affecting local control, disease-free survival and overall survival was axillary lymph node metastasis. The nuclear grade influenced local control and disease relapse. Patients with multiple unfavorable risk factors such as positive axillary lymph nodes, high nuclear grade, young age and large tumor showed poorer local control and disease-free survival than patients without any risk factors, and so more aggressive treatment is required for these patients.     

Importance of the level of axillary involvement in relation to traditional variables in the prognosis of breast cancer.

Survival in breast cancer correlates with the presence of metastatic lymph nodes, so that removal and pathological examination of the axillary nodes provides the most important prognostic information and basis for planning subsequent therapy. However as the size of primary tumours at diagnosis is decreasing, the likelihood of axillary involvement is also declining, so that the indications for axillary dissection are undergoing radical revision. To definitively establish the value of removing all three axillary lymph node levels (as defined by Berg) in node positive breast cancer, retrospective analysis of a large series receiving complete dissection was carried out. consecutive breast cancer patients (n=1003) with positive axillary nodes were analyzed: all received identical axillary treatment and the three levels were tagged with metal disks to facilitate recognition and pathological examination. Follow-up (mean 97 months) was exceptionally complete. The length of disease-free and overall survival were taken as the primary endpoints. The variables considered in the statistical analysis were tumour size, number of metastatic nodes, axillary invasion by level (the three classic levels), perilymphnodal invasion and age. By univariate analysis, overall and disease-free survival decreased significantly as tumour diameter, number of involved lymph nodes, and involvement by axillary level increased. Multivariate analysis assessing the relative importance of these variables when all were considered together found that they were all important independent predictive factors for survival. This study confirms the importance of tumour size and number of metastatic axillary nodes as predictors of outcome in breast cancer. In addition, the level of axillary invasion as a third independent factor of equal importance to the established indicators was identified. When axillary dissection is performed it should be complete, and all three Berg levels tagged separately, so that involvement by level can be ascertained. This provides additional important prognostic information on which to base subsequent treatment decisions.     

Patients with Recurrent Breast Cancer: Does the Primary Axillary Lymph node Status Predict more Aggressive Tumor Progression?

BACKGROUND: The extent of axillary lymph node involvement represents the foremost important prognostic parameter in primary breast cancer, and, thus, is one of the main determinants for subsequent systemic treatment. Nevertheless, the relevance of the initial axillary lymph node status on survival after disease recurrence is discussed controversially. Persisting prognostic impact after relapse would identify lymph node status as a marker for tumor biology, in contrast to a simply time-dependent phenomenon. METHOD: Retrospective analysis of 813 patients with locoregional or distant recurrence of primary breast cancer, who were primarily diagnosed with their disease at the I. Frauenklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, and the University Hospital in Berlin-Charlottenburg, Germany, between 1963 and 2000. To be eligible, patients were required to have been treated for resectable breast cancer free of distant disease at the time of primary diagnosis, and must have undergone systematic axillary lymph node dissection. Patients with unknown tumor size or nodal status were excluded from the study. All data were gathered contemporaneously and compared with original patients files, as well as the local cancer registry, ensuring high quality of data. The median observation time was 60 (standard deviation 44) months. RESULTS: At time of primary diagnosis, 273 patients (33.6%) were node-negative, while axillary lymph node metastases were detected in 540 patients (66.4%). In univariate analysis tumor size, axillary lymph node status, histopathological grading, hormone receptor status, as well as peritumoral lymphangiosis and haemangiosis carcinomatosa were significantly correlated with survival after relapse (all, P < 0.0001). Kaplan-Meier analysis estimated the median survival time after relapse in node-negative patients to be 42 months (31-52 months, 95% CI), and 20 months in patients with 1-3 axillary lymph node metastases (16-24 months, 95% CI), compared to 13 months in patients with at least 4 involved axillary nodes (12-15 months, 95% CI). Multivariate logistic regression analysis, allowing for tumor size, axillary lymph node status, histopathological grading, presence of lymphangiosis carcinomatosa, relapse site and disease-free interval confirmed all parameters, except of histopathological grading (P = 0.14), as significant, independent risk factors for cancer associated death. Subgroup analyses, accounting for site of relapse and duration of disease-free interval, confirmed primary lymph node status as independent predictor for cancer-associated death after relapse. CONCLUSION: Lymph node involvement at primary diagnosis of breast cancer patients predicts an unfavorable outcome after first recurrence, independently of the site of relapse and disease-free interval. These observations support the hypothesis that primary lymph node involvement is not a merely time-dependent indicator for tumor progression, but indicates tumors with aggressive biological behavior.     

Low number of examined lymph nodes in node-negative breast cancer patients is an adverse prognostic factor.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to determine whether the number of lymph nodes removed at axillary dissection is associated with recurrence and survival in node-negative breast cancer (NNBC) patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 1606 women with pathologically node-negative T1-T3 invasive breast cancer. Median follow-up was 61 months (range 2-251). Potential prognostic factors assessed included: number of axillary lymph nodes examined, age, menopausal status, tumor size, histological type, tumor grade, estrogen receptor(ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and HER2. RESULTS: At 5 years, relapse-free survival (RFS) rate was 85% and breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) rate was 94%. In univariate analysis, factors significantly associated with lower RFS and BCSS were: fewer than six lymph nodes examined (RFS, P = 0.01; BCSS, P = 0.007), tumor size >2 cm, grade III, negative ER or PR. Statistically significant factors for lower RFS and BCSS in multivariate analysis were: fewer than six lymph nodes examined [RFS, hazard ratio (HR) 1.36, P = 0.029; BCSS, HR 1.87, P = 0.005], tumor size >2 cm, tumor grade III and negative PR. CONCLUSIONS: Examination of fewer than six lymph nodes is an adverse prognostic factor in NNBC because it could lead to understaging. Six or more nodes need to be examined at axillary dissection to be confident of a node-negative status. This may be useful, in conjunction with other prognostic factors, in the assessment of NNBC patients for adjuvant systemic therapy.     

Classical prognostic factors in node-negative breast cancer: the DBCG experience.

Classical prognostic factors were analyzed in patients with low-risk primary breast cancer, defined as absence of tumor-positive axillary lymph nodes, tumor size less than or equal to 5 cm in diameter, and no invasion into skin or deep fascia. The primary surgical treatment was total mastectomy and lower axillary dissection. None of the patients received adjuvant therapy. Between 1977 and 1990, 7315 patients entered the study, and at the time of this analysis (January 1, 1990), the median follow-up time is 5 years. In univariate analyses, the following variables were significantly related to recurrence-free survival: age in premenopausal patients; tumor size; number of negative nodes removed; histological grade; and in premenopausal patients, estrogen receptor and progesterone (PgR) status. In multivariate analyses, age in premenopausal patients was the most important factor, followed by tumor size and histological grade, whereas PgR status in premenopausal patients was just of borderline significance. These variables should be included in multivariate analyses testing the value of more recently introduced prognostic factors.     

Importance of nuclear morphology in breast cancer prognosis.

The purpose of this study is to define prognostic relationships between computer-derived nuclear morphological features, lymph node status, and tumor size in breast cancer. Computer-derived nuclear size, shape, and texture features were determined in fine-needle aspirates obtained at the time of diagnosis from 253 consecutive patients with invasive breast cancer. Tumor size and lymph node status were determined at the time of surgery. Median follow-up time was 61.5 months for patients without distant recurrence. In univariate analysis, tumor size, nuclear features, and the number of metastatic nodes were of decreasing significance for distant disease-free survival. Nuclear features, tumor size, and the number of metastatic nodes were of decreasing significance for overall survival. In multivariate analysis, the morphological size feature, largest perimeter, was more predictive of disease-free and overall survival than were either tumor size or the number of axillary lymph node metastases. This morphological feature, when combined with tumor size, identified more patients at both the good and poor ends of the prognostic spectrum than did the combination of tumor size and axillary lymph node status. Our data indicate that computer analysis of nuclear features has the potential to replace axillary lymph node status for staging of breast cancer. If confirmed by others, axillary dissection for breast cancer staging, estimating prognosis, and selecting patients for adjunctive therapy could be eliminated.