The effect of Shen-Fu on gastrointestinal tract injury and its potential mechanism during cardio-pulmonary bypass in patients undergoing cardiac surgery

Objective: To investigate the effect of Shen-Fu (SF) injection on gastrointestinal tract injury and its potential mechanism.Methods: Thirty-eight patients undergoing elective open heart surgery were assigned to Group C (control group, n = 18) and Group SF (n = 20) randomly. In Group SF, the patients received intravenous injection of SF (0.5 ml/kg) at the beginning of the surgery followed by a continuous infusion of 100 ml SF (1.0 ml/kg) solution diluted by saline at a rate of 0.004 ml · Kg-1 · min-1 with a Grasby pump. The control group was injected with normal saline in the same volume. Gastric intramucosal pH (pHi), activity of blood diamine oxidase ( DAO ), and concentrations of blood LPS and IL-6 were measured before CPB ( S0) and 1 h ( S1 ) and 2 h ( S2) after aortic declamping, respectively.Results: In Group C, pHi value was significantly lower at S1 and S2 than at S0 ( mean P <0.01) and blood DAO and concentrations of LPS and IL-6 were significantly higher at S1 and S2 than at S0 ( meanP < 0.01     

重组人脑利钠肽对体外循环心脏瓣膜置换术患者血浆内毒素及全身炎性反应的影响

目的 观察并探讨重组入脑利钠肽(recombinant human brain natriuretic peptide,rhBNP)对体外循环(CPB)心脏瓣膜置换术患者血浆内毒素及全身炎性反应的影响及作用机制.方法 心脏瓣膜置换术患者32例,随机分为对照组和治疗组.治疗组于主动脉阻断前5 min匀速静脉注射rhBNP负荷量1.5μg·kg-1·min-1,随后以0.0075 μg·kg-1·min-1维持量静脉注射24h;对照组则用同样方法输入等容量0.9％氯化钠.分别于术前(T1)、CPB结束时(T2)、结束后4h(T3)、8 h(T4)、24 h(T5)测定血浆内皮素( endothelin,ET)-1、血浆二胺氧化酶(diamine oxidase,DAO)、内毒素(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)及肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α水平.结果T1时两组患者血浆ET-1、DAO、LPS、TNF-α水平比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);T2、T3、T4、T5各时点两组患者血浆DAO、LPS、TNF-α水平显著高于T1时水平(P＜0.01),治疗组患者在T5时血浆ET-1水平与T1时相比差异无统计学意义(P=0.24).CPB结束后治疗组ET-1、DAO、LPS、TNF-α水平均显著低于同一时间点的对照组水平(P＜0.01).血浆ET-1与DAO水平呈正相关(r=0.51,P＜0.01),血浆DAO与LPS水平呈正相关(r=0.77,P＜0.01),血浆LPS与TNF-α水平呈正相关(r=0.48,P＜0.01).结论 重组人脑利钠肽可能通过抑制体外循环过程中ET-1的释放,减轻胃肠道血管收缩,改善胃肠黏膜灌注和氧合,保护胃肠黏膜屏障功能,阻止肠源性内毒素移位,降低血浆内毒素水平,减轻全身炎性反应.     

盐酸戊乙奎醚对围体外循环期大鼠肠粘膜屏障功能的影响

目的 探讨不同剂量盐酸戊乙奎醚对围体外循环(CPB)期大鼠肠粘膜屏障功能的影响.方法 雄性sD大鼠30只,体重300～400 g,随机分为5组(n=6):假手术组(S组)、CPB组、高剂量盐酸戊乙奎醚组(PH组)、中剂量盐酸戊乙奎醚组(PM组)和低剂量盐酸戊乙奎醚组(PL组).建立大鼠CPB模型,S组仅置管不转流,PH组、PM组、PL组和CPB组分别在预冲液中加入盐酸戊乙奎醚2、0.6、0.2 mg/kg和等容量生理盐水.停CPB后2 h取大鼠肠系膜上静脉及腔静脉血,测定血浆D-乳酸、内毒素(LPS)浓度和二胺氧化酶(DAO)活性,透射电镜下观察小肠粘膜病理学结果.结果 与S组比较,CPB组、PH组、PM组和PL组血浆D-乳酸、LPS浓度和DAO活性升高(P＜0.05);与CPB组比较,PH组和PM组血浆D-乳酸、LPS浓度和DAO活性降低(P＜0.05);与PL组比较,PM组和PH组血浆DAO活性、D-乳酸和LPS浓度降低(P＜0.05);与PM组比较,PH组血浆DAO活性和D-乳酸浓度降低(P＜0.05).PH组和PM组小肠上皮病理损伤程度较CPB组和PL组明显减轻.结论 预充液中加入盐酸戊乙奎醚0.6 mg/kg或2 mg/kg可减轻围CPB期大鼠肠粘膜屏障功能的损伤,且呈剂量依赖性.     

老年人丙泊酚效应室靶控浓度与脑电双频指数变化的关系

目的探讨老年人靶控输注(TCI)丙泊酚时不同效应室靶控浓度与脑电双频指数(BIS)变化的关系,以及镇静和麻醉时效应室靶控浓度的适宜设置值。方法18例老年病人静脉TCI丙泊酚,血浆靶控浓度的设定从0·5μg/ml开始,当效应室靶控浓度上升到血浆靶控浓度水平时,将血浆靶控浓度调高0·5μg/ml,使丙泊酚血浆靶控浓度阶梯式上升,直到效应室靶控浓度达到3·5μg/ml。记录每个效应室靶控浓度水平时的MAP、HR、RR、SpO2、BIS值和Ramsay镇静评级,同时测定丙泊酚血药浓度。结果丙泊酚效应室靶控浓度与实测血药浓度呈高度直线相关(r=0·9982,P<0·01),预测误差中位数(MDPE)=5%,预测误差绝对值的中位数(MDAPE)=12·7%,摇摆率(Wobble)=12·0%。效应室靶控浓度与BIS值呈高度直线负相关(r=-0·9985,P<0·01),回归方程:BIS值=92·94-17·77×效应室靶控浓度值(R2=0·9771,P<0·01)。当效应室靶控浓度达到0·5μg/ml时,50%的病人镇静评级达到3级。效应室靶控浓度达到3·5μg/ml时,MAP的降幅达到基础值的34%,自主呼吸率稍有降低,吸氧条件下SpO2保持在95%以上。结论丙泊酚效应室靶控浓度与BIS值呈负相关,可以用其评估镇静深度。对于老年病人,丙泊酚效应室靶控浓度在0·5~1·0μg/ml时已获得临床镇静效果,2·0~2·5μg/ml时达到全麻诱导的要求。     

诱导中性粒细胞凋亡减轻体外循环后肺损伤的体内外实验研究

目的观察诱导中性粒细胞(PMN)凋亡对体外循环(CPB)后肺脏损伤的保护作用。方法在体外实验中,Percoll细胞分离液梯度密度离心得PMN,培养48 h,实验组加入不同浓度的克拉霉素 (5、10、20μg/ml)。台盼蓝染色,镜下观察细胞存活率。流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率。免疫组化法观察 PMN凋亡相关基因蛋白Fas和bcl-2的表达情况。在体内实验中,将12只绵羊随机分为低分子右旋糖酐肺动脉灌注组(对照组)和低分子右旋糖酐+克拉霉素肺动脉灌注组(实验组)。建立CPB后经肺动脉灌注肺保护液,CPB 90min后撤离CPB。观察呼吸功能,检测细胞因子浓度,并观察肺组织形态学改变及肺内PMN凋亡情况。结果克拉霉素明显缩短PMN的生存期。流式细胞仪检测显示,实验组24 h凋亡率 1、5、10和20μg/ml浓度组分别为(33．7±4．9)％、(48．0±4．9)％、(52．0±5．4)％和(53．0±7．1)％,明显高于对照组的(31．5±3．5)％(P<0．01);免疫组化染色显示实验组Fas的表达较对照组高,而bcl-2的表达低于对照组(P<0．01);体内实验结果显示,实验组肺血管阻力[(10．22±1．44)kPa·s·L-1]低于对照组 [(20．26±4．71)kPa·s·L-1,P<0．01],而动脉血氧指数[(188±48)mm Hg]较对照组[(123±62)mm Hg, P<0．05]高。实验组支气管肺泡灌洗液内细胞因子白细胞介素-8和肿瘤细胞因子均低于对照组(P< 0．05)。形态学观察表明实验组肺损伤较对照组轻。对照组肺内中性白细胞凋亡率为29％,实验组凋亡率达73％(P<0．01)。结论克拉霉素能诱导PMN凋亡,减轻CPB所造成的肺脏损伤。     

高选迷走神经切断贲门周围血管离断术对胃功能的影响

目的高选迷走神经切断贲门周围血管离断术对胃功能的保护作用。方法127例门脉高压病人随机分为两组,一组行高选迷走神经切断贲门周围血管离断术为研究组,另一组行常规贲门周围血管离断术为对照组。术后以血清胃泌素、胃酸的变化及胃蠕动的恢复情况为观察指标。结果血清胃泌素研究组为(88·70±13·07)pg/ml,对照组为(75·17±11·43)pg/ml,两组对比P=0·046。基础胃酸排出量研究组为(2·36±1·01)mEq/ml,对照组为(1·03±0·88)mEq/ml,两组对比P=0·033。最大胃酸排出量研究组为(5·87±1·83)mEq/ml,对照组为(3·89±1·02)mEq/ml,两组对比P=0·026。胃肠功能恢复研究组平均为2·9d,对照组平均组为5·2d,P=0·01。结论高选迷走神经切断贲门周围血管离断术既治疗了原发病,又保护了胃功能,减少了并发症,提高了病人的生活质量。     

新型白细胞滤器LD-1对体外循环中红细胞的保护作用

目的研究一种新型白细胞滤器LD-1在体外循环(CPB)中对红细胞的保护作用。方法将25～30kg蒙古犬12只按随机数字表法分为对照组和LD-1过滤组(LD组),每组6只。对照组不使用白细胞滤器;LD组将白细胞滤器LD-1安装于CPB的静脉回流端,在CPB开始2min后打开滤器,过滤5min。分别于CPB前、CPB10min、40min、75min、停CPB和CPB后2h取静脉血测定白细胞(WBC)数量、血浆丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和游离血红蛋白(FHB)水平,并测定红细胞脆性。结果在CPB中各时间点LD组WBC数量均显著低于CPB前(P<0.01),且明显低于对照组(P<0.05);对照组血浆SOD水平在CPB75min后显著降低,而LD组血浆SOD水平在CPB75min、停CPB及CPB后2h均显著高于对照组(P<0.05,0.01);在CPB后各时间点LD组MDA水平均低于对照组,但无统计学意义;对照组在停CPB和CPB后2h,红细胞开始溶血和完全溶血所需的氯化钠浓度明显高于LD组(P<0.05);CPB后两组血浆FHB浓度均升高(P<0.01),但LD组在CPB40min后各时点均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论新型白细胞滤器LD-1在CPB中能有效去除白细胞,保存血浆的抗氧化能力,抑制氧自由基对红细胞的破坏。     

γ-羟基丁酸钠用于心肺转流下二尖瓣狭窄病人的药代动力学

目的　检测γ 羟基丁酸钠 (γ OH)用于心肺转流 (CPB)下二尖瓣狭窄成年病人的药代动力学参数。方法　 8例二尖瓣狭窄成年病人 ,CPB前和CPB后各一次静注γ OH70mg/kg ,以气相色谱法检测各时点γ OH的血浆浓度。结果　CPB下γ OH的药代动力学模型为开放性二室模型。非心脏手术时全麻成人t1/ 2 β为 (85 10± 2 8 80 )分钟 ,CL为 (2 6 6 0± 0 983)ml·kg-1·min-1,而心脏病成人CPB下t1/ 2 β为 (172 6 30± 5 3 74 3)分钟 ,延长约 1倍 ,CL为 (1 5 5 9± 0 5 74 )ml·kg-1·min-1,显著降低 (P <0 0 1)。与CPB前的血药浓度下降速度相比 ,CPB开始后血药浓度下降速度明显减慢(P <0 0 1)。结论　CPB下γ OH的分布相、消除相均延长 ,实施心内直视手术的心脏病成人CPB下药代动力学特征不同于一般病人     

IL-12基因修饰树突状细胞体外诱导免疫杀伤肝癌细胞

目的探讨IL-12基因修饰树突状细胞(DC)体外诱导免疫杀伤肝癌细胞的效能及其机制。方法IL-12基因修饰肝癌病人外周血DC(DC-IL-12),ELISA法检测DC-IL-12培养上清中IL-12和IFN-γ水平,以冻融HepG2所获得的肿瘤相关抗原(TAA)刺激DC-IL-12,MTT法检测TAA负载的DC-IL-12刺激同源T淋巴细胞增殖分化能力,细胞毒试验检测DC-IL-12诱导的细胞毒T淋巴细胞(CTL)及其上清液对HepG2肝癌细胞株的杀伤作用,ELISA法检测CTL上清液IFN-γ水平。结果DC经IL-12基因修饰后48h分泌高水平IL-12(24·35±5·4)pg/ml及IFN-γ(725±30)pg/ml,均显著高于未转染DC组(P<0·01)。DC-IL-12诱导的CTL及其上清液对HepG2均有显著杀伤作用,杀伤率显著高于未转染DC组,分别为(82·43±8·7)%vs(57·4±4·3)%和(76·45±8·5)%vs(18·23±5·3)%(P<0·01),DC-IL-12诱导的CTL上清液IFN-γ水平显著高于未转染DC组,分别为(1125·0±32·7)pg/ml、(281·3±14·7)pg/ml(P<0·01)。结论IL-12基因修饰增强DC体外诱导自体T淋巴细胞产生特异性抗肝癌免疫,其机制与IL-12基因修饰促进DC分泌IL-12、增强T淋巴细胞活化及分泌IFN-γ密切相关。     

心肺转流围术期血浆肝素浓度的变化

目的　心肺转流 (CPB)围术期血浆肝素浓度的变化及其与抗凝监测、肝素中和及肝素反跳的关系。方法　 10例成人CPB心脏手术病人 ,于麻醉后肝素前、肝素 1、2、3、4、5、10min、CPB前、CPB后 5、10、30min、停机、中和 1∶0 5、1∶0 75、1∶1、中和结束及术后 1～ 6h采血。分别测定血浆肝素浓度 (应用发色底物抗Xa方法 ) ,激活部分凝血致活酶时间 (APTT)、凝血酶时间 (TT)及激活全血凝固时间 (ACT)。结果　静注肝素 (4 0 0U/kg)后 1min血浆浓度达高峰为 (6 4 6± 1 0 5 )U/ml,到CPB开始时为 (4 2 8± 0 30 )U/ml,停机时为 (2 82± 0 4 1)U/ml。CPB前血浆肝素浓度与ACT显著相关 (r =0 896 ,P <0 0 1)。首次中和 (比值为 1∶0 5 )后肝素浓度为 (0 12± 0 10 )U/ml。术后 3～ 4h肝素浓度重新升高 (与基础值相比P <0 0 1) ,但与ACT、APTT及TT均无相关性 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　CPB前ACT能可靠监测肝素抗凝 ;CPB后鱼精蛋白首次按 1∶0 5已基本能中和游离的肝素 ;总比例 1∶1 5后 ,无肝素反跳     

双歧三联活菌对体外循环心脏直视手术患者肠黏膜屏障功能的影响

目的 探讨双歧三联活菌对体外循环心脏直视手术患者肠黏膜屏障功能的影响.方法 择期拟行体外循环下瓣膜置换术患者40例,年龄30～64岁,体重40～80 Kg,ASA分级Ⅱ或Ⅲ级,采用随机数字表法,将患者随机分为对照组(C组)和双歧三联活菌组(Y组),每组20例.Y组于术前7d开始,每日口服双歧三联活菌制剂(每片含活菌数0.5×107 CFU)4片,每日3次,连服7 d.分别于体外循环前(T1)、主动脉开放10 min(T2)、停体外循环即刻(T3)、术后2、6和18 h(T4～6)时采集中心静脉血样5 ml,采用紫外分光光度法测定血浆二胺氧化酶(DAO)活性和D-乳酸浓度,酶联免疫吸附法测定血浆IL-6和IL-10的浓度.结果 与T1时比较,两组其余时点血浆DAO活性和D-乳酸IL-6和IL-10浓度均升高(P＜0.05);与C组比较,Y组T2～5时血浆DAO活性和D-乳酸浓度降低,T4,5时血浆IL-6和IL-10浓度降低(P＜0.05).结论 双歧三联活菌可在一定程度上抑制炎性反应,改善体外循环心脏直视手术患者的肠黏膜屏障功能.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the effects of probiotics on the plasma diamine oxidase (DAO) activity and D-lactate, IL-6 and IL-10 levels in patients undergoing open heart surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) , trying to elucidate the mechanism of protective effect of probiotics against CPB- induced injury to intestinal mucosal barrier. Methods Forty ASA Ⅱ - Ⅲ patients of both sexes aged 30-64 yr weighing 40-80 kg undergoing open heart operation under CPB were randomized into 2 groups ( n = 20 each) : control group (group C) and probiotics group (group Y) . Group Y received Jinshuangqi (Bifid Triple Viable containing bifido-bacterium, lacto-bacillus, streptococcus thermophiles) 4 pills 3 times a day for 7 days before operation. Venous blood samples were taken from CVP line before operation (T1 ), at 10 min after aortic unclamping (T2 ) and at the end of CPB (T3 ) and at 2, 6, 18 h (T4,5,6) after operation for determination of plasma DAO activity and D-lactate, IL-6 and IL-10 levels.Results Plasma DAO activity, D-lactate, IL-6 and IL-10 levels were significantly increased after CPB was started at T2-6 as compared with the baseline values at T1 in both groups. Plasma DAO activity and D-lactate level were significantly lower at T2-5 , the plasma IL-6 level was significantly lower and plasma IL-10 level higher at T4,5 in group Y than in group C. Conclusion Probiotics can protect intestinal mucosal barrier in patients undergoing open heart surgery under CPB and attenuate inflammatory response.     

Effects of phospholipase D on cardiopulmonary bypassinduced neutrophil priming

To investigate the relationship betweenphospholipase D (PLD) activation and neutrophil priminginduced by cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), and try toclarify whether CPB-induced systemic inflammatoryresponse can be attenuated by inhibiting neutrophilic PLDactivation.     

Comparison of closed loop vs. manual administration of propofol using the Bispectral index in cardiac surgery

Background: In recent years, electroencephalographic indices of anaesthetic depth have facilitated automated anaesthesia delivery systems. Such closed‐loop control of anaesthesia has been described in various surgical settings in ASA I–II patients (1–4), but not in open heart surgery characterized by haemodynamic instability and higher risk of intra‐operative awareness. Therefore, a newly developed closed‐loop anaesthesia delivery system (CLADS) to regulate propofol infusion by the Bispectral index (BIS) was compared with manual control during open heart surgery. Methods: Forty‐four adult ASA II–III patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass were enrolled. The study participants were randomized to two groups: the CLADS group received propofol delivered by the CLADS, while in the manual group, propofol delivery was adjusted manually. The depth of anaesthesia was titrated to a target BIS of 50 in both the groups. Results: During induction, the CLADS group required lower doses of propofol (P<0.001), resulting in lesser overshoots of BIS (P<0.001) and mean arterial blood pressure (P=0.004). Subsequently, BIS was maintained within ± 10 of the target for a significantly longer time in the CLADS group (P=0.01). The parameters of performance assessment, median absolute performance error (P=0.01), wobble (P=0.04) and divergence (P<0.001), were all significantly better in the CLADS group. Haemodynamic stability was better in the CLADS group and the requirement of phenylephrine in the pre‐cardiopulmonary bypass period as well as the cumulative dose of phenylephrine used were significantly higher in the manual group. Conclusion: The automated delivery of propofol using CLADS was safe, efficient and performed better than manual administration in open heart surgery.     

雷米芬太尼导致术后痛觉过敏的剂量依赖关系

目的 观察雷米芬太尼引起术后痛觉过敏的剂量依赖关系.方法 择期腹部手术患者300例随机均分成五组.各组维持麻醉的雷米芬太尼剂量分别为0.1μg·kg~(-1)·min~(-1)(R_(0.1)组),0.2 μg·kg~(-1)·min~(-1)(R_(0.2)组)、0.3μg·kg~(-1)·min~(-1)(R_(0.3)组)、0.4μg·kg~(-1)·min~(-1)(R_(0.4)组)、0.5μg·kg~(-1)·min~(-1)(R_(0.5)组).分别于术前(T_0)和静脉停止泵注雷米芬太尼后1 h(T_1)、1.5 h(T_2)、2 h(T_3)、3 h(T_4)、6 h(T_5)、12 h(T_6)、24 h(T_7)、48 h(T_8)应用机械压力法测定各组患者胫骨前皮肤的疼痛阈值,同时在T_1～T_8时记录患者VAS评分;记录患者术后镇痛药物的使用情况.结果 R_(0.3)、R_(0.4)、R_(0.5)组机械压力痛觉阈值T_1～T_5时较T_0时明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),R_(0.4)、R_(0.5)组T_6时仍然偏低(P<0.05).T_4～T_8时五组VAS评分均低于T_1时(P<0.05或P<0.01);T_1～T_6时R_(0.3)、R_(0.4)、R_(0.5)组VAS评分较R_(0.1)组明显升高(P<0.05或P<0.01),T_7时R_(0.4)、R_(0.5)组VAS评分仍然偏高(P<0.05或P<0.01).结论 雷米芬太尼剂量达到0.3μg·kg~(-1)·min~(-1)时可以降低患者机械压力痛觉阈值,并导致痛觉过敏.     

儿童胸腔镜心脏手术中奥美拉唑对胃肠道的保护作用

目的探讨奥美拉唑在婴幼儿胸腔镜体外循环(CPB)心脏手术中对胃肠道的保护作用。方法将127例先天性心脏病患者(年龄3～12岁)随机分为3组,实验组A和实验组B:行胸腔镜微创手术治疗,对照组:行常规手术治疗;实验组A在CPB预充液中给予奥美拉唑10mg,实验组B和对照组均注入等量生理盐水。3组均于术前、CPB30min、CPB结束、术后4h、24h进行胃液常规检查,并采集血液标本,用ELISA法测定血清促胃液素。结果与CPB前比较:实验组A胃液pH值较CPB结束后有明显升高(P<0.01),实验组B于术毕有明显降低(P<0.05),对照组于术后4h较术前有明显降低(P<0.05);3组胃液红细胞计数及血清促胃液素与CPB前比较均有明显上升(P<0.01)。与对照组比较:实验组A胃液pH于CPB结束后各时间点较对照组有明显上升,而胃液红细胞计数则有明显下降,血清促胃液素于CPB30min时即较其它两组有明显降低。实验组B胃液pH于术毕有明显降低,但术后24h恢复至术前水平,同时间点胃液红细胞计数与促胃液素则有明显降低。结论儿童胸腔镜心脏手术中CPB时间较常规手术时间长,需要在此期间进行胃肠道保护,术后各项指标恢复较常规手术时间短。     

神经端侧吻合的腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复足踝部缺损的临床研究

目的利用腓肠神经皮瓣所带的腓肠神经内侧支和外侧支与创面周围的腓深神经或胫神经端侧吻合，重建皮瓣的感觉以及恢复足背外侧感觉。以解决患者足踝部感觉缺失的痛苦。方法从2000年1月至2003年5月，收治足踝部软组织缺损40例(43足)，其中A组20例(22足)直接进行腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣移植，B组20例(21足)在切取皮瓣时，在腓肠神经近端多取1～2cm腓肠神经内侧支和外侧支，在覆盖创面时，先分离出创面周围的腓浅神经或胫神经，把腓肠神经断端与腓浅神经或胫神经作端侧吻合，再按腓肠神经营养皮瓣处理。两组都在术后3、6、9个月分别进行随访，按照感觉检查分级标准把皮瓣和足背外侧感觉恢复情况分成S1～S5 5级，并按感觉恢复范围分成R1：小于25％；R2：25％～50％，R3：50％～75％，R4：75％～100％。结果术后3个月，皮瓣及足背外侧皮肤感觉恢复情况：A组，S1 18足、S2 4足、R1 22足，B组，S1 17足、S2 4足，R1 21足；两组皮瓣和足背外侧皮肤感觉恢复情况无差别、术后6个月，皮瓣及足背外侧皮肤感觉恢复情况：A组，S1 15足、S2 6足、S3 1足，R1 18足、R24足，B组，S16足、S36足、S49足，R2 4足、R3 12足、R4 5足；B组无论皮瓣及足背外侧感觉恢复的等级还是感觉恢复的范围都比A组好。术后9个月，皮瓣及足背外侧皮肤感觉恢复情况：A组，S1 14足、S2 7足、S3 1足，R1 17足、R2 5足，B组，S3 2足、S44足、S5 15足，R35足、R416足；B组皮瓣及足背外侧感觉基本恢复正常，A组感觉恢复进展不大。供体神经功能无明显影响。结论作腓肠神经营养皮瓣移植时行腓肠神经与创面周围胫神经或腓浅神经端侧吻合手术简单，对胫神经或腓浅神经无不良影响，而皮瓣和足背外侧感觉恢复较好。     

库存红细胞清洗在新生儿及小婴儿体外循环手术中的应用

目的 对比体外循环(CPB)心脏手术中接受洗涤及未洗涤的库存红细胞(PRBC)对血清钾离子浓度(K+)及乳酸浓度(LAC)的影响.方法 选取复杂先天性心脏病(先心病)行CPB心脏手术的新生儿及小婴儿为研究对象,排除术前血乳酸大于3.0mmol/L的病婴.对照组(15例)接受未洗涤的PRBC进行CPB预充及术中添加,试验组(15例)接受用血液回收机(Medtronic Autolog)洗涤过的PRBC.在CPB前、CPB 3、15min、CPB复温、停止CPB前、术毕、术后4、24h比较血K+及LAC浓度.结果 洗涤PRBC显著降低供血中K+浓度[从(19.3±0.9)mmol/L降至(1.1±0.3)mmol/L,p<0.001]及IAC浓度[从>15mmol/L降至(7.8±1.2)mmol/L,P<0.001].对照组预充液的K+及ILAC浓度显著高于试验组[K+(9.0±0.5)rranol/L对(2.6±0.1)mmol/L,P<0.001;LAC浓度(9.5±0.5)mmol/L对(4.7±1.1)nrml/L,P<0.001].CPB 3min、CPB复温时对照组血清K+浓度显著高于试验组[CPB 3 min(5.6±0.9)mmol/L对(3.5±0.4)mmol/L,P<0.01;CPB复温时(4.8±0.7)mmol/L对(3.7±0.6)mmol/L,P<0.01];其余时点对照组K+浓度高于试验组,差异无统计学意义.CPB 3、15 min、CPB复温、停止CPB前、术毕、术后4 h对照组IAC浓度高于试验组,但差异无统计学意义.结论 洗涤PRBC降低血清钾及乳酸负荷,可预防cPB中高血钾.在新生儿及小婴儿复杂先心病CPB手术中应考虑应用清洗PRBC.     

Protection of the human heart with ischemic preconditioning during cardiac surgery: role of cardiopulmonary bypass

OBJECTIVE: Studies on the effects of ischemic preconditioning in the human heart have yielded conflicting results and therefore remain controversial. This study investigated whether ischemic preconditioning was able to protect against myocardial tissue damage in patients undergoing coronary artery surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass and on the beating heart. METHODS: A total of 120 patients were studied and divided into 3 groups: group I: cardiopulmonary bypass with intermittent crossclamp fibrillation; group II: cardiopulmonary bypass with cardioplegic arrest using cold blood cardioplegia; group III: surgery on the beating heart. In each group (n = 40), patients were randomly subdivided (n = 20/subgroup) into control and preconditioning groups (1 cycle of 5 minutes of ischemia/5 minutes reperfusion before intervention). Ischemic preconditioning was induced by clamping the ascending aorta in groups I and II or by clamping the coronary artery in group III. Serial venous blood levels of troponin T were analyzed before surgery and at 1, 4, 8, 24, and 48 hours after termination of ischemia. In addition, in vitro studies using right atrial specimens obtained before the institution of cardiopulmonary bypass, and then again 10 minutes after initiation of bypass, were performed. The specimens were equilibrated for 30 minutes before being allocated to 1 of the following 2 groups (n = 6 per group): (1) ischemia alone (90 minutes of ischemia followed by 120 minutes of reoxygenation) or (2) preconditioning with 5 minutes of ischemia and 5 minutes of reoxygenation before the long ischemic insult. Creatine kinase leakage (U/g wet weight) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide reduction (mmol/l per gram wet weight), an index of cell viability, were assessed at the end of the experiment. RESULTS: There were no perioperative myocardial infarctions or deaths in any of the groups studied. The total release of troponin T was similar in groups I and II (patients undergoing surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass) and in the release profile; they were unaffected by ischemic preconditioning. In contrast, the total troponin T release for the first 48 hours was significantly reduced by ischemic preconditioning in group III (patients undergoing surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass) from 3.1 +/- 0.1 to 2.1 +/- 0.2 ng. h. mL. Furthermore, the release profile that peaked at 8 hours in the control group shifted to the left at 1 hour. In the in vitro studies, the atrial muscles obtained before cardiopulmonary bypass were protected by ischemic preconditioning (creatine kinase = 2.6 +/- 0.2 and 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide reduction = 152 +/- 24 vs creatine kinase = 5.4 +/- 0.6 and 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide reduction = 87 +/- 16 in controls; P <.05); however, the muscles obtained 10 minutes after initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass were already protected (creatine kinase = 0.8 +/- 0.1 and 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide reduction = 316 +/- 38), and ischemic preconditioning did not result in further improvements. CONCLUSIONS: Ischemic preconditioning is protective in patients undergoing coronary artery surgery on the beating heart without the use of cardiopulmonary bypass, but it offers no additional benefit when associated with bypass regardless of the mode of cardioprotection used, because cardiopulmonary bypass per se induces preconditioning.     

灯盏花素对CPB下心内直视手术患儿肺损伤的影响

目的 探讨灯盏花素对CPB下心内直视手术患儿肺损伤的影响.方法 浅低温CPB下行房间隔、室间隔缺损修补术的患儿45例,年龄3 ～ 65个月,体重5～21 kg,ASA分级Ⅱ或Ⅲ级,采用随机数字表法,将患儿随机分成3组(n=15):对照组(C组)、低剂量灯盏花素组(B1组)和高剂量灯盏花素组(B2组).于麻醉诱导完成后,经30 min静脉输注生理盐水15 ml(C组)或灯盏花素0.5 mg/kg(B1组)、1 mg/kg(B2组).分别于术前(T0)、主动脉开放30 min(T1)、开放1 h(T2)、术后3 h(T3)、6h(T4)时取外周动脉血样,采用ELISA方法测定血浆中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶(NE)、前降钙素(PCT)的浓度.于To、T3、T4时测定PaO2和PaCO2,计算肺泡-动脉氧分压差(PA-a O2)和氧合指数(OI).结果 三组患儿各时点OI和PA-a O2比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);与T0时比较,三组T1～4时血浆PCT浓度升高,C组T1～4时、B1组和B2组T1时血浆NE浓度升高(P＜0.O1),B1组和B2组T2～4时血浆NE浓度差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);与C组比较,B1组和B2组T1～4时血浆CT和NE浓度降低(P＜0.01);B1组和B2组血浆PCT和NE浓度比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 灯盏花素(0.5、1mg/kg)可降低CPB下心内直视手术患儿全身炎性反应,减轻肺损伤.