小儿左冠状动脉起源于肺动脉临床分析

目的:总结小儿左冠状动脉起源于肺动脉(ALCAPA)的临床特点,提高对ALCAPA的认识。方法:对2006年8月至2008年12月期间我院心脏中心门诊以"心内膜弹力纤维增生症"收治但最终诊断为ALCAPA的8例患者的临床特点、检查情况进行回顾性分析。结果:8例ALCAPA的患者女性7例,男性1例。发病年龄2～10个月,平均年龄5.3个月。8例患者均表现不同程度的气促、喘息、声哑、多汗及喂养困难等心力衰竭(心衰)症状。病初均于首诊医院误诊为心内膜弹力纤维增生症。患儿心电图、心脏超声及心脏增强CT均有较为特征性的改变。结论:小儿ALCAPA病例临床常易与心内膜弹力纤维增生症混淆。对于临床诊断心内膜弹力纤维增生症的患儿应注意其心电图表现。其中符合ALCAPA心电图特点的病例,反复探查其心脏彩超并进行心脏增强CT、心脏冠状动脉造影检查有助于ALCAPA的诊断。     

Diagnostic value of parasternal pulmonary artery short-axis view for the anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery

ObjectiveTo evaluate the diagnostic value of parasternal pulmonary artery (PA) short-axis view for the anomalous origin of left coronary artery (LCA) from the pulmonary artery by echocardiography.MethodsA total of 13 patients (3 boys) aged from 2 months to 12 years were enrolled. Transthoracic echocardiography, including cross-sectional imaging and color Doppler flow imaging, were performed, and their diagnoses were confirmed by operation.ResultsAmong the 13 patients, 7 had LCA originated from the left posterior wall of PA, 2 from the posterior wall, and 4 from the right posterior wall. The PA short-axis view could visualize the anomalous origin of the LCA from left posterior or posterior wall of PA clearly. The LCA and aortic wall were overlapping at 3–4 o’clock at PA short-axis view in the patients with LCA originating from the right posterior wall of PA. It was similar with the image of the LCA originating from the aorta. But the blood flow was opposite to that of LCA with normal origin.ConclusionsThe parasternal PA short-axis view is a good view to visualize the anomalous origin of the LCA.     

Inferior wall myocardial infarction caused by anomalous right coronary artery

A 50-year-old man without previous coronary disease presented with an inferior myocardial infarction following exercise. He was initially treated with thrombolytic therapy and nitroglycerin. Subsequent coronary angiography and cardiac computed tomography demonstrated an anomalous right coronary artery originating from the left coronary sinus and passing between the aorta and main pulmonary artery. The coronary arteries were otherwise patent. The patient later underwent transaortic unroofing of the anomalous right coronary artery and was discharged in good condition.     

Percutaneous coronary intervention with anomalous origin of right coronary artery: case reports and literature review

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in an anomalous right coronary artery (RCA) can be technically difficult because selective cannulation of the vessel may not be easy. We thereby present two cases with unstable angina pectoris of anomalous originated RCA. The PCI were successfully performed in two patients with a special guiding wire manipulating skill which we called “gone with the flow” com-bined with balloon anchoring technology, providing excellent angiographic visualization and sound guide support for stent delivery throughout the procedure without severe cardiovascular adverse effects. Our primary data suggested that PCI for geriatric patients with an anomalous origin of RCA accompanied by severe atherosclerotic lesions might also be a safe, available, and feasible strategy.     

儿童冠状动脉异常主动脉起源的超声评估分析

目的 探究经胸超声心动图诊断冠状动脉异常主动脉起源的超声影像学特点及方法,提高对儿童冠状动脉异常主动脉起源的认识和早期诊断。方法 回顾性分析2014年1月到2020年12月首都儿科研究所附属儿童医院心功能室诊断的60例冠状动脉异常起源主动脉患儿,分析患儿的临床症状、心电图及超声心动图检查结果。结果 冠状动脉异常起源总检出率为0.2%。其中男40例,女20例,年龄(49.1±39.4)月,体重(22.7±15.9)kg,因可疑川崎病经冠状动脉检查者27例,心律失常4例,晕厥2例,胸痛1例,余病例均为偶然发现。所有病例中右冠状动脉起源于左冠窦有54例(90.0%),右冠状动脉起源于左右冠窦交界处为4例(6.6%),右冠状动脉起源于左主干1例(1.7%),左冠状动脉起源于右冠窦1例(1.7%)。其中1例左冠状动脉异常起源于右冠窦患儿,有晕厥病史并伴有左心增大及心功能下降;另1例为右冠状动脉异常起源于左冠窦伴开口狭窄,后行手术治疗。结论 经胸超声心动图可筛查出冠状动脉异常主动脉起源。超声医师需认识到该病可能引起的恶性后果,建议在婴幼儿期普及经胸超声冠状动脉检查,尽早诊断出冠状动脉异常主动脉起源。     

Judkins Left指引导管在起源异常的右冠状动脉经桡动脉行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗中的应用

目的评价Judkins Left系列指引导管在起源于左冠状窦的右冠状动脉经桡动脉行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）中应用的安全性和有效性。方法 11例患者起源于左冠状窦的右冠状动脉存在狭窄或闭塞病变,均采用右侧桡动脉穿刺,选择JL 3.5或JL 4.0指引导管行右冠状动脉PCI,根据病变情况必要时应用双导丝技术或5进6子母导管技术增加指引导管同轴性和支撑力。慢性闭塞病变常规应用微导管增加指引导丝支撑力,以便于更换导丝。观察手术成功率、并发症和近期随访结果。结果 11例患者中,3例为右冠状动脉慢性闭塞病变,8例为严重狭窄病变,同时合并左冠状动脉病变。所有患者均使用Judkins Left系列指引导管经桡动脉成功完成右冠状动脉PCI,7例应用JL 3.5指引导管,4例应用JL 4.0指引导管。2例在Judkins Left系列指引导管基础上应用5进6子母导管,其中包括1例右冠状动脉慢性闭塞病变;4例应用双导丝技术增加支撑力。3例慢性闭塞病变在微导管支持下均成功行PCI,其中1例先应用双导丝技术、后5进6子母导管增强支撑力。所有患者均成功置入药物洗脱支架,共置入支架19枚,每例右冠状动脉置入支架1~3（1.7±0.7）枚,置入支架长度为18~99（44.1±23.8）mm。术中所有患者均未出现冠状动脉穿孔、栓塞或夹层等并发症,手术成功率100%。住院期间无心脏压塞及支架血栓等并发症。术后临床随访6~12个月,无死亡及心肌梗死等不良心血管事件发生。结论对于右冠状动脉起源于左冠状窦病变,经右侧桡动脉途径,可以选择Judkins Left系列指引导管行PCI,支撑力不够时,可辅以其他增加支撑力的技术,如微导管技术、双导丝技术、子母导管技术等完成手术操作。     

Magnetic resonance imaging of an anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery

This report describes a 34-year-old woman with an anomalousorigin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery.The angiographic pattern was clearly demonstrated by magneticresonance imaging (MRI) performed before surgery. This casesuggests thst MRI could play an important role in the pre-operativeassessment of coronary anomalies.     

Echocardiographic diagnosis of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery.

We found increased systolic coronary flow in transthoracic pulsed wave (PW) Doppler in a 42-year-old patient with anomalous origin of left main coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. This is a characteristic echocardiographic finding in this anomaly in the presence of collateral circulation and coronary L-R shunt. In comparison with so far used echocardiographic criteria this parameter when present allows quick recognition of anomalous origin of left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery, and its differentiation from other potentially lethal coronary anomalies.     

Late intervention in an asymptomatic pediatric patient with anomalous left coronary artery

Anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery(ALCAPA) is most commonly diagnosed within the first year of life with congestive heart failure symptomatology reflecting left ventricle(LV) dysfunction. The late diagnosis of ALCAPA is presented in a 5-yearold without significant LV dysfunction, mild LV dilatation and only mild mitral regurgitation that did not change significantly after surgery. The timing of surgical intervention in the late diagnosis of ALCAPA remains unclear despite risks of significant ongoing myocardial injury secondary to coronary artery hypoperfusion and progressive mitral valve dysfunction. Intervention in this case allows for revascularization which may reverse ventricular and valvular dysfunction.     

Single coronary artery from the right aortic sinus of Valsalva with anomalous prepulmonic course of the left coronary artery

Cardiac computed tomography allows for improved, noninvasive and accurate visualization of coronary artery anomalies. The case of a single coronary artery with origin from a single ostium in the right sinus of Valsalva with an anomalous course of the left coronary artery anterior to the pulmonary trunk is presented. The unusual distal reconstitution of a normal anatomical course at the junction of the mid and distal left anterior descending artery with occlusion of the proximal circumflex artery has not, to the authors’ knowledge, been previously described.     

Haemodynamic significance of an anomalous right coronary with inter-arterial course assessed with intracoronary pressure measurements during dobutamine challenge

Autopsy studies have associated congenital coronary anomalies with the risk of sudden cardiac death. However, not all patients with anomalous coronary arteries die suddenly. A means of assessing the potential for ischaemia and thus predicting the risk of sudden death in these patients may be necessary for directing treatment.

We present the case of a patient with an anomalous right coronary artery originating from the aortic wall above the left sinus of Valsalva, with an anterior inter-arterial course. The haemodynamic significance of this anomaly was assessed using intracoronary pressure-wire measurements at rest and during dobutamine stress. This technique could be a valid means for assessing stress-induced ischaemia and, therefore, by inference, the risk of sudden cardiac death in these patients.     

Coexistence of anomalous origin of the coronary arteries and severe aortic regurgitation in Marfan syndrome

A case report of abnormal origin of the left and right coronary arteries from the right sinus of valsalva with severe aortic regurgitation in Marfan syndrome is presented in this paper.     

Percutaneous revascularization in a patient with anomalous origin of left main coronary artery

Anomalous origin of the coronary artery from opposite coronary sinus is infrequently observed during coronary angiography. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of anomalous coronary artery is technically difficult and challenging. It requires appropriate selection of guide catheters for adequate stability, coaxial alignment and backup support during the intervention. We hereby report a rare case of anomalous origin of left main coronary artery (LM) from the right coronary sinus, having a retro-aortic course to the left side before its bifurcation into left anterior descending (LAD) and circumflex artery. The 59-year-old man had successful PCI of atherosclerotic LAD lesions. A 64-slice Multi-Detector Computed Tomography (MDCT) performed at 4 years of follow-up demonstrated patency of coronary stents and also delineated the origin and course of the anomalous LM. The case illustrates the rarity of anomalous LM, and describes technical issues during PCI and the role of MDCT in coronary anomaly imaging.     

成人冠状动脉造影中动脉起源异常分析

目的 利用较大样本冠状动脉造影资料分析国人先天性冠状动脉开口起源异常的检出频度。方法 回顾性研究分析1988年8月至2003年12月阜外医院22 636例成年人冠状动脉造影资料,将检出的先天性冠状动脉开口起源异常进行总结和分类,并与国内外文献进行比较。结果22 636例冠状动脉造影中检出冠状动脉开口起源异常234例,总检出率为1.03％。其中右冠状动脉起源异常138例(58.97％),是涉及起源异常最多见的冠状动脉;左冠状动脉起源异常89例(38.03％);左、右冠状动脉开口起源均异常1例(O.43％);单一冠状动脉6例(2.57％)。22 636例冠状动脉造影中冠状动脉分布优势类型:右优势型19 940例(88.09％),均衡型1500例(6.63%),左优势型1196例(5.28％)。结论 这是迄今为止收入样本量最大的有关国人冠状动脉起源异常的造影资料分析。其先天性冠状动脉起源异常检出率与国外文献报道相符,但类型特点有所不同。     

Anomalous origin of the entire coronary system by three separate ostia within the right coronary sinus �C a rarely observed coronary anomaly

The anomalous origin of the entire coronary system by three separate ostia within the right coronary sinus is a very rare anomaly with only 34 cases reported in the literature to date. A patient with this rare anomaly who developed coronary artery disease, requiring revascularization, is presented. His coronary computed tomography angiography and coronary angiographic findings are discussed. The present case demonstrates the complimentary roles of coronary computed tomography angiography and conventional cardiac catheterization in managing a patient with anomalous coronary arteries and coronary artery disease.     

Coronary angioplasty of anomalous right coronary arteries

We report 2 cases of successful angioplasty of anomalous right coronary arteries originating above the sinotubular line at the junction of the right and left sinus of Valsalva. The use of Amplatz left guiding catheters provided optimal support for performing angioplasty. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Single coronary artery with anomalous origin of the right coronary artery as a branch from the left anterior descending artery: a very rare coronary anomaly

Anomalous origin of the right coronary artery arising from the left anterior descending artery (LAD) is a very rare coronary anomaly. It has previously been reported in only six adult cases. In this report, we present a patient with an anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the LAD. The patient had anginal symptoms with exercise. Myocardial perfusion imaging with thallium-201 revealed a reversible inferior perfusion defect. We suggest that this could cause myocardial ischemia. Received: November 5, 2001 / Accepted: December 7, 2001     

A case of anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the left sinus of Valsalva exhibiting the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome

A 56-year-old male with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome wassuspected of having suffered a myocardial infarction followingattacks of chest pain. Serial measurements of serum creatinephosphokinase and the electrocardiographic findings after ajmalineloading virtually excluded the possibility of myocardial infarction.Paroxysmal tachycardia was not noted on 24 Holler electrocardiographicmonitoring. Both the left and right coronary arteries were foundby selective coronary angiography to originate from the leftsinus of Valsalva, but neither of the arteries showed organicstenoses. However, myocardial²⁰¹ Tl scintigraphy after exerciseindicated poor uptake in the high anterolateral wall, and atthe apex and septum near the anterior wall, which suggestedthe absence ofischaemia in the area supplied by the right coronaryartery. We speculate that a left coronary artery steal phenomenonwas the cause of the ischaemia after exercise in this patient.     

Newer concepts for imaging anomalous aortic origin of the coronary arteries in adults.

Of the different kinds of coronary anomalies observed in adults, anomalous origin of a coronary artery from the opposite sinus of Valsalva with an "interarterial" course (ACAOS) entails a high risk of clinical consequences related to the intramural course of the ectopic coronary artery. We review current imaging modalities for differentiating this condition from generally benign coronary anomalies and for quantifying the severity of individual cases. For identifying ACAOS, noninvasive modalities (echocardiography, computed tomographic angiography, and coronary magnetic resonance angiography) are preferred: the favored modalities are transthoracic echocardiography in children and multidetector computed tomography in adults. For evaluating the pathophysiologic mechanisms of ischemia in ACAOS and subclassifying the severity of individual forms, coronary intravascular ultrasonography provides enhanced temporal and spatial resolution. The critical quantifiable features of the coronary anatomy in ACAOS seem to be hypoplasia, lateral compression at the level of the intramural course, and possibly exercise-related further narrowing of the proximal ectopic segment. Definitive guidelines are being developed for the optimal workup and treatment of ACAOS.