葡聚糖凝胶柱层析法分离测定注射用阿洛西林钠中的聚合物

目的建立一种利用葡聚糖凝胶柱分离测定注射用阿洛西林钠中聚合物的方法。方法注射用阿洛西林钠中的高分子杂质的定量测定是利用葡聚糖凝胶柱色谱法。色谱柱：XK16/40SephadexG-10,柱长：35cm;流动相A为pH7.0,0.025mol·L^-1磷酸盐缓冲液,流动相B为超纯水,流速：1.5mL·min^-1,检测波长254nm,进样量200μL。结果注射用阿洛西林钠在浓度为5.0～60mg·mL^-1的范围内与其峰面积呈良好的线性关系（r为0.9990）。结论本法用于注射用阿洛西林钠中的高分子杂质的测定,灵敏度高,准确性好。     

同时测定比格犬体内的阿洛西林钠/舒巴坦钠及其药动学

目的注射用阿洛西林钠/舒巴坦钠(质量比为4∶1)中阿洛西林钠及舒巴坦钠在比格犬体内的药动学。方法比格犬给予受试制剂和参比制剂后,采用液相色谱-质谱联用法同时测定血浆中阿洛西林和舒巴坦的浓度。结果阿洛西林的主要药动学参数如下:ρmax分别为(119.34±25.27)mg·L-1和(140.64±28.48)mg·L-1;t1/2分别为(1.61±1.29)h和(1.85±1.91)h;AUC0-t分别为(61.62±15.30)mg·h·L-1和(64.97±13.70)mg·h·L-1;AUC0-∞分别为(65.22±15.72)mg·h·L-1和(68.93±15.37)mg·h·L-1;以AUC0-t计算,阿洛西林的相对生物利用度平均为(97.1±23.3)%;舒巴坦的主要药动学参数如下:ρmax分别为(47.30±15.57)mg·L-1和(41.97±14.19)mg·L-1;t1/2分别为(0.46±0.23)h和(0.53±0.35)h;AUC0-t分别为(26.82±7.49)mg·h·L-1和(23.67±6.05)mg·h·L-1;AUC0-∞分别为(28.05±8.59)mg·h·L-1和(25.50±8.61)mg·h·L-1;以AUC0-t计算,舒巴坦的相对生物利用度平均为(104.8±24.5)%。结论该方法适用于药动学研究。所得主要药动学参数表明,制剂间阿洛西林及舒巴坦的药动学参数AUC及ρmax均无显著性差异,两药组成复方后不影响各自在比格犬体内的药动学行为。     

HPLC法测定注射用阿洛西林钠舒巴坦钠含量

目的：建立HPLC法测定注射用阿洛西林钠舒巴坦钠的含量。方法：色谱柱为Diamond C18柱（250mm×4．6mm，5μm），流动相为乙腈-水-磷酸盐缓冲液（取磷酸二氢钾8．34g与磷酸氢二钾0．87g，加水溶解稀释成1000mL）（30：30：100），流速1．0mL．min^-1，检测波长210nm。结果：阿洛西林浓度在7．484～224．52μg·mL^-1的范围内，线性关系良好（r=0．9999），平均回收率（n=9）为99．9％；舒巴坦浓度在5．47～87．52μg·mL^-1的范围内，线性关系良好（r=0．9999），平均回收率（n=9）为99．7％。结论：本法灵敏、准确、简便。     

高效液相色谱梯度洗脱法测定注射用美洛西林钠-舒巴坦钠中有关物质

目的建立HPLC梯度洗脱法测定注射用美洛西林钠-舒巴坦钠有关物质的方法。方法使用ZORBAX SB-C18色谱柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5.0μm）,以磷酸盐缓冲液（5.44 g L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液,用磷酸调节pH至3.8,即得）和乙腈为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL min-1,柱温为31℃,检测波长为215 nm。结果样品中有关物质完全洗出,美洛西林和舒巴坦主峰与有关物质峰均达到基线分离,舒巴坦杂质A、B分离度符合要求;舒巴坦杂质A、舒巴坦杂质B、舒巴坦和美洛西林与峰面积线性关系良好,相关系数（r）均〉0.997 2;舒巴坦杂质A相对舒巴坦校正因子为0.6,舒巴坦杂质B相对舒巴坦校正因子为0.5;舒巴坦杂质A、B检测限分别为3.11 ng和5.98 ng,定量限分别为10.36 ng和17.93 ng,舒巴坦检测限和定量限分别为8.46 ng和31.01 ng;美洛西林的检测限和定量限分别为12.20和40.25 ng;舒巴坦杂质A、B平均回收率（n=9）分别为100.9%和102.0%。结论该方法对注射用美洛西林钠舒巴坦钠有关物质的测定灵敏、准确、专属性强,适用于产品质量控制。     

旋光法测定注射用苯唑西林钠的含量

目的:建立旋光法测定注射用苯唑西林钠含量的方法。方法:以水为溶剂,运用旋光法对注射用苯唑西林钠进行含量测定。结果:苯唑西林钠浓度在1～10mg/mL范围内与其旋光度呈良好线性关系,回归方程:C=0.391 314 5.261 50a,r=0.999 7,平均回收率102.1％,RSD为1.83％。结论:本法简便易行,结果准确,可作为该原料的质控方法。     

HPLC法测定愈创甘油醚缓释片中的有关物质

目的建立HPLC法测定愈创甘油醚缓释片中有关物质的含量,并对有关物质进行定性分析。方法测定有关物质的方法采用不加校正因子的主成分自身对照法。采用Hypersil ODS2C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以水-甲醇-冰醋酸(体积比60∶40∶1.5)为流动相,流速为1.0 mL·min-1,检测波长为272 nm。通过ESI-MS及与标准品对照对有关物质进行结构确证。结果在该色谱条件下,愈创甘油醚与其杂质分离良好,愈创甘油醚有关物质的质量在10.028⁵01.4 ng内有良好的线性关系,r=0.999 2;最低检出限为0.1 mg·L-1;最低定量限为0.2 mg·L-1。结论该方法快速、灵敏、准确实用,适用于愈创甘油醚及其有关物质的含量测定。     

紫外分光光度法测定注射用卡络磺钠的含量

目的 采用紫外分光光度法测定注射用卡络磺钠中卡络磺钠的含量.方法 紫外分光光度法:检测波长363 nm.结果 卡络磺钠在3.2～12.8 mg·L-1浓度范围内具有良好的线性关系(r=0.999 8),平均回收率为98.97%～99.46%,RSD为0.19%～0.59%.结论 本法均可用作卡络磺钠及其制剂的质量控制.     

葡聚糖凝胶色谱法分析注射用阿洛西林钠中的高聚物

目的建立一个简单分析阿洛西林钠中高聚物的方法。方法采用Sephadex TM G-10色谱柱,以0．1mol·L-1磷酸盐缓,中液（氢氧化钠调pH6．8）为流动相A,水为流动相B,流速1．5mL·min-1,检测波长为254nm。结果阿洛西林钠中高聚物在0．001～4．08mg·mL-1内线性关系良好,检测限为0．5ug·mL-1。当供试品溶解量为200mg·mL-1时,本法的高聚物检出能力达到百万分之三。结论所用方法简便,结果可靠,可用于阿洛西林钠中高聚物的检测。     

HPLC-MS/MS测定人血浆中舒巴坦钠浓度

目的:建立以高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)法测定血浆中舒巴坦钠浓度的方法.方法:以丹参素钠为内标,采用Agilent Zorbax SB C18(l00 mm×3.0 mm,3.5 μm)进行分离,通过串联质谱仪,以选择反应监测方式进行测定.用于定量分析的离子对分别为m/z 231→140(舒巴坦钠)和197→135(丹参素钠).结果:舒巴坦钠血药浓度在0.103 ～51.300 mg·L-1范围内线性关系良好(r2=0.999 9),定量下限为0.103 mg·L-1,相对回收率均大于90.0％,日内和日间RSD均小于5％.结论:本方法快速、简便、准确、灵敏,适用于舒巴坦钠的人体药动学研究.     

HPLC梯度洗脱法测定美洛西林钠有关物质

目的:建立测定美洛西林钠有关物质的HPLC梯度洗脱法.方法:使用ZORBAX SB-C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5.0 μm),以磷酸盐缓冲液(取磷酸二氢钾4.9g和磷酸氢二钾0.45 g,加水溶解并稀释至1 000 mL,用磷酸调节pH至5.7,即得)和乙腈为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL· min-,柱温为31℃,检测波长为215 nm.结果:美洛西林钠样品中有关物质完全洗出,美洛西林主峰与有关物质峰均达到基线分离;美洛西林钠质量浓度在11.2 ～33.5 mg·L-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.997),美洛西林的检测限和定量限分别为12.20和40.25 ng,而美洛西林钠样品中有关物质检测限可达美洛西林钠含量的0.03％.结论:该法对美洛西林钠有关物质的测定灵敏、准确、专属性强,适用于美洛西林钠产品质量控制.     

高效液相色谱法测定膦甲酸钠氯化钠注射液中膦甲酸钠的含量

目的建立HPLC法测定膦甲酸钠氯化钠注射液中膦甲酸钠含量的方法.方法采用阴离子交换柱(Waters IC Pak A柱,50 mm× 4.6 mm,5 μm);以0.05 mol·L-1邻苯二甲酸氢钾溶液(取邻苯二甲酸氢钾0.204 g,加水适量,振摇使溶解,加1mol·L-1硝酸溶液5 mL,加水稀释至2 000 mL,摇匀即得)为流动相;流速1.4 mL·min-1,检测波长290nm.结果本方法在0.98～4.90g·L-1浓度范围呈良好线性关系(r=0.999 4),进样重现性RSD为0.71%(n=5),平均回收率为98.93%.结论本法简便、快速、结果准确可靠,可用于膦甲酸钠氯化钠注射液中膦甲酸钠的含量测定.     

哌拉西林钠他唑巴坦钠致抽搐

1例26岁男性患者,4年前行肾移植术,近5个月接受血液透析,因肺部感染给予哌拉西林钠他唑巴坦钠4.5 g加入0.9%氯化钠注射液100 ml、1次/d静脉滴注。第2次用药后5 h,患者突发抽搐、意识丧失、双眼上翻、双腿抽动。先后给予地西泮10 mg肌内注射及7 mg静脉注射,上述症状消失。     

Inhaled sodium metabisulphite induced bronchoconstriction: inhibition by nedocromil sodium and sodium cromoglycate.

1. The effects of nedocromil sodium and sodium cromoglycate on bronchoconstriction induced by inhaled sodium metabisulphite have been studied in eight atopic subjects, three of whom had mild asthma. 2. Nedocromil sodium (4 mg, 7.8 X 10(-6) M), sodium cromoglycate (10 mg, 24.1 X 10(-6) M) and matched placebo were administered by identical metered dose inhalers 30 min before a dose-response to sodium metabisulphite (5-100 mg ml-1) was performed. 3. Maximum fall in sGaw after placebo pre-treatment was -43.9 +/- 3.3% baseline (mean +/- s.e. mean). At the same metabisulphite concentration maximum fall in sGaw after sodium cromoglycate was -13.0 +/- 3.6% and after nedocromil sodium was +4.3 +/- 6.8%. Nedocromil sodium prevented any significant fall in sGaw even after higher concentrations of metabisulphite. 4. Both nedocromil sodium, 4 mg, and sodium cromoglycate, 10 mg, inhibited sodium metabisulphite induced bronchoconstriction but nedocromil sodium was significantly more effective. Relative in vivo potency of the two drugs is broadly in line with other in vivo and in vitro studies.     

头孢哌酮钠-舒巴坦钠致血小板减少

1名83岁男性患者因胆道系统感染,静脉给予注射用头孢哌酮钠-舒巴坦钠2.0g,1次/白天;1.0g,1次/晚上。用药6d内血小板进行性下降,由164×109/L下降到68×109/L。停用头孢哌酮钠-舒巴坦钠,改用左氧氟沙星治疗。1周后患者PLT恢复正常。     

哌拉西林钠他唑巴坦钠致白细胞减少

1例46岁女性患者,因术后颅内感染静脉滴注哌拉西林钠他唑巴坦钠4.5 g,1次/8 h。用药第13、15天外周血白细胞计数从用药前的10.61×109/L分别降至1.79×109/L和1.00×109/L。立即换用其他抗菌药物,同时给予重组人粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(rhGM-CSF)150μg皮下注射,1次/d。改变治疗后4 d,血白细胞计数升至6.95×109/L。改变治疗后6 d脑脊液白细胞数由首次用药后15 d的8×106/L升至56×106/L,再次给予哌拉西林钠他唑巴坦钠4.5 g静脉滴注,1次/8 h,rhGM-CSF剂量未变。用药6 d颅内感染治愈,遂停用抗菌药物。治疗第2、5天白细胞计数分别为2.67×109/L和1.65×109/L。第8天停用rhGM-CSF后为5.75×109/L,第15天为4.56×109/L。     

Fondaparinux sodium

black triangle Fondaparinux sodium, a selective factor Xa inhibitor, is the first in a new class of antithrombotics. It binds selectively with high affinity to antithrombin III and specifically catalyses the inactivation of factor Xa. The elimination half-life of fondaparinux sodium permits once daily treatment. black triangle A randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, dose-ranging, multicentre phase IIb study in 933 eligible patients established that a subcutaneous dose of between 1.5 and 3mg of fondaparinux sodium has the optimum efficacy and safety profile for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients undergoing major orthopaedic surgery. black triangle Fondaparinux sodium, given to more than 3600 patients undergoing major orthopaedic surgery who participated in prospective, randomised, double-blind, multicentre phase III clinical trials, significantly reduced the incidence of venous thromboembolism, with an overall risk reduction of 55.2% compared with enoxaparin. black triangle Fondaparinux sodium was well tolerated by patients undergoing major orthopaedic surgery, and at the recommended clinical dose of 2.5mg has a similar tolerability profile, including bleeding events, to standard enoxaparin regimens. Fondaparinux sodium has not been reported to cause antibody-induced thrombocytopenia.     

Talaporfin sodium

Importance of the field: Despite therapeutic advances, cancer remains the cause of an estimated 23% of deaths in the USA. New treatments for malignancy are greatly needed.

Areas covered in this review: Talaporfin sodium is a light-activated drug that causes tissue death through induction of apoptosis. Systemic antitumor effects mediated by CD8⁺ T cells have been demonstrated in preclinical studies, providing a mechanism for distant response of tumors noted in clinical trials. Talaporfin sodium is approved in Japan for early-stage endobronchial cancer. Phase I and II studies in solid tumors have shown tumor regression in patients refractory to other therapies. Phase III pivotal studies against hepatocellular carcinoma as monotherapy and liver-metastatic colorectal cancer in combination with chemotherapy are ongoing. Talaporfin sodium is also in studies in men with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. Substantial safety data from clinical trials so far indicate that the drug is well tolerated.

What the reader will gain: Talaporfin sodium has a broad safety profile and a mode of action that could affect growth in treated and untreated tumors.

Take home message: Clinical and preclinical studies indicate that talaporfin sodium treatment may offer a powerful option to synergize current therapies, as well as an alternative monotherapy in treating cancer.     

Danaparoid sodium

Danaparoid sodium (Orgaran, Organon) is a heparinoid glycosamino-glycuronan antithrombotic agent approved for the prophylaxis of post-operative deep vein thrombosis (DVT), which may lead to pulmonary embolism (PE) in patients undergoing elective hip replacement surgery. Danaparoid is a low molecular weight heparinoid consisting of a mixture of heparan sulphate (84%), dermatan sulphate (12%) and small amounts of chondroitin sulphate (4%), whose antithrombotic activity has been well established. Its pharmacological effect is exerted primarily by inhibiting Factors Xa (FXa) and IIa (FIIa) at a ratio greater than heparin, with a minimal effect on platelet function. Danaparoid exhibits low cross-reactivity with heparin-induced antibodies when compared with heparin or low molecular weight heparins (LMWH), thereby making it an excellent choice for the management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). It has excellent bioavailability following s.c. injection. Danaparoid has little effect on routine coagulation tests (activated partial thromboplastin time [aPTT], prothrombin time [PT], and thrombin time [TT]). Patients with elevated serum creatinine should be monitored carefully. For its FDA approved indication (DVT prophylaxis during hip replacement surgery), its cost per day is approximately eight times more than LMWH. Even though monitoring is not routinely necessary according to the manufacturer for its approved indication, monitoring is frequently necessary when it is used in other clinical scenarios. Its higher cost than comparable therapies for DVT prophylaxis and the low availability of the FXa assay in most non-tertiary care hospitals has limited the widespread use of danaparoid. Danaparoid has been found to be effective in the treatment of HIT although this is an off label use, despite being the most frequent reason why danaparoid is used.     

Diclofenac sodium

The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, and dosage of diclofenac sodium are reviewed. Diclofenac, the first nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) to be approved that is a phenylacetic acid derivative, competes with arachidonic acid for binding to cyclo-oxygenase, resulting in decreased formation of prostaglandins. The drug has both analgesic and antipyretic activities. Diclofenac is efficiently absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract; peak plasma concentrations occur 1.5 to 2.0 hours after ingestion in fasting subjects. Even though diclofenac has a relatively short elimination half-life in plasma (1.5 hours), it persists in synovial fluid. The drug is metabolized in the liver and is eliminated by urinary and biliary excretion. In clinical trials, diclofenac was as effective as aspirin, diflunisal, indomethacin, sulindac, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and naproxen in improving function and reducing pain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. For treatment of osteoarthritis, diclofenac was equivalent in efficacy to aspirin, diflunisal, indomethacin, sulindac, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen, flurbiprofen, mefenamic acid, and piroxicam. Diclofenac was as effective as indomethacin or sulindac in treating ankylosing spondylitis. The most frequent adverse effects reported for diclofenac were gastrointestinal, but these effects were fewer and less serious than occurred with aspirin or indomethacin; in addition, diclofenac caused fewer central nervous system reactions than indomethacin. Diclofenac is administered in divided doses with meals. The recommended total daily dosage is 100 to 150 mg (osteoarthritis and ankylosing spondylitis) or 150 to 200 mg (rheumatoid arthritis). Diclofenac is effective, but no more so than other NSAIDs. It is structurally distinct and offers another choice in the treatment of rheumatological conditions.