Clinics in diagnostic imaging (91). Subarachnoid haemorrhage

Computed tomography (CT) is the initial radiological investigation of patients with an acute neurological event. A 64-year-old woman presenting with generalised weakness and headache for two days was diagnosed on CT to have subarachnoid haemorrhage. Digital subtraction angiography confirmed the cause to be a ruptured posterior communicating artery aneurysm. The patient was treated by neuroradiological intervention using occlusive coils. The CT features of subarachnoid haemorrhage are discussed. Accurate CT interpretation is essential to direct appropriate investigations and management in patients with stroke, particularly as acute cerebral infarction may occasionally mimic subarachnoid haemorrhage. The role of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in evaluation of cerebral infarct is also discussed.     

256层螺旋CT血管造影在颅内动脉瘤诊断中的应用

目的探讨256层螺旋CT血管成像诊断颅内动脉瘤的临床应用价值。方法对怀疑颅内动脉瘤患者进行增强CT检查,应用计算机自带后处理软件进行脑血管三维成像（3D—CTA）。结果CTA诊断颅内动脉瘤13例,其中前交通动脉瘤3例,右大脑中动脉动脉瘤3例,右后交通动脉瘤2例,左后交通动脉瘤4例,大脑后动脉瘤1例。CTA清楚显示颅内动脉瘤的部位、形态、大小、起源以及与周围脑血管的解剖关系。结论CTA对颅内动脉瘤诊断是一种十分快捷、安全、简便的检查方法,对引起急性蛛网膜下腔出血的病因诊断作用明显。     

有麻醉科参与的卒中单元有效救治围手术期脑卒中1例

围手术期脑梗塞指围手术期发生的缺血性脑卒中,在非心脏、非脑科手术中,其发生率大约为 0.7%,但其一旦发生,病死率却高达26%~40%［1-2］,严重影响手术患者的生活质量和预后。2015年5月,北京大学第三医院一位患者在全身麻醉下行腰椎后路减压内固定手术,术毕全身麻醉清醒后2 h之内发生了脑梗塞,经麻醉医师早期发现、多科室协作的围手术期卒中单元迅速启动,患者预后良好,现报道如下。     

Large fusiform posterior cerebral artery aneurysm (P2 segment): successful trapping and excision via subtemporal approach

A 62-year-old man presented with a 2-month history of right occipito-parietal headache and worsening ipsilateral ptosis. CT scan and cerebral angiography revealed a large fusiform aneurysm of the P2 segment of the right posterior cerebral artery (PCA). The aneurysm was successfully trapped and subsequently excised via sub temporal approach leaving no additional neurological deficits to our patient.     

Ruptured aneurysm of the accessory middle cerebral artery associated with moyamoya disease: a case report

The accessory middle cerebral artery can provide collateral blood supply in moyamoya disease. We report a case of unilateral moyamoya disease which demonstrates the anatomy of the right accessory middle cerebral artery and a ruptured peripheral aneurysm on the artery. Our patient was a 56-year-old woman who initially suffered from headache and lethargy. Right caudate nucleus hemorrhage with intraventricular extension and spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage were found on brain computed tomography. A ruptured peripheral accessory middle cerebral artery aneurysm associated with unilateral moyamoya disease was diagnosed on cerebral angiography. Surgical intervention to excise the peripheral accessory middle cerebral artery aneurysm assisted by frameless navigation guidance to reduce the risk of damage to collateral vessels was done successfully. Histopathology of excised tissue showed this anomaly was a pseudoaneurysm. The management of an aneurysm in moyamoya disease should be modified based on its location and collateral vessels. Prevention of aneurysm bleeding and preservation of collateral vessels during craniotomy are the critical when managing hemorrhagic moyamoya disease. This case suggests that surgical intervention for ruptured intracranial aneurysms is safe with the use of frameless navigation guidance to minimize collateral vessel injuries.     

Mycotic aneurysm of the left subclavian artery: CT findings

Mycotic aneurysms caused by aspergillosis are rare. We report a nine-year-old girl with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia who had invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and subsequently developed a left subclavian artery aneurysm. Prior to the aneurysm, computed tomography (CT) of the chest showed a nodule with an air crescent in the left upper lobe, adhering to the mediastinum and the left subclavian artery. The left subclavian artery was ill-defined and had a small lumen, and it was embedded in the wall of the nodule. 37 days after the chest CT, the patient underwent a left thoracotomy because of massive haemoptysis, at which time a false aneurysm in the left subclavian artery was found. Plication of the aneurysm was performed. On a follow-up CT with multiplanar reconstruction six days after surgery, there were the plicated aneurysm and a small amount of pleural effusion in the upper portion of the left hemithorax, adjacent to the plication. In invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, it is important to be aware of the possibility of mycotic aneurysms, particularly in patients with pulmonary lesions adjacent to mediastinal vessels with ill-defined borders and small lumens, since the aneurysms may increase in size and rupture. CT, particularly multidetector CT, helps in visualisation of mycotic aneurysms.     

经桡动脉径路肾动脉支架术1例

目的初步探讨经桡动脉径路行肾动脉支架术的可行性和安全性。方法分析近期诊治的一例难治性高血压患者(血压190/105 mmHg)接受经桡动脉径路肾动脉支架术的临床经过和治疗情况。结果患者右侧肾动脉开口高度狭窄,右肾动脉支架术经桡动脉径路顺利完成,术后患者全身和桡动脉穿刺局部均无任何不适,控制(血压150/80～92 mmHg),肾功能均在正常范围。结论该高血压患者右侧肾动脉开口高度狭窄,经桡动脉径路肾动脉支架术完全可行,而且十分安全。     

前交通动脉复合体变异的128排CT血管成像及其与前交通动脉瘤发病的相关性

目的探讨前交通动脉复合体变异的128排CT血管成像的影像表现及其与前交通动脉瘤发病的相关性。方法选择本院行CT颅脑血管成像的患者60例,其中前交通动脉瘤患者26例（研究组）,无交通动脉瘤患者34例（对照组）,比较两组患者前交通动脉及与其相连的A1段的造影表现差异,分析前交通动脉瘤的发病与交通动脉复合体变异的关系。结果①两组A1段形态表现主要为直线型和成窗形,其中直线型共54例（研究组24例,对照组30例）,成窗型6例（研究组2例,对照组4例）,两组A1段分型比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。②两组共发生A1段变异21例,其中左侧优势14例（研究组10例,对照组4例）,右侧优势7例（研究组2例,对照组5例）,研究组A1段变异左侧优势发生率明显高于对照组及本组右侧优势发生率（P〈0.05）。③研究组前交通动脉变异率明显高于对照组,两组差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论 128排颅脑CT血管成像可以清晰显示前交通动脉复合体的变异情况,并且复合体的变异与前交通动脉瘤的发生有重要关系。     

Posterior cerebral artery territory infarct presenting as acute psychosis

An 82-year-old man with a past medical history of hypertension was admitted to a psychiatric hospital for sudden onset of acute psychosis. He was then transferred to an acute geriatric unit for further evaluation. During the admission the patient was noted to be very restless, agitated and noisy and was shouting and screaming incessantly. This was interspersed with occasional short periods of calm and quiet. Clinically, no obvious focal neurological deficits were detected. A CT scan of the brain was performed and it revealed an acute infarct involving the area supplied by the left posterior cerebral artery. This was a rather atypical presentation for an infarct involving this area.     

脑瘤合并颅内动脉瘤二例报告及文献复习

本文报告脑瘤合并颅内动脉瘤2例。1例为左侧蝶骨嵴巨大脑膜瘤合并同侧颈内动脉——眼动脉连接处动脉瘤,经肿瘤全切及肌肉包裹动脉瘤一次手术成功。另1例为右侧蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤合并颈内动脉海绵窦段动脉瘤,两种病损均系偶然发现,只作了肿瘤全切除,动脉瘤未处理。 脑瘤与动脉瘤合并存在是一种罕见的临床情况,其发病率约占颅内原发性肿瘤的0.093～0.7%。手术死亡率文献报导达40%。本文2例术后已随访最短16个月,手术效果良好。 本文就我们病人的临床特点,结合文献资料对本病的病因,临床表现,预后和治疗作一简要复习。     

64层螺旋CT对胰周血管的显示研究

目的探讨64层螺旋CT对胰周血管的显示能力。方法将符合研究条件的105例接受腹部64层螺旋CT增强扫描的资料,分动脉期和门脉期薄层重建,使用容积再现（VR）和多平面容积重组（MPVR）进行CT血管成像,观察胰周动脉、静脉的显示情况。结果①腹腔干动脉（CTA）、肝总动脉（CHA）、胃左动脉（LCA）、脾动脉（SA）、胃十二指肠动脉（GDA）、胃网膜右动脉（RGEA）、肠系膜上动脉（SMA）、门静脉（PV）、脾静脉（SV）以及肠系膜上静脉（SMV）的显示率均为100％;②胰十二指肠后上动脉（PSPDA）、胰十二指肠后下动脉（PIPDA）、胰背动脉（PDA）、胰横动脉（PTA）、胰尾动脉（PCA）的显示率为43．3％-97．2％;胰十二指肠后上静脉（PSPDV）和胰十二指肠后下静脉（PIPDV）的显示率分别为71．4％和30．5％;③MPVR和VR对胰腺周围小血管的显示率比较,P〈0．05。结论多层螺旋CT对胰周血管具有可靠、稳定的显示率,MPVR对胰周小血管的显示较VR好。     

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound in detection and follow-up of pancreaticoduodenal artery pseudoaneurysm: a case report

Pancreaticoduodenal artery pseudoaneurysm is one kind of rare splanchnic artery aneurysm. Hemorrhage from the lesion could be life-threatening. We present a case which color Doppler ultrasound and computed tomography angiography (CTA) only showed pancreatic pseudocyst on the background of chronic pancreatitis at first, but contrast-enhanced ultrasound detected blood flow in the pseudocyst and a pancreaticoduodenal artery pseudoaneurysm was worked up several days after. Finally, the pancreaticoduodenal artery pseudoaneurysm was confirmed by digital subtracted angiography. It might suggest the potential advantage of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in evaluating this kind of disease in comparison of CTA.

     

Clinics in diagnostic imaging (155). Incidental PDA with secondary pulmonary arterial hypertension.

We report the case of a 70-year-old man with an asymptomatic large patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) incidentally detected on triple-rule-out computed tomography (CT). CT clearly demonstrated a vascular structure connecting the descending thoracic aorta to the roof of the proximal left pulmonary artery, consistent with a PDA. Secondary pulmonary arterial hypertension was also evident on CT. The patient was eventually diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome and was successfully treated with coronary artery bypass graft surgery and concomitant patch closure of the PDA. This article aims to outline the imaging features of PDA and highlight the information provided by CT, which is crucial to treatment planning. The pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and closure options of PDA are also briefly discussed.     

Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound in Diagnosis and Follow-up of a Pancreaticoduodenal Artery Pseudoaneurysm Developed from Pseudocyst duo to Chronic Pancreatitis

Pancreaticoduodenal artery pseudoaneurysm is one kind of rare splanchnic artery aneurysm. Hemorrhage from the lesion could be life-threatening. We present a case in which color Doppler ultrasound and computered tomographic angiography only showed pancreatic pseudocyst on the background of chronic pancreatitis at first, but contrast enhanced ultrasonography detected blood flow in the pseudocyst and a pancreaticoduodenal artery pseudoaneurysm was worked up several days after. Finally, the pancreaticoduodenal artery pseudoaneurysm was confirmed by digital subtract angiography. It might suggest the potential advantage of CEUS in evaluating this kind of diseases in comparison of CTA.     

以假性成分为主的“葫芦状”动脉瘤的影像学特点与治疗策略

目的探讨假性成分为主的“葫芦状”动脉瘤的影像学特点、诊断与治疗策略。方法回顾性分析6例颅内真性动脉瘤-假性
动脉瘤复合体患者的临床资料。结果本组6 例CT提示蛛网膜下腔出血,伴有脑实质内血肿。数字减影血管成像（digital
subtraction angiography, DSA）或者磁共振血管成像检查提示颅内动脉瘤,5例前交通动脉瘤,1例左侧大脑中动脉瘤;3D-DSA
重建提示动脉瘤由大、小两部分构成,均为小母囊上发出较大的子囊。本组5例前交通动脉瘤均行弹簧圈栓塞术,2例术后出现
严重脑组织肿胀,1例急诊行去骨瓣减压及动脉瘤夹闭术后逐渐恢复,1例死亡;大脑中动脉瘤行开颅夹闭术。2例开颅手术患
者术后病理均提示假性动脉瘤成分。5例出院患者预后良好,均随访3个月,临床症状稳定。结论葫芦状动脉瘤是一种以假性
动脉瘤成分为主的特殊形态的动脉瘤复合体,有其独特的病理生理过程和影像学特点,治疗上强调根据个体情况及动脉瘤形态
学特点选择最佳治疗方法尽早修复动脉瘤。
     

多层螺旋CT血管成像对内脏动脉瘤的诊断价值

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT血管成像技术(MSCTA)在内脏动脉瘤(VAA)诊断中的应用价值。方法 回顾性分析2008年5月至2010年10月在北京协和医院PACS工作站上,经腹部普通增强CT及MSCTA诊断的123例VAA患者的影像资料,以综合诊断为参照标准,以血管为分析单位,评价后处理图像检出VAA的诊断敏感性。结果 综合诊断出123例共172枚VAA,脾动脉瘤91例,肾动脉瘤16例,多支内脏动脉瘤8例,胃周动脉瘤、肠系膜上动脉瘤各2例,腹腔干、胃十二指肠、胰十二指肠动脉瘤及肝右动脉瘤各1例,VAA行MSCTA诊断的敏感性和特异性为100%。结论 MSCTA不同重建方法可准确、清晰地显示瘤体位置、形态、范围、瘤壁、载瘤动脉和与周围血管的关系。     

不同年龄组高血压并脑卒中患者脑血流变化特征分析

目的 :探讨高血压并脑卒中患者年龄对脑血流变化的影响。方法 :对经头颅CT确诊的 15 2例高血压并脑卒中住院患者 ,分为老年组和非老年组 ,采用经颅多普勒 (TCD)超声诊断仪探测双侧大脑中动脉 (MCA)、大脑前动脉 (ACA)、大脑后动脉 (PCA) ,记录平均血流速度 (Vm)、血管搏动指数 (PI)、阻力指数 (RI)。结果 :老年组与非老年组比较 ,老年组双侧ACA、MCA、PCA的Vm均较非老年组减低 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,而PI及RI较非老年组显著增高 (P<0 .0 1)。结论 :高血压脑卒中后 ,年龄是影响脑血流量的主要因素     

肺动脉高压影像学改变在诊断急性肺栓塞中的价值

目的:探讨急性肺栓塞所致肺动脉高压的影像学特征,以提高对急性肺动脉栓塞诊断的准确性.方法:回顾性分析26例经临床确诊且均行64排CT血管成像(CTA)检查的急性肺动脉栓塞合并肺动脉高压的胸部影像学表现.结果:26例肺栓塞合并肺动脉高压患者中,10例接受胸片检查:肺血管纹理改变7例,肺浸润灶4例,肺膨胀不全6例,纤维索条影3例.10例均可观察到有肺动脉段突出、肺动脉主干增宽、右心室大.11例胸部CT平扫:肺周密度不均的浸润灶、纤维索条灶和肺不张6例.中央肺动脉扩张、右室肥大11例.胸腔积液和局限性胸膜肥厚3例,肺膨胀不全、叶间裂移位2例.26例行肺动脉CTA:肺动脉主干病变17例.分支肺动脉病变9例.右心房显著增大6例,右心室增大11例,主肺动脉增粗18例.结论:对急性肺栓塞所致肺动脉高压影像学改变的认识,有助于提高对急性肺栓塞诊断的准确性.     

128层4DCT灌注成像在急性脑梗死的初步应用

目的探讨128层4DCT全脑灌注成像对急性期脑梗死的初步应用。方法对20例急性脑梗死患者,于发病24h内行CT平扫及CT脑灌注成像,比较CT平扫与脑灌注图像发现缺血灶的敏感性,测量缺血区的灌注参数值,并应用灌注扫描图像重建CTA,判断颅内大血管阻断或狭窄及分支缺损情况。结果 20例患者中常规CT15例未见明显异常,有5例早期脑梗死征象,其中8处表现为病变区密度轻度减低,脑灌注图像中发现14处异常灌注区。CTP均发现灌注异常区,表现为脑血流量及脑血容量降低、达峰时间和平均通过时间延迟;病灶侧与健侧、病灶中心区与周边区比较,差异有显著意义（P〈0.01）。15例CTA显示血管异常,其中左侧大脑中动脉狭窄或闭塞6例,右侧大脑中动脉狭窄5例。右侧大脑前动脉狭窄4例。结论 128层4DCT灌注成像可以通过一次注射对比剂,获得常规CT扫描、全脑灌注、CTA的数据,对早期发现脑缺血、全面评价缺血范围、避免病灶漏诊有重要价值。     

术中CT在颅内动脉瘤手术中的应用

目的探讨术中CT在颅内动脉瘤手术中的应用价值。方法收集本院2012年3-7月开颅手术治疗颅内动脉瘤患者20例。在动脉瘤处理前后分别行CT灌注成像（CT perfusion,PCT）及CT血管造影（CT angiography,CTA）扫描,根据两次PCT灌注参数及CTA情况指导手术操作,并将其与体感诱发电位（somatosensory evoked potential,SSEP）及微血管多普勒超声（microvascular doppler ultrasonography,MDU）等常规术中监测手段作比较。结果手术共处理动脉瘤23个,按GOS标准：好19例（95%）,差1例（5%）。共行PCT扫描41次,CTA扫描20次,图像质量良好57次（93.4%）,差4次（6.6%）。术中CT确认脑灌注异常1例,调整动脉瘤夹位置后恢复;CTA提示无动脉瘤残颈及载瘤动脉闭塞。2例SSEP有明显变化,3例MDU有变化。术后CT平扫均未见术区出血,2例颅内血肿者术后CT平扫提示血肿清除满意。结论术中CT可作为动脉瘤夹闭术中评价动脉瘤是否残留、载瘤动脉及穿支动脉是否狭窄或闭塞的重要检查手段。