左前降支长支起自右冠状动脉或右冠状窦的双前降支变异的CT血管成像解剖学特征分析

目的 探讨左前降支（LAD）长支起自右冠状窦（RCS）/右冠状动脉（RCA）的双前降支变异的CT血管成像（CTA）影像解剖学特征及临床意义。方法 横断面研究。纳入2015年1月—2022年1月在济宁医学院附属医院接受冠状动脉CTA（CCTA）检查的79 617例患者中LAD长支起自RCS/RCA的双前降支变异的患者25例,其中男16例、女9例,年龄29~87（59.0±15.2）岁。根据LAD长支走行方式将患者分为肺动脉前型12例（pre-LAD组）和肺动脉下型13例（sub-LAD组）。另纳入30例CCTA检查无冠状动脉变异者作为对照组,其中男17例、女13例,年龄34~76（59.6±11.6）岁。观察指标：（1）测量和比较LAD短支及LAD长支全程长度、起始段管径的差异;比较pre-LAD组、sub-LAD组、对照组患者年龄、性别、LAD长度（全程、前室间沟前段）、管径（起始段、中段、远段）的差异。（2）比较pre-LAD组、sub-LAD组患者的LAD长支起源、对角支、间隔支及右圆锥支的差异。（3）评估pre-LAD组与sub-LAD组患者冠状动脉各分支有无斑块以及管腔有无狭窄,比较2组患者冠状动脉整体斑块发生率的差异,以及pre-LAD长支与sub-LAD长支、LAD长支与LAD短支斑块发生率的差异。结果 LAD长支起自RCS/RCA变异的发生率为0.31‰（25/79 617）,其中0.20‰（16/79 617）起自RCS、0.11‰（9/79 617）起自距RCA开口10 mm范围内的RCA近段。（1）LAD长支、LAD短支的全程长度分别为（137.5±23.4）mm和（47.6±12.3）mm,差异有统计学意义（t=17.01,P<0.001）;二者起始段管径的差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。对照组、pre-LAD组、sub-LAD组患者的年龄及性别差异均无统计学意义（P值均>0.05）;对照组LAD全程长度[（149.0±17.6）mm]大于sub-LAD组[（129.2±21.2）mm];pre-LAD组长支进入前室间沟前段长度[（90.8±15.7）mm]依次大于sub-LAD组[（48.1±8.4）mm]和对照组[（21.6±5.2）mm];对照组LAD起始段管径依次大于pre-LAD组和sub-LAD组;对照组LAD及pre-LAD组长支中段管径均大于sub-LAD组;对照组LAD及sub-LAD组长支远段管径均大于pre-LAD组：差异均有统计学意义（P值均<0.05）。对照组LAD及pre-LAD组长支由近段至远段管径均逐渐缩小;但sub-LAD组长支远段管径较中段增大,差异有统计学意义（t=-3.14,P=0.004）。（2）pre-LAD组与sub-LAD组患者LAD长支起源位置及对角支的差异均无统计学意义（P值均>0.05）;3条pre-LAD长支（3/12）和11条sub-LAD长支（11/13）可见间隔支发出,差异有统计学意义（P=0.005）;pre-LAD组中右圆锥支均起自LAD长支,sub-LAD组中右圆锥支均起自RCA近段或RCS,差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）。（3）pre-LAD组与sub-LAD组患者的整体冠状动脉斑块发生率为8/12与8/13,2组患者的LAD长支的斑块发生率为2/12与0/13,差异均无统计学意义（P值均>0.05）;2组25条LAD长支中有2条存在斑块（8%,2/25）,25条LAD短支中有12条存在斑块（48%,12/25）,差异有统计学意义（χ²=9.92,P=0.002）。结论 LAD长支起自RCS/RCA的双前降支变异,与正常LAD解剖差异很大。全面评估双前降支变异中LAD长支及LAD短支的起源、走行、分支、重要解剖关系及管腔情况,对于相关心血管症状的解释及手术计划的制定具有重要临床意义。     

Autoregulation by the right coronary artery in dogs with open chests; comparison with the left coronary artery

Experiments were conducted to study autoregulatory responses of the right and left coronary arteries in dogs with open chests. The right and left circumflex coronary artery were cannulated and perfused with blood from the femoral artery via a pressurized reservoir. The perfusion pressure was varied in steps over a wide range and coronary blood flow rates were measured. Both the right and left coronary arteries exhibited autoregulation but the pressure at the lower end of the autoregulatory range was lower in the right (39.8±9.1 mm Hg) than in the left circumflex coronary artery (57.6±14.5 mm Hg). The slope of the pressure-flow relationship in the autoregulatory range was less steep in the right than the left circumflex coronary artery. The closed-loop gain when the perfusion pressure was less than 100 mm Hg was greater in the right than in the left circumflex coronary artery. Increases in the right ventricular afterload produced by pulmonary artery constriction decreased the closed-loop gain, shifted the autoregulatory range upward and to the right, and made the slope steeper. These results indicate that more effective autoregulation is carried out by the right than the left circumflex coronary artery.     

改良法制作兔右冠状动脉缺血再灌注损伤模型

目的　 探讨兔右冠状动脉穿线结扎后放松建立兔右冠状动脉缺血再灌注损伤模型的可行性。 方法　新西兰大白兔20只,雌雄不限,体重（2.5±0.3）kg,分为两组,缺血再灌注组14只,假手术组6只。假手术组右冠状动脉只穿线不结扎,另一组通过预置缝线结扎30 min后松开线结构建兔右冠状动脉缺血再灌注损伤模型。记录心电图情况、结扎前后肌酸激酶同功酶变化,术后软管插入离体心右冠状动脉验证结扎效果。 结果　ST段明显抬高、软管插入右冠状动脉不易拉出并肌酸激酶同功酶升高8例,制模成功率57%（8/14）。假手术组上述指标无明显变化。 结论　本实验改良制作右冠状动脉缺血再灌注模型,造模成功。     

The significance of myocardial bridge upon atherosclerosis in the left anterior descending coronary artery

The relation between myocardial bridges (MB) and atherosclerosis in the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was explored using morphometric methods in 642 hearts. The location of myocardial bridges in the LAD was classified according to distribution as proximal, middle and distal. Myocardial bridges were found in 48 per cent of males and 36 per cent of females. When proximal myocardial bridging was present intimal thickening and macroscopic raised lesion were increased just before the bridge as compared with the corresponding site in the other two categories. Underneath bridges eccentric plaques and raised lesions are absent although there is often concentric intimal thickening. The overall frequency of myocardial infarction was the same in patients with and without myocardial bridges. However, when infarction occurred in the patients having bridges, it was almost confined to those in the proximal group despite this being infrequent in the general distribution of myocardial bridges in the left anterior descending artery. It is postulated that hypertension may enhance infarction in the case of myocardial bridges in the very proximal left anterior descending artery. It is concluded that the location of myocardial bridges greatly alters the distribution of physical force against the arterial wall and influences the extent of atherosclerosis.     

A non-invasive measure of changes in blood flow in the human anterior tibial muscle

We used photoplethysmography (PPG) to monitor blood flow changes in the human anterior tibial muscle during arterial occlusion and during isometric and concentric contractions. Single-fibre laser-Doppler flowmetry (LDF) was used as a reference in 12 healthy subjects (5 men, 7 women; mean age 24 years). Post-exercise hyperaemic muscle blood flow (MBF) was measured immediately after isometric dorsiflexion of the ankle joint at maximal contraction for 1 min and full range-of-motion dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of the ankle joint for 1 min. A thigh tourniquet was applied for the evaluation of post-occlusive reactive hyperaemia. The MBF (baseline=100%) was [mean (SD)] 150 (31)% (P=0.003) by PPG (880 nm) and 182 (66)% (P=0.012) by LDF. After 1 min of maximal isometric contraction, MBF increased to 150 (51)% (P=0.003) by PPG (880 nm) and to 169 (43)% (P=0.005) by LDF. After 1 min of maximal concentric contractions, MBF increased to 158 (59)% (P=0.003) by PPG (880 nm) and to 170 (99)% (P=0.008) by LDF. Skin blood flow, PPG (560 nm), did not change significantly after isometric or concentric contractions. The results indicate that reactive hyperaemia after exercise and arterial occlusion can be assessed in the human anterior tibial muscle using PPG. Electronic Publication     

足背、胫前动脉移植—冠状动脉旁路术的应用解剖

目的 :为足背、胫前动脉用于冠状动脉旁路移植术提供解剖学基础。方法 :成人尸体下肢材料44侧 ,对足背动脉和胫前动脉下段进行了解剖观察和测量。结果 :胫前动脉下段和足背动脉上、中、下点的外径分别为 :(2 .5± 0 .6)mm ;(2 .3± 0 .4)mm ;(1.9± 0 .4)mm。胫前动脉下段至足背动脉末端的长度为(18.10± 0 .6)cm。结论 :胫前动脉下段和足背动脉位置浅表 ,联合截取有足够的长度和较适宜的管径 ,可作为冠状动脉旁路移植术的供体材料。     

Extremely high origin of the right coronary artery from the ascending aorta.

Coronary artery anomalies, especially variations in the level of origin, are frequent. In most cases, the origin lies just a few millimeters superior to the supravalvular ridge; ectopic origins of more than one centimeter above this border are rare. We report a case in which the right coronary artery arises from the ascending aorta 38 mm above the supravalvular ridge.     

Origin of anterior descending coronary artery from right aortic sinus. Intramyocardial tunneling to left side of heart

We report a rare case of a coronary anomaly. All of the coronary arteries originated from a single ostium located in the right coronary cusp. The single coronary artery had a main branch corresponding to the usually dominant right coronary artery. The left anterior descending coronary artery arose from the right coronary artery and coursed intramyocardially within the right ventricular outflow tract to the anterior interventricular sulcus. The absence of evidence of myocardial ischemia in our patient, both clinically and at autopsy, and in three cases reported previously, suggests that the condition reported here was an unlikely cause of myocardial ischemia.     

Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the right side of the aortic valve in Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus)

This study describes the coronary artery distribution patterns associated with the anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the right side of the aortic valve in Syrian hamsters. The hearts of 15 affected animals were examined by means of a corrosion-cast technique, histology and scanning electron microscopy. The hamsters belonged to a laboratory inbred colony with a high incidence of coronary artery anomalies and bicuspid aortic valves. The aortic valve was tricuspid in eight hamsters and bicuspid in the other seven. In all cases, the right coronary artery was normal, whereas the left main coronary artery trunk arose from the right aortic sinus or from the right side of the ventral aortic sinus when the aortic valve was bicuspid. In 12 specimens, the left main trunk crossed the infundibular septum and then divided into the left circumflex branch and the obtuse marginal branch. In another specimen, the course of the left main trunk was ventral to the right ventricular outflow tract; in the remaining two, it surrounded the aorta dorsally. In man, some of these distribution patterns may cause myocardial ischaemia and sudden death. The present findings prove that the origin of the left coronary artery from the right aortic sinus occurs in primitive mammals such as the Syrian hamster, suggesting that the defect may occur in other mammalian species. Its possible occurrence should be borne in mind in domestic animals, especially in those with signs of myocardial ischaemia after strenuous activity.     

小儿左冠状动脉异常起源于肺动脉的外科矫治

目的 总结小儿左冠状动脉异常起源于肺动脉（ALCAPA）的外科矫治方法及效果。方法 回顾性研究。纳入2015年2月—2020年10月泰达国际心血管病医院9例接受外科手术治疗的小儿ALCAPA患者的临床资料。男2例、女7例,年龄0.2~12.3岁（中位年龄1.7岁）,体质量5.7~44.3 kg（中位体质量11.6 kg）。患者采取个体化手术策略（肺动脉内隧道技术、主动脉壁和带蒂肺动脉壁缝合、带蒂直接移载、左主干开口成形术）恢复双源冠状动脉供血,其中4例同期行二尖瓣成形术。观察指标：监测患儿左心室射血分数（LVEF）和二尖瓣反流程度,并比较其在术前、术后早期、末次随访时的变化。结果 全组患儿均手术顺利,无死亡。2例重症婴儿术后延迟关胸6 d和9 d。9例患儿出院后获随访1个月~4.5年,均未出现心绞痛或心力衰竭症状。患儿术后早期与术前LVEF分别为62.1%（39.0%,63.5%）和59.0%（40.0%,64.5%）,差异无统计学意义（Z=14.00,P=1.000）;末次随访LVEF为64.0%（60.5%,67.5%）,较术后早期改善,差异有统计学意义（Z=26.50,P=0.034）。术后早期二尖瓣反流与术前、末次随访比较,差异均无统计学意义（Z=1.13、1.41,P=0.257、0.157）。结论 对于小儿ALCAPA采用个性化外科矫治手术可以获得满意的近中期效果。     

Coincidence of a right retroaortic circumflex coronary artery and a right-sided aortic arch with a retroesophageal course of the left subclavian artery (arteria lusoria)

An anomalous branch of the right coronary artery was found in a 71-year-old male cadaver with a right-sided aortic arch. The anomalous artery arose from the proximal portion of the right coronary artery and ran in a retroaortic course, before reaching the posterior wall of the heart. It was recognized as the right-sided variation of the circumflex coronary artery. The aortic arch had as branches the left common carotid, right common carotid, right subclavian, and left subclavian arteries, in that order, and the descending aorta was located in the right thorax. The left subclavian artery arose from a Kommerell's diverticulum and ran behind the esophagus, and the left-sided ligamentum arteriosum was also connected at the diverticulum. Therefore, the right aortic arch was classified as type N according to Adachi-Williams-Nakagawa and type III-B1 in accordance with Stewart-Edwards. The Kommerell's diverticulum in this case seemed to press on the posterior wall of the esophagus.     

PET tracers and techniques for measuring myocardial blood flow in patients with coronary artery disease

Assessment of the relative distribution of myocardial flow with myocardial perfusion imaging （MPI） is meth- odologically limited to predict the presence or absence of flow-limited coronary artery disease （CAD）. This limi- tation may often occur, when obstructive lesions involve multiple epicardial coronary arteries or disease-related disturbances of the coronary circulation coexist at the microvascular level. Non-invasive assessment of myocar- dial blood flow in absolute units with position emission tomography （PET） has been positioned as the solution to improve CAD diagnosis and prediction of patient outcomes associated with risks for cardiac events. This article reviews technical and clinical aspects of myocardial blood flow quantitation with PET and discusses the practical consideration of this approach toward worldwide clinical utilization.     

Simulation of cardiac motion on non-Newtonian, pulsating flow development in the human left anterior descending coronary artery

This study aimed at investigating the effect of myocardial motion on pulsating blood flow distribution of the left anterior descending coronary artery in the presence of atheromatous stenosis. The moving 3D arterial tree geometry has been obtained from conventional x-ray angiograms obtained during the heart cycle and includes a number of major branches. The geometry reconstruction model has been validated against projection data from a virtual phantom arterial tree as well as with CT-based reconstruction data for the same patient investigated. Reconstructions have been obtained for a number of temporal points while linear interpolation has been used for all intermediate instances. Blood has been considered as a non-Newtonian fluid. Results have been obtained using the same pulse for the inlet blood flow rate but with fixed arterial tree geometry as well as under steady-state conditions corresponding to the mean flow rate. Predictions indicate that myocardial motion has only a minor effect on flow distribution within the arterial tree relative to the effect of the blood pressure pulse.     

小儿左冠状动脉异常的矫治术麻醉管理方法探讨

目的分析小儿起源于肺动脉的左冠状动脉异常矫治手术的麻醉特点,为今后开展类似手术提供可行的麻醉管理方法。方法回顾性分析2006年3月至2010年7月本院20例小儿起源于肺动脉的左冠状动脉异常矫治术的麻醉管理方法。结果采用静吸复合全麻,术中均未出现急性心衰或心梗,CPB时间为58～204（80.6±44.4）min,主动脉阻断时间为25～125（53.4±32.2）min,开放主动脉后均自动复跳,适时应用血管活性药物,以保证麻醉平稳,停CPB时SBP为（78.6±8.0）mmHg,DBP为（45.4±3.5）mmHg,HR为（130.8±10.5）次/min,术中无死亡及麻醉并发症。1例术后第2天死于严重低心排综合征,死亡率为5%,其余痊愈出院。结论小儿左冠状动脉异常矫治术以静吸复合全麻的方法 ,辅以严密监测,尽力维持血流动力学稳定,积极采取各种措施避免加重心肌缺血的麻醉管理方法是正确可行的,可以推广应用于术前有心功能损害的手术。     

Variant of the left coronary artery with an unusual origin and course: Anatomic and postmortem angiographic findings

This study demonstrates anatomic and postmortem angiographic findings characterizing the origin of the left coronary (LC) artery arising in common trunk with the right coronary (RC) artery from the right aortic sinus and its course via the ventricular septum (VS) to the left heart. This anomaly was a single finding observed among 388 angiographies and 60 corrosion castings. The course of the LC was divided in four segments. The first three form a curve that is upward concave. Large branches to the septomarginal trabecula (ST), VS, diagonals (DS), and the small anterior interventricular (anterior descending) artery originated from the outer part of this curve. In the anteroposterior x-ray, the above curve resembles a deep-bottom pot with a handle corresponding to the fourth segment. In the right anterior oblique, the first and second segments form a large erect angle. The third segment occupies the lower part of the absent proximal anterior interventricular artery, and the fourth crosses the outflow tract and the first segment in the middle. The course of these four segments of LC resembles the shape of the number 6. These findings are important for interpreting coronary angiographies in patients with this anomaly. Clin. Anat. 11:367–371, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

基于冠状动脉血管分支流量分配方法的血流储备分数数值模拟研究

目的在个性化无创计算血流储备分数(fractional flow reverse,FFR CT )中,流量边界条件的分配准确性往往是一个问题。本文基于种内标度律,提出了一种体积-流量关系的冠脉血流量分配方法进行血流量分配。方法对16例患者冠状动脉血管造影(CT angiography,CTA)图像进行重建,测量出各分支的体积,再经过标度律的方法将冠脉总流量以体积分配比分配到各分支出口。以临床FFR值和最终计算的血流动力学模拟值作分类对比,比较以往的管径流量模型分配方法和体积流量分配方法的准确性。结果基于体积法计算的FFR CT 误差为10.47%,基于管径法计算的FFR CT 为11.76%,并且体积分配方法与管径分配方法具有较好的一致性(80%)。结论本文结果可为临床无创检测FFR提出新的计算方法,并推动FFR CT 的临床应用研究。     

Mortality after high ligation of the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery in dogs; effects of various pharmacological agents

Summary Over a period of seven years the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery was acutely ligated in a total of 93 dogs. Two control series, 1963/1964 and 1969/1970, on 11 and 13 dogs respectively, produced essentially identical survival rates of 9.1% and 7.7% despite variations in the experimental team. Two experimental series performed at the same time with Intensain pretreatment show essentially the same survival rate (62.2%,p<0,05 and 66.7%,p<0.01, respectively.After pretreatment with Persantin the survival rate of 84.7% is likewise significantly higher than in the control animals (p<0.001). After prolonged administration of Carduben, 42.9% of the experimental animals survived coronary occlusion (p<0.05).If young animals of the age of 9 to 12 months are used in the control series, the survival rate of 58.3% is clearly higher than with adult ones (p<0.01). If young animals receive prophylactically Pteridinol (RE 102), the survival rate is increased after acute occlusion of the anterior descending artery to 91.1% (p<0.05). The higher survival rate in young animals may be explained by an improved collateral circulation of the myocardium.The good reproducibility of survical rates following acute coronary occlusion over several years with both controls and treated dogs proves the significance of comparative studies between treated and untreated animals. The experimental conditions, age and living conditions, however, must be comparable.     

Right coronary ostium agenesis with absence of the right coronary artery: a rare case of non-ST elevation coronary syndrome

We present a case with right coronary ostium agenesis with anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the left circumflex artery, which caused a non-ST elevation coronary syndrome. A review of the literature indicates this to be an extremely rare case.     

Variability of human coronary artery geometry: An angiographic study of the left anterior descending arteries of 30 autopsy hearts

A computer-based system is described to measure objectively the geometric parameters of arteries from pairs of projection angiograms. This technique, which employs backprojection to define the vessel axes in 3-D space, was used to obtain selected parameters of coronary artery geometry from radiographic images of autopsy hearts. Results of the first 30 cases are presented, focussing on the distribution of the geometric parameters of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) and its first two major branches. The derived parameters include the angle between the left circumflex artery and the LAD; the angles between the LAD and its early diagonal and septal perforator branches; distances between branch points; and tortuosity. The geometric parameters vary considerably, presumably contributing to a corresponding variability in local hemodynamic and mechanical stresses. Most parameters are uncorrelated. One exception is the angle at the origin of the second diagonal branch, which is positively correlated (p<0.01) with the distance between the ostia of the first two diagonal vessels; this correlation could reflect the existence of “target” perfusion regions. No relation between geometric parameters and age or gender was seen. In this sample, blacks had a larger angle at the left main bifurcation than whites (p<0.05).