Laparoscopic Resection Of Congenital Choledochal Cyst, Choledochojejunostomy, and extraabdominal Roux-en-Y anastomosis

Background The feasibility of laparoscopic resection of choledochal cyst and hepaticojejunostomy in children is still unclear. This report presents the author’s experience with a first series of patients. Methods Data from 11 consecutive children (median age 17.5 months, SD 22, range 2 to 70) with choledochal cyst scheduled for laparoscopy were collected prospectively. There were nine type I and 2 type V cysts according to Todani’s classification. All except one patient had intermittent jaundice or recurrent pancreatitis. The laparoscopic technique included excision of the cyst. A Roux-en-Y anastomosis was constructed after exteriorization of the small bowel via the infraumbilical trocar incision. After repositioning of the bowel an end-to-side hepaticojejunostomy was carried out laparoscopically. Results The procedures were carried out in nine children without intraoperative events and a median duration of 289 min (SD 62). In two patients, the operation was converted after 60 and 90 min due to a lack of overview at the dorsal margin with problems in separation of the portal vein. Oral food intake was started within 2 days and tolerated well in all except one patient, in whom biliar fluid from the drain led to laparoscopic reevaluation on day 1. A small leak was resutured and the patient was discharged on day 5. In one patient, recurrent cholangitis and a dilated Roux-en-Y loop led to correction of some kinking of the loop via laparotomy after 3 months. All other patients are well with bile-stained stools after a mean follow-up of 13 months. Conclusions Laparoscopic resection of congenital choledochal cyst and choledochojejunostomy in children is feasible. We feel that there is a considerable learning curve with the technique. Future studies will have to prove the feasibility of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y bowel anastomosis without the need for bowel exteriorization.     

腹腔镜下胆总管囊肿切除、肝管空肠吻合、腹腔外空肠吻合术50例报告

目的探讨腹腔镜下胆总管囊肿根治切除、肝管空肠吻合、腹腔外空肠吻合术的技巧和中期疗效。方法对大的囊肿,于囊肿中部切开前壁,再用电钩横断囊肿后壁;对小的囊肿,围绕囊肿周围游离,完整切除扩张胆管。对反复发生胆管炎症的患儿,采用Lilly’s方法游离囊肿。脐部切口扩大至1.5 cm,将空肠提出腹壁外,行空肠Roux-Y吻合。腹腔镜监视下肝管空肠端侧吻合。结果16例患儿行囊肿全部切除,34例患儿行Lilly’s囊肿切除。1例早期手术患儿术前反复发作胆管炎症,囊肿周围紧密粘连,分离中渗血明显中转开腹完成手术。手术时间190-450 min,平均226 min。8例患儿需要输血。术后住院时间6-16 d,平均8 d。49例术后随访3-39个月,平均26个月。术后并发症4例：1例发生胆漏,经腹腔引流后自愈;急性胰腺炎1例,保守治疗治愈;肠粘连肠梗阻1例,保守治疗;肠坏死1例,开腹探查见空肠肝支肠管梗阻坏死,行肠切除和再次胆肠吻合手术。余45例无腹痛、发热、黄疸等症状。无胆管狭窄和反流性胃炎病例,无手术死亡。结论分离囊肿后壁,避免门静脉损伤是最关键的腹腔镜操作;胆肠吻合是腹腔镜最难的技术。腹腔镜下胆总管囊肿根治术疗效满意。     

Congenital choledochal cyst and laparoscopic techniques

The authors present a 5-year-old girl with a congenital choledochal cyst and repeated cholangitis. On laparoscopy, a type I choledochal cyst of Todani classification was confirmed. The cyst was excised laparoscopically. After exteriorization of the small bowel through the umbilical incision, a Roux-en Y anastomosis was performed. Then the bowel was reintroduced into the abdominal cavity and a laparoscopic end-to-side hepaticojejunostomy was carried out. There were not intra or post operative problems. Oral food intake started at 72 hours and the patient was discharged on day 5 without complications and with excellent cosmetic results. We conclude that laparoscopic techniques are an excellent option for the resection of congenital choledochal cyst and hepaticojejunostomy in children.     

Laparoscopically assisted extrahepatic cyst excision and left hemihepatectomy for a type IV-A choledochal cyst

Some studies have reported on laparoscopic excision for treating the choledochal cyst, yet there are no reports on laparoscopic surgery for treating type IV-A choledochal cysts that require a liver resection. In this paper, we report on a case of laparoscopic cyst excision combined with left hemihepatectomy and laparoscopy-assisted Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy for treating a type IV-A choledochal cyst. A 51-year-old female was admitted with symptoms of jaundice and cholangitis. Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) was done preoperatively for controlling the cholangitis. The imaging studies revealed a type IV-A choledochal cyst with an associated stricture of the left main intrahepatic duct. After the resolution of the cholangitis, total laparoscopic cyst excision and left hemihepatectomy were performed by using the four-port technique, and then a Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy was done by a laparoscopy-assisted method. The total operation time was 420 minutes. The estimated blood loss was 300 mL, and no perioperative transfusion was needed. The tubogram, which was performed through the PTBD on postoperative day 5, showed good patency of the bilioenteric anastomosis and no biliary leakage. The patient was discharged at postoperative day 7 without any complications. This case shows the feasibility of performing laparoscopic surgery for treating a type IV-A choledochal cyst that requires a liver resection. We believe that laparoscopic cyst excision with a liver resection can be one of the treatment options for selected patients with type IV-A choledochal cysts.     

Laparoscopic treatment of congenital choledochal cyst

We describe the laparoscopic treatment of a patient presenting with congenital choledochal cyst. Our patient was a 19-year-old man with a complaint of recurrent abdominal pain due to pancreatitis. The choledochal cyst was type I and had a common channel of pancreatobiliary duct, as revealed by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Under laparoscopic guidance, the dilated bile duct and the gallbladder were excised, and a Roux-en-Y anastomosis was constructed with an endo-EEA. Finally, end-to-side anastomosis was carried out by the continuous suture method, aided by an Endostitch between the stump of the hepatic duct and the Roux-en-Y limb. After the operation, slight hyperamylasemia was observed for several days but further treatment was not necessary. Postoperative symptoms were minimal, and the patient was discharged on the 11th day after the procedure. Although it is difficult and time-consuming, laparoscopic operation is highly beneficial for the patient. The use of such instruments as the endostapler and Endostitch may help to simplify this complex intracorporeal procedure involving division and anastomosis of the digestive tract. Received: 7 March 1997/Accepted: 11 April 1997     

Totally laparoscopic management of choledochal cysts using a four-hole method

Background Choledochal cyst is a rare benign disease of the biliary tract. However, once diagnosed, it must be excised with the gallbladder because of the risk for cancer developing in the biliary tree, including the gallbladder. This report introduces a new surgical technique for totally laparoscopic excision of choledochal cyst and hepaticojejunostomy using a four-hole method. Methods Between October 2003 and May 2005, the authors performed totally laparoscopic choledochal cyst excision for 12 patients. All the patients except one were women, and the mean age was 37.3 years (range, 17–62 years). According to the Todani classification, there were five type Ia cases, four type Ic cases, and three type IV cases. Choledochal cyst excision and Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy were performed laparoscopically using the four-port technique. Results The mean operation time was 228 min (range, 150–330 min). No operative or postoperative transfusion was required. An oral diet was started on postoperative day 3. The average length of hospital stay was 5.8 days. There was no major complication associated with anastomosis leakage or obstruction. No patient had an adverse response, as determined by clinical or laboratory evaluation during a 2- to 19-month follow-up period. Conclusions Considering that choledochal cyst is common among young women, who are especially interested in cosmetic results in addition to complete resolution of medical problems, the laparoscopic management of choledochal cyst may be an attractive treatment option. Presented at the 2005 meeting of the Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES), 13–16 April 2005, Fort Lauderdale, Florida     

腹腔镜下先天性胆总管囊肿切除肝总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术

背景Ⅰ型胆总管囊肿的腹腔镜手术治疗由于难度、风险大,少有中心开展。近日我们顺利完成了1例巨大Ⅰ型胆总管囊肿的全腔镜手术治疗。方法采用5孔法,囊肿的显露采用将胆囊与腹壁暂时缝合来完成,用电凝钩顺利完成囊肿的全部分离和切除。肝总管空肠重建方法如下：上提空肠,结肠前距离屈氏韧带25cm处与肝总管行端侧吻合,用4-0的可吸收线连续一层缝合。空肠袢的长度约60cm。结果手术300min,术中出血100ml,未输血。术后5d口服流质饮食,术后7d出院。结论I型胆总管巨大囊肿的全腔镜手术治疗是安全和有效的。     

Laparoscopically assisted resection of choledochal cyst and Roux-en-Y reconstruction

Laparoscopic surgery for a congenital choledochal cyst was accomplished in five of eight adult patients for whom it was attempted (63%). Creation of a Roux-en-Y jejunal limb by midline minilaparotomy and hepaticojejunostomy using a laparoscopic sewing instrument facilitated the procedure. Background: Congenital choledochal cyst is a good indication for laparoscopic surgery. However, only two case reports are available at this writing. Methods: Eight adult patients, ages 19 to 61 years (mean, 32.6 years), underwent laparoscopically assisted resection of the choledochal cyst and Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy. Results: The whole procedure was accomplished in five patients (63%). The duration of the procedure ranged from 525 to 680 min (average, 616 min). Open conversion in three patients was necessitated by severance of a small common hepatic duct because of disorientation caused by previous laparoscopic cholecystectomy, electrocautery injury to the common channel distal to the anomalous pancreaticobiliary junction, or heavy adhesion around the cyst secondary to recent severe cholangitis. Creation of a Roux-en-Y jejunal limb by midline minilaparotomy and hepaticojejunostomy using a laparoscopic sewing instrument facilitated the procedure. Conclusions: Laparoscopically assisted resection of the choledochal cyst and hepaticojejunostomy are technically feasible and deserve further clinical trials. apd: 3 April 2001     

Congenital choledochal cyst. A case report

A congenital choledochal cyst presented as an upper abdominal mass in a non-jaundiced woman; at laparotomy total cystectomy was performed and biliary enteric continuity re-established by a hepaticojejunostomy Roux-en-Y anastomosis.     

Robotic resection of choledochocele in an adult with intracorporeal hepaticojejunostomy and Roux-en-Y anastomosis: encouraging progress for robotic surgical treatment of biliary disease

Background

Robotic surgery offers three-dimensional visualization and precision of movement that could be of great value to hepatobiliary surgeons. Previous reports of robotic choledochocele resections in adults have detailed extracorporeal jejunojejunostomies. We describe a total robotic excision of a choledochal cyst with hepaticojejunostomy and intracorporeal Roux-en-Y anastomosis.

Methods

A 58-year-old woman underwent a robotic excision of a small choledochocele with hepaticojejunostomy and intracorporeal Roux-en-Y.

Result

Port placement was determined via collaborative surgical discussion and previously reported robotic right hepatectomies. Total operative time was 386 min and total robot working time was 330 min. The hepaticojejunostomy was performed using 5-0 PDS suture with parachute-style back wall and running front wall sutures. The jejunojejunostomy was a stapled anastomosis. Estimated blood loss was less than 100 mL. The patient was ambulating and tolerating oral intake on post-operative day 1, and was discharged home on post-operative day 2.

Conclusions

Robotic resection of choledochal cyst with intracorporeal Roux-en-Y anastomosis is feasible, with advantages over open surgery such as superior visualization, precision, and post-operative patient recovery.     

腹腔镜胆总管囊肿根治切除、肝管空肠吻合术

目的:探讨腹腔镜下胆道造影和胆总管囊肿根治切除、肝管空肠吻合术的可行性。方法:34例先天性胆总管囊肿患者行腹腔镜下胆道造影,胆囊和囊状胆管完全切除,经脐孔提出空肠行Roux-en-Y吻合和体内肝管空肠吻合手术。结果:胆道造影显示胆管囊状扩张24例,梭形扩张10例。33例腹腔镜下顺利完成手术,手术时间平均4.2h(3.5~6.5h);1例胰腺内胆总管远段囊肿中转开腹手术。4例合并肝管狭窄同时行胆管成形术。术后5~7d患者痊愈出院。31例获得随访,5~40个月未发生术后并发症。结论:腹腔镜下胆道造影简便实用,对指导镜下根治切除囊肿,避免损伤胆胰管连接部和处理肝内胆管狭窄有重要参考价值。     

Laparoscopic biliary reconstruction

BACKGROUND: Biliary reconstruction represents a relatively untested frontier in laparoscopy. METHODS: Retrospective review of all patients who underwent laparoscopic biliary operations at Legacy Health System from 1998 to 2003. RESULTS: Seven patients underwent laparoscopic biliary reconstruction. Indications included benign calculous disease in 4 patients, benign stricture on 1 patient, choledochal cyst in 1 patient, and malignant biliary obstruction in 1 patient. Operations performed included choledochoduodenostomy, hepaticojejunostomy, stricturoplasty, choledochal cyst excision with hepaticojejunostomy, and cholecystojejunostomy. Median operative time was 300 minutes. Median hospital stay was 4 days. One perioperative complication of a bowel obstruction required reoperation. Median follow-up was 15 months. One patient died of metastatic cancer 8 months after surgery. All other patients are symptom free with no signs of stricture or recurrent biliary obstruction. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic biliary reconstruction represents a viable treatment option in carefully selected patients.     

腹腔镜下三种不同胆道重建术在先天性胆总管囊肿治疗中的应用

目的探讨腹腔镜下胆总管囊肿切除后肝管十二指肠吻合术(A组)、肝管空肠Roux－en－Y吻合术(B组)和改良胆肠袢式吻合术(C组)等三种胆道重建术治疗的临床效果和安全性。 方法回顾性分析2012年1月至2016年12月间腹腔镜手术治疗先天性胆总管囊肿的46例临床资料,A组15例、B组17例和C组14例。采用SPSS19.0软件包对数据进行统计描述和分析。术中术后围手术期指标等采用( ±s)描述,组间比较采用单因素方差分析。近期并发症等分类资料采用频数(构成比)描述,组间比较采用Pearson χ²检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。 结果C组的手术时间、术后通气时间、引流管留置时间和术后住院时间均优于A组和B组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。三种术式术后近期并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论腹腔镜下改良胆肠袢式吻合术与肝管十二指肠吻合术、肝管空肠Roux－en－Y吻合术比较,手术疗效均较理想,同时手术时间更短、术后恢复快、住院时间短等优势,值得临床应用和推广。     

Complete laparoscopic management of choledochal cyst: report of two cases

BACKGROUND: Choledochal cyst is a rare congenital anomaly of the biliary tract. With increased familiarity with the laparoscopic anatomy of the biliary tract and advances in minimally invasive techniques, surgeons have ventured further to operate on technically difficult cases such as choledochal cyst that were until recently managed by laparotomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We present our experience with two female patients aged 14 years and 26 years with choledochal cyst (type I according to the Alonzo-Lej classification) that were successfully excised with construction of a Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy entirely laparoscopically. RESULTS: Both patients had an uneventful recovery, with no major morbidity. The first patient had a bile leak, which resolved over 5 days. Both were discharged by the 5(th) postoperative day. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic management of choledochal cyst is feasible although technically difficult and may be performed in specialized institutes dealing with advanced laparoscopic surgery.     

完全腹腔镜下胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术的应用：附25例报告

目的:探讨和总结完全腹腔镜下胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术的手术技巧及技术改进。方法:回顾性分析2011年10月—2014年10月期间行改良完全腹腔镜下胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术的25例患者临床资料。其中先天性胆总管囊肿(I型)10例,胆总管结石合并下段炎性狭窄2例,胰头癌6例,胆总管下端癌5例,壶腹周围癌2例。结果:全组患者均成功完成手术,无中转开腹。先天性胆总管囊肿手术时间(194.5±20)min,炎性狭窄及恶性肿瘤导致梗阻性黄疸手术时间(120±23.5)min;胆管空肠吻合时间为(18.4±3.3)min,空肠空肠吻合时间为(17.4±2.3)min;平均术中出血(38.8±35.8)m L,下床活动时间(2.0±0.9)d,排气时间(2.48±0.7)d,术后住院时间(7.96±1.9)d。术后1例发生少量胆汁漏,经延长腹腔引流时间痊愈。24例(96.0%)获得随访1~36个月,1例患者术后出现反流性胆管炎,经抗感染等治疗后痊愈;所有患者均未出现黄疸复发。结论:完全腹腔镜下胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术是安全、有效、可行的,通过技术改进,能降低手术难度,简化手术流程,缩短手术时间。     

腹腔镜肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术治疗52例3岁以内婴幼儿先天性胆总管囊肿

目的探讨腹腔镜辅助肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术治疗3岁以内婴幼儿先天性胆总管囊肿的疗效。方法2001年4月～2007年3月,采用腹腔镜技术治疗3岁以内婴幼儿先天性胆总管囊肿52例,其中囊状扩张44例,梭形扩张8例。12例（23%）患儿合并肝门部肝管狭窄,行肝管扩大成形术;采用四孔技术和3～5 mm手术器械完成胆道造影、胆囊和胆总管囊肿壁全层彻底切除;延长脐部切口提出空肠,直视下行Roux—en—Y空肠吻合,然后还纳肠管;经结肠后上提空肠的肝支,镜下将肝管与空肠连续吻合。结果52例在腹腔镜下完成手术,无中转开放手术,平均手术时间226 min（160～455 min）,手术中出血量5～10 ml,无手术中需要输血者。1例肝门胆管狭窄的患儿术后胆漏,持续腹腔引流26 d,自然愈合。术后1～2 d进食,无并发症患儿住院3～6 d。52例术后随访3～72个月,平均32.6月,肝功能正常,无并发胆管狭窄和胆管炎,无结石和胰腺炎发生。结论腹腔镜胆总管囊肿彻底切除肝管空肠Roux—en—Y吻合手术治疗3岁以内婴幼儿先天性胆总管囊肿安全、可靠,镜下放大的手术视野有利于精确的手术操作。     

经腹腔镜行先天性胆总管囊肿根治术并发症的探讨

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆总管囊肿切除肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术后并发症和预防。方法 2001年7月～2006年6月,经腹腔镜行先天性胆总管囊肿根治术66例（65例为2个月～14岁,中位数3岁9个月,另1例28岁）。囊肿型61例,直径2.5～18cm;梭形5例,直径1.2～2.2cm。其中9例合并肝门部肝管狭窄,行肝管扩大成形术。结果 66例均在腹腔镜下成功完成手术,平均手术时间3.8h（2.6～9.5h）,术后平均住院时间4.5d（3～8d）。早期并发症：胆漏2例,1例腹腔引流后自愈,另1例因腹腔引流不畅行开腹手术,术中见吻合口漏,重新吻合后愈合;1例术后7h高血钾（10.8mmol/L）心跳停止,复苏成功后于术后第3天死于肾功能衰竭;应激性溃疡2例,自行缓解。无腹腔和伤口感染。远期并发症：术后6个月突发肠梗阻1例,开腹探查见空肠肝支肠管粘连梗阻坏死,行肠切除吻合手术。无吻合口狭窄和胆管炎,65例存活者随访6～56个月,中位数21个月,行B超检查未见胆石发生,肝功能正常。结论 经腹腔镜行先天性胆总管囊肿切除肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术是复杂的高风险手术,有与开腹手术类似的胆漏、应激性溃疡和肠梗阻并发症。高钾血症是该手术特殊的严重并发症,可能与长时间的CO2气腹有关,术后必须常规监测血钾变化。     

腹腔镜辅助治疗先天性胆总管囊肿的体会

目的探讨腹腔镜辅助下行胆总管囊肿切除、肝总管空肠吻合术根治胆总管囊肿的手术方式及效果。方法对2008年1月至2010年8月间18例在腹腔镜辅助下行胆总管囊肿切除、肝总管空肠Roux—Y吻合术的病例资料进行回顾性分析。手术中均行胆囊造影,了解胆总管扩张情况及肝内胆管、胰腺管情况,同时行腹腔镜胆总管囊肿切除,扩大脐部切口,将空肠提出腹壁外,腹腔外空肠吻合,腹腔镜下肝总管空肠端侧吻合。结果均完全在腹腔镜辅助下完成,手术时间3．5～4．0h。无中转开腹,术后近期无胆漏、肠漏等并发症,术后6～8d出院。结论腹腔镜辅助下行胆总管囊肿切除、肝总管空肠Roux—Y吻合术效果可靠、创伤小、术后恢复快,是治疗先天性胆总管囊肿的较好术式。     

儿童先天性胆管囊状扩张症的诊治

目的探讨儿童先天性胆管囊状扩张症的诊断及治疗。方法回顾性分析本院2000年3月至2011年8月治疗的28例儿童先天性胆管囊状扩张症患者临床资料。结果 28例年龄1岁8月至14岁,其中27例行囊肿完整切除、肝总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术,1例行囊肿大部分切除、肝总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术。获随访25例,随访时间为1～3年,患者情况良好,无结石、癌变、黄疸等。放置胆道金属支架固定好,引流通畅。结论影像学检查在儿童先天性胆管囊状扩张症的诊断中具有重要价值,儿童先天性胆管囊状扩张症的手术方式与其临床分型相关。     

An adult choledochal cyst—the magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography findings: Report of a case

We herein report an unusual adult patient with a congenital choledochal cyst. A 28-year-old woman presented with recurrent episodes of abdominal pain in the right upper quadrant. Abdominal ultrasonography showed fusiform dilatation of the common bile duct without any obstruction. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) were performed to make a precise diagnosis. No abnormal pancreatobiliary junction was detected on ERCP. The MRCP images more clearly defined the type and extent of the choledochal cyst as observed at surgery. The cyst and gallbladder were excised and a Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy was performed. We also reviewed the relevant English literature and concluded that MRCP offers diagnostic information that is equivalent or superior to that of ERCP for the evaluation of type I choledochal cysts in adults and because this modality is noninvasive, it should therefore be the preferred imaging technique for an examination of adult patients with choledochal cysts.