食品安全与道德诚信

随着经济社会不断进步,经济全球化深入发展,人们饮食文化日益多样化,食品卫生与安全成为备受关注的热门话题。诚信道德是市场经济的基础,食品安全问题是关乎国计民生的重要问题。然而,由于诚信道德的缺失,食品安全方面产生了许多问题,危害到人民和国家的根本利益。因此,应该深刻认识到食品安全问题中诚信道德的重要性,分析诚信道德缺失的原因,树立诚信道德意识,重塑诚信道德。     

The effect of amitriptyline and mianserine (Org. GB94) on food motivated behaviour of rats trained in a runway: Possible correlation with biogenic amine concentration in the limbic system

Rats on a 23 h food deprivation schedule were trained to run down a straight runway for a food reward. Neither amitriptyline nor mianserine had an effect on the running time for the food reward during the period of continuous reinforcement. However both antidepressants delayed the extinction of this response. It seems unlikely that this effect on extinction was due to an altered motivation for the food reward as amitriptyline significantly decreased the food intake of the experimental animals while mianserine increased the food intake throughout the period of the experiment. The observation that both these antidepressants reduce the speed of extinction of rewarded behaviour may be explicable in terms of observed changes in the concentration of biogenic amines in the limbic system.This article has been delayed due to an error in the editorial office for which we apologizeTo whom offprint requests should be sent     

Characterization and safety evaluation of a Deinococcus member as feed additive for hens

As previous studies mainly focus on understanding the mechanisms of radioresistance in Deinococcus bacteria, the present study aimed at characterizing and verifying the safety use of the GKB-Aid 1995 strain, a member of the radiation-resistant bacterial genus Deinococcus, as an ingredient in feed supplements. Using Vitek 2 system and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, GKB-Aid 1995 most resembles Deinococcus grandis. The Ames test, in vitro chromosomal test, in vivo micronucleus test and acute toxicity test were performed subsequently for its safety evaluation. As there is a possibility that the pigment of GKB-Aid 1995 can pass from feed to eggs intended for human consumption, an acute toxicity test was also carried out in pigmented egg yolk. The results confirmed that GKB-Aid 1995 was non-genotoxic in three genotoxicity experiments, and the LD₅₀ of GKB-Aid 1995 and the pigmented egg yolk in ICR mice was greater than 10 and 12 g kg⁻¹ body weight, respectively. Overall, these data indicate that GKB-Aid 1995 is a non-toxic substance with no genotoxicity and is therefore safe to be used as a feed supplement or feed additive. This study suggests there is potential in developing GKB-Aid 1995 as an animal feed additive intended to enhance yolk coloration to meet the demand of consumers.     

Catecholamine levels in the whole brain and the probability of memory formation are not related.

Amnesia was induced with reserpine or was blocked with 1-dopa and 5-hydroxytrptophan before or after passive avoidance training in mice. The levels of dopamine and norepinephrine in the whole brain were measured in corresponding groups with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. No correlation was found between retention and the levels of these catecholamines in the brain.     

Subclinical effects of groundwater contaminants. IV. Effects of repeated oral exposure to combinations of benzene and toluene on regional brain monoamine metabolism in mice

Benzene and toluene are known neurotoxicants that may interact in vivo. The effect of combined treatment with benzene and toluene on the endogenous concentrations of the catecholamines norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA), the catecholamine metabolites vanillylmandelic acid (VMA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA), and the indoleamine serotonin (5-HT) and its metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), were investigated in six discrete brain regions of CD-1 mice. Groups of male, adult mice were continuously exposed to benzene (166 mg/l), toluene (80 and 325 mg/l), and combinations of benzene + toluene (80 or 325 mg/l) in drinking water for 4 weeks. Benzene produced increases of NE in the hypothalamus, cortex, midbrain and medulla oblongata, DA in the hypothalamus and corpus striatum, and 5-HT in all dissected brain regions except cerebellum. Elevated levels of various monoamine metabolites were also observed in these brain areas. Toluene ingestion alone also significantly increased the concentrations of NE, DA, 5-HT, and their metabolites in several brain regions. Mice given the combined treatments exhibited raised regional neurochemical levels when compared to the untreated controls. Increased concentrations of biogenic amine metabolites in several brain regions were greater in the combined exposures of benzene and toluene than when either chemical was used alone. The findings were different from those observed on immune parameters using similar treatment protocols, where simultaneous exposure to toluene prevented the immunotoxic effects of benzene.     

Cytotoxicity of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles as a Function of the Lipid Matrix and the Surfactant

Purpose. Assessment of the in vitro cytotoxicity of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) as a function of lipid matrix (Dynasan 114, Compritol ATO 888), and stabilizing surfactant (poloxamers, Tween 80, soya lecithin, and sodium dodecyl sulphate). Comparison with other colloidal carriers should determine their potential use in the clinic. Methods. SLNs were produced by high pressure homogenisation. Cytotoxicity was assessed by measuring the viability of HL60 cells and human granulocytes after incubation with SLNs. Particle internalisation was quantified by chemiluminescence measurements. Results. The nature of the lipid had no effect on viability; distinct differences were found for the surfactants. Binding to the SLN surface reduced markedly the cytotoxic effect of the surfactants, e.g., up to a factor of 65 for poloxamer 184. The permanent HL60 cell line— differentiated from cells with granulocyte characteristics by retinoic acid treatment—yielded results identical to freshly isolated human granulocytes. In general, the SLNs showed a lower cytotoxicity compared to polyalkylcyanoacrylate and polylactic/glycolic acid (PLA/ GA) nanoparticles. Conclusions. Because the results are identical when using human granulocytes, differentiated HL60 cells can be used as an easily accessible in vitro test system for i.v. injectable SLN formulations. The SLNs appear suitable as a drug carrier system for potential intravenous use due to their very low cytotoxicityin vitro.     

PDCA循环在医院食品安全质量管理中的应用

目的探讨提高医院膳食科食品安全质量管理的方法。方法应用PDCA循环法进行食品安全质量管理。结果医院膳食科的食品安全质量管理效能明显提高,职工和住院患者就餐满意度大幅上升。结论应用PDCA循环进行医院食品安全质量管理,是一种行之有效的管理方法,能使医院膳食科食品安全质量管理在短期内取得显著效果,把好了医院食品安全关。     

The effect of guanethidine and hydrochlorothiazide on blood pressure and vascular tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the spontaneously hypertensive rat.

The present study examined the effects of antihypertensive drugs (hydrochlorothiazide and guanethidine) on blood pressure and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). Hydrochlorothiazide (50 mg/kg X 4 days) lowered blood pressure in the SHR to a degree equivalent to that produced by reserpine (0.3 mg/kg X 3 days). However, while reserpine increased vascular and adrenal TH activity, hydrochlorothiazide had no effect. Guanethidine (30 mg/kg X 2 days) reduced blood pressure in the SHR and also depleted cardiac, vascular and adrenal gland catecholamines; However, guanethidine administration did not increase TH activity in the mesenteric vasculature or adrenal glands. These studies indicate that at equieffective blood pressure lowering doses, different antihypertensive drugs have different effects on TH activity in the SHR. Neither blood pressure reduction nor catecholamine depletion in peripheral tissues are sufficient prerequisties for increasing TH activity. The data support the suggestion, however, that amine depletion in the central nervous system or ganglia may be an important factor in the regulation of TH.     

院内肝损害流行病学调研及食品安全预警机制研究

目的:探索建立食品肝损害医院预警体系。方法:调查分析2008年1月1日-2011年4月30日18种肝脏疾病的流行病学特点,探索其可能的变化趋势,并结合预测技术和信息技术探讨建立食品预警体系的可行性。结果:3年中,18种肝病发病有所波动,但经分析无明显上升趋势,病例间无明显的相互传播关系,其流行强度总体呈现散发水平。结论:食品安全的监管还不够健全,基于医院信息来源的食物安全预警具有现实意义,可为政府部门建立食品安全事件处置对策系统提供有力的证据和参考。     

食品安全与风险评估选修课的教学探索

食品安全是全球关注的一个日益重要的公共卫生问题,风险评估是世界卫生组织所倡导的一种保证食品安全的措施.文章从教学目的、教学内容、教学方法与手段、考核形式等方面介绍了《食品安全与风险评估》选修课的实践和探索.     

利用合理用药监测系统促进用药安全及对合理用药监测系统的评价

目的调查并评价合理用药监测系统在临床的使用。方法利用系统查询统计程序,分析我院限定时间内问题医嘱构成、频率和涉及药品等。结果共审查出1 564 337条问题医嘱,其中黑、红2色超过15%,80%以上为配伍禁忌和药物相互作用;重症病房黑、红2色问题医嘱发生率居一级科室首位,平均2条·床~(-1)·d~(-1);阿托品和苯巴比妥注射液居黑色配伍禁忌首位,地高辛与含钙注射液、螺内酯与氯化钾分居黑、红2色药物相互作用首位;儿童警告占全部问题医嘱的1.09%(17 055条),金霉素眼膏居首位。结论合理用药监测系统有助于发现问题医嘱,促进用药安全,但是有诸多问题急需改进。     

Cytotoxic evaluation and induction of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in human leukaemia HL-60 cells by Carissa spinarum stem isolate

Objective To evaluate Carissa spinarum stem isolate for its anti‐cancer therapeutic potential. Methods The n‐butanol fraction of aqueous extract from Carissa spinarum stem was assessed for its cytotoxic and pro‐apoptotic activity. Key findings We report for the first time the anti‐cancer potential of C. spinarum stem aqueous extract (CSE) and its n‐butanol fraction (CSF). Both inhibited cell proliferation of various human cancer cell lines in which leukaemia HL‐60 cells treated with CSF showed maximum growth inhibition having an inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) value of 34.58 ± 0.91 µg/ml. In addition, CSF induced concentration‐dependent apoptosis in HL‐60 cells as measured by various end‐points (e.g. Annexin V binding, DNA laddering, apoptotic body formation and an increase in hypodiploid subG0 DNA content). Moreover, persistent levels of reactive oxygen species caused translocation of Bax to mitochondria and Bcl‐2 degradation, which led to loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and release of cytochrome c to the cytosol. These events were associated with significant activation of caspase‐3, caspase‐6 and caspase‐9 leading to poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase cleavage. Conclusion All the above parameters revealed that CSF induced apoptosis through the mitochondrial dependent pathway in HL‐60 cells.     

Mission impossible? Regulatory and enforcement issues to ensure safety of dietary supplements

Dietary supplements are widely used across all ages and user groups and constitute a considerable business sector in most developed countries. Hazards relating to concentration, composition, individual contaminants and supplement interactions present an increasing public health concern. The aim of this paper is to review the literature for reported supplement contaminations (occurs in ca 25% of supplements, with anabolic steroids being the most common) and complement these findings with notifications logged in the EU’s Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) through imports or market surveillance, typically logged for poor quality control issues. Notifications in the RASFF have steadily increased by sixfold for supplements in the past 7 years with the USA and China being the major transgressors. Finland and Italy lead in detections, mainly notifying unpermitted substances and contaminants in sexual-enhancing or weight-loss supplements. This paper highlights the paucity of enforcement. Regulating supplements as a foodstuff and not a medicine, coupled with the fact that a significant proportion of the supplement market is distributed via the Internet (hence absent from routine border control and surveillance), make ensuring and enforcing safety a very challenging task. The need for better quality control, compliance and public awareness is evident.     

医院用药安全监测与评价系统软件的研发

目的：研发监测临床用药医嘱、评价影响用药安全因素的合理用药软件，协助临床药师开展工作。方法：在Wins／XP平台，中文操作系统环境下，用Power Builder程序编辑工具和数据库系统开发医院用药安全监测与评价软件。结果：该软件包括PASS监测效果评价和临床用药观察指标评价两大评价体系，可实时在线监测临床不安全用药状况，详实记录和评价临床用药，同时对其原因和相关因素进行关联性评价，分析医院用药安全现状，为提高医院用药安全水平提供全面、客观的数据支持。结论：该软件操作简便、快捷，运行稳定，记载信息完备，评价指标明确，是药师开展医院用药安全监测与评价的支撑工具。     

卡铂前体脂质体的制备及安全性的初步评价

目的：制备卡铂前体脂质体,并对用药安全性进行初步评价.方法：采用薄膜挤压法制备卡铂脂质体,加入冻干支持剂冷冻干燥后得到卡铂前体脂质体.对豚鼠全身用药的过敏性、家兔全身用药的血管刺激性以及溶血性进行考察.结果：制备所得的卡铂前体脂质体水合后的包封率为72.0%,载药量为24.0%,平均粒径为125.1 nm.卡铂前体脂质体不引起豚鼠过敏反应,不引起家兔溶血和红细胞凝集反应,静脉注射对家兔血管无刺激性.结论：制备所得的卡铂前体脂质体有较高的包封率和载药量,水合后粒径均匀,形态圆整,且具有较好的用药安全性.     

Prospects of using nanotechnology for food preservation,safety, and security

The rapid development of nanotechnology has transformed many domains of food science, especially those that involve the processing, packaging, storage, transportation, functionality, and other safety aspects of food. A wide range of nanostructured materials (NSMs), from inorganic metal, metal oxides, and their nanocomposites to nano-organic materials with bioactive agents, has been applied to the food industry. Despite the huge benefits nanotechnology has to offer, there are emerging concerns regarding the use of nanotechnology, as the accumulation of NSMs in human bodies and in the environment can cause several health and safety hazards. Therefore, safety and health concerns as well as regulatory policies must be considered while manufacturing, processing, intelligently and actively packaging, and consuming nano-processed food products. This review aims to provide a basic understanding regarding the applications of nanotechnology in the food packaging and processing industries and to identify the future prospects and potential risks associated with the use of NSMs.     

Development and evaluation of a required patient safety course

Objectives

To develop, implement, and assess a required patient safety course for second-year doctor of pharmacy students.

Design

A patient safety course was developed that included didactic lectures, case studies, in-class activities, and reading assignments. Written examinations and essays were used to evaluate student learning. In addition, a modified minute paper and a pre- and post-intervention student self-assessment survey were used to assess course outcomes.

Assessment

Results examining the utility of the course teaching format and the relevance of the material in meeting the course outcomes are presented and discussed. The self-assessment course survey indicated major improvements in the students'' knowledge and skills, readiness for knowledge application, and commitment to improve patient safety.

Conclusion

The course provided pharmacy students with an increased level of understanding of the principles and concepts of patient safety.     

左乙拉西坦片在中国成年健康志愿者的生物等效性及安全性评价

目的：探讨两种左乙拉西坦片在健康人体内的药代动力学行为,并评价两种制剂间的生物等效性。方法20名健康成年男性受试者随机分为2组,每组10名,分别交叉单剂量口服左乙拉西坦片试验药物或参比药物0．5 g,2次给药间隔1周。用LC／MS／MS法测定血浆中左乙拉西坦浓度,用WinNonlin 6．3计算药代动力学参数。结果受试者口服试验药物和参比药物后,左乙拉西坦的主要药代动力学参数如下：t1／2分别为（8．01±1．16）,（8．02±0．93） h,tmax分别为（0．61±0．41）,（0．76±0．61） h,Cmax分别为（13．65±2．63）,（13．15±2．30）μg? mL－1,AUC0－t分别为（115．84±12．75 ） , （119．29±15．29）μg? mL－1? h, AUC0－∞分别为（121．44±15．17）,（124．89±16．73）μg? mL－1? h。试验药物和参比药物AUC0－t相对生物利用度是（97．55±7．06）％。试验期间未发生严重不良事件。结论受试药物和参比药物具有生物等效性。     

军医大学本科生营养与食品安全知识的问卷调查研究

目的:了解某军医大学非预防医学专业大一、大三本科学员营养与食品安全知识知晓水平、态度、饮食卫生行为习惯的现状,为营养与食品安全教育活动提供依据.方法:采用自行设计KAP问卷,对400名学员(大一230名,大三170名)进行调查.结果:收回有效问卷379份,60分以下学员比例46.4％,其中大一学员不合格率为53.8％,大三学员为35.7％;大三学员知识得分(69.5±10.2)分,显著高于大一学员(61.6±8.2)分(P＜0.05);不同年级学员的营养与食品安全态度和饮食卫生行为无明显差异,88.1％的学员对营养与食品安全有积极态度,但仍有部分学员有各种不良饮食卫生行为.结论:半数以上学员的营养与食品安全知识在合格水平以上,需要进一步加强营养与食品安全知识教育.