8例主动脉夹层动脉瘤覆膜支架置入术患者的护理

目的 探讨主动脉夹层动脉瘤腔内覆膜支架置入患者的护理方法.方法对8例接受介入治疗的主动脉夹层动脉瘤患者进行回顾性分析.结果 8例患者介入治疗成功率100%,回访无一例并发症发生,恢复良好.结论 术前对患者疼痛的观察及有效止痛;控制血压、降低心率为手术的顺利进行提供了保障.术后呼吸功能的恢复及并发症的积极预防与观察是手术成功的关键.     

覆膜支架治疗主动脉夹层的有限元分析

目的利用有限元方法模拟覆膜支架植入治疗主动脉夹层的过程,通过观察覆膜支架在血管不同位置处释放对血管壁上的应力分布情况,分析覆膜支架植入后血管出现新发破口的生物力学机制。方法根据主动脉的计算机断层血管造影影像数据,进行图像分割和三维重建,建立具有病人特异性的主动脉夹层的三维几何模型;根据文献数据,给定主动脉夹层壁厚和材料属性;利用CAD软件设计出不同几何参数的覆膜支架环;利用有限元分析软件模拟覆膜支架的释放过程。结果当覆膜支架处于稳定状态时,血管最大Von Mises应力与覆膜支架的释放位置有关;血管壁上的最大Von Mises应力点分布在裸支架及第1节细小镍钛合金环接触处,该作用力的长期存在可能是这个部位出现新发破口的原因。结论覆膜支架的释放位置对主动脉上的最大Von Mises应力分布影响较弱,但对主动脉上的Von Mises应力影响较为明显。研究结果对临床上覆膜支架释放位置的选择具有指导意义。     

腔内隔绝术治疗Stanford B型夹层动脉瘤

目的 探讨腔内隔绝术EVGE治疗Stanford B型夹层动脉瘤的价值及应用经验。方法采用国产人工覆膜支架治疗Stanford B型夹层动脉瘤9例。经核磁共振（MRI）、主动脉造影明确瘤体和夹层破口位置及大小,标记破口位置。准确选定覆膜支架型移植物,DSA监控下将支架导入瘤腔及裂口位置,完全封闭破口,使真、假腔隔绝。结果破口全部封闭成功,支架没有移位、狭窄等并发症。术后超声和螺旋CT检查假腔内有血栓形成。9例患者均康复出院。结论EVGE是一种治疗Stanford B型夹层动脉瘤的有效方法,早期结果满意,中远期效果还有待进一步观察。     

覆膜支架介入治疗外伤性主动脉夹层动脉瘤术后的护理

目的 讨论覆膜支架植入治疗外伤性主动脉夹层动脉瘤术后的护理.方法 2006年12月～2010年10月,采用先健AnkuraTM大动脉覆膜支架系统施行EVGA术的病人有5例,男4例,女1例,年龄31～55岁.护理积极配合医生治疗,严密观察病人的生命体征,做好健康教育.结果 5例患者支架全部成功植入.术前血压控制平稳,5例术中无并发症及死亡发生.术后2月～4年随访,所有患者复查CT示假腔径缩小并见腔内血栓形成,真腔径增大,未发生瘤体破裂及支架移位等并发症.结论严密、认真的护理措施对外伤性主动脉夹层覆膜支架植入术的成功和病人的康复有重要意义.     

急性DeBakey I型主动脉夹层手术的围麻醉期管理

目的回顾总结深低温停循环下DeBakeyI型主动脉夹层血管置换手术38例,探讨其围麻醉期管理方法。方法 38例急性DeBakeyI型主动脉夹层患者,全身麻醉深低温停循环（DHCA）下完成手术,术中实施多脏器保护。结果该组患者均顺利完成手术,麻醉诱导、维持平稳;平均体外循环时间（192.39±29.76）min,深低温停循环时间为（48.2±13.5）min,选择性脑灌注时间为（46.42±11.25）min;30例病人8～24h完全苏醒,顺利脱机拔管,8例出现短暂神经功能异常,通过术后脑保护措施,72h完全苏醒拔管,1例病人双下肢肌力减退,5d后完全恢复;肾功能衰竭6例;手术3d后死亡4例,2例死于肾功能衰竭,1例死于肺栓塞,1例死于呼吸功能衰竭,死亡率为10%;全部患者无麻醉死亡。结论充分的术前准备、术中麻醉管理、重要脏器的保护是提高主动脉弓动脉瘤血管置换手术成功率的关键。     

主动脉夹层腔内隔绝术围术期护理

主动脉壁内膜破裂,高速的血流通过破口将动脉的内膜和中膜分离,血液从中流动,过去称为主动脉夹层动脉瘤,现称为主动脉夹层血肿,简称主动脉夹层。血管腔内隔绝术（endovasculargraftexclusion,EVGE）是指经股动脉导入人工导管,以内支架固定于动脉壁上,将血液与瘤壁隔绝,使瘤壁免受血流冲击,以达到治疗目的的一种介入治疗方法。我院2006年1月至2010年3月共收治DeBakeyⅢ型主动脉夹层51例,现将主动脉夹层腔内隔绝术围术期护理报告如下。     

杂交手术治疗累及弓部的主动脉夹层的临床研究

目的 探讨杂交手术治疗累及主动脉弓部的主动脉夹层的方法及疗效.方法 自2009年1月至2012年1月,成都军区总医院共对16例累及主动脉弓部的主动脉夹层患者完成了杂交手术治疗.其中男性11例,女性5例,年龄50～72岁[(56.3±7.1)岁].Stanford A型主动脉夹层(夹层起源于升主动脉)5例,B型夹层(夹层起源于降主动脉)11例,病变均累及主动脉弓,不适宜单独行腔内隔绝治疗.11例采用胸骨正中切口或加颈部切口行升主动脉至头臂动脉旁路移植,5例单纯颈部切口行头臂动脉间旁路移植,然后行股动脉切口逆行主动脉腔内覆膜支架植入.术后即刻行升主动脉造影,术后3个月、1年及2年随访CT资料,观察支架和人工血管通畅情况.结果 所有患者均成功完成血管旁路手术,并植入覆膜支架.术中血管造影证实支架植入定位准确,无明显内漏和移位.主动脉夹层真腔血流恢复正常,旁路血管血流通畅,围手术期无死亡和严重并发症发生.随访16例,随访时间3.0 ～ 48.0个月[(24.O±8.2)个月],所有患者均生存,并恢复正常生活.术后3个月和术后1年、2年复查主动脉增强CT示:支架无移位和内漏,支架内及人工血管旁路血流通畅,未见脑部和肢体的缺血征象.结论 累及弓部的主动脉夹层可根据受累的部位及程度采用不同的杂交手术方法,杂交手术治疗累及主动脉弓部的主动脉夹层安全、有效,能明显减轻患者的创伤和痛苦,该治疗方法扩大了介入覆膜支架腔内治疗的适应证,但远期疗效有待迸一步观察.     

腔内治疗应用于主动脉弓部病变患者的临床疗效

目的 探讨腔内治疗应用于主动脉弓部病变患者的临床效果。方法 选取80例主动脉弓部病变患者为研究对象,患者均采用主动脉腔内修复治疗。记录患者手术时间、术中出血量、呼吸机辅助时间、ICU时间、术后运动恢复时间、术后饮食恢复时间、住院时间等指标,记录患者手术效果。术中观察旁路人工血管或者覆膜支架的应用效果;术后随访36个月,通过CT血管造影(CTA)评价主动脉支架和烟囱支架表现、是否出现内漏、夹层假腔或者动脉瘤腔血管栓塞情况。记录患者治疗前后脑梗死、暂时性神经功能障碍、脊髓损伤、肺部感染、肾功能不全透析情况。评价患者治疗前后自我管理能力及生存质量。结果 所有患者手术均取得技术性成功,覆膜支架平均直径(34. 5±2. 5) mm;手术时间为(1. 51±1. 00) h,术中出血量为(150. 54±90. 01) m L,呼吸机辅助时间(23. 01±1. 58) h,ICU时间(74. 30±6. 71) h,术后运动恢复时间为(49. 45±21. 10) h,术后饮食恢复时间为(25. 18±11. 23) h,住院时间为(12. 09±4. 05) d; 15例患者出现内漏,术后仅3例患者出现重度不良事件。治疗期间升主动脉造影表明主动脉覆膜支架位置固定精准;术后影像学检查显示,旁路人工血管和烟囱支架、覆膜支架在位良好,应用效果好。与治疗前比较,治疗后患者脑梗死、暂时性神经功能障碍、脊髓损伤、肺部感染、肾功能不全透析等症状均改善(P 0. 05)。与治疗前相比,治疗后患者自我管理能力及生活质量评分提高(P 0. 05)。结论 腔内治疗应用于主动脉弓部病变患者的临床疗效显著,可有效避免术后不良事件的发生,促进患者康复,提高生存质量。     

内覆膜支架治疗主动脉夹层病人的护理

目的 探讨血管覆膜支架植入治疗主动脉夹层患者的临床护理要点.方法 回顾分析我院采用血管覆膜支架植入术治疗主动脉夹层的13例患者的临床资料,针对术前和术后的护理要点进行总结.结果 13例患者共成功置入支架9个,术后无并发症发生.护理要点包括:监测血压,预防动脉夹层破裂,观察下肢血运,加强抗凝治疗的护理并辅以心理护理.结论 加强对血管覆膜支架植入患者的护理,有利于治疗成功.     

锁骨下动脉盗血综合征患者的介入治疗

目的探讨锁骨下动脉盗血综合征(SSS)患者介入治疗的可行性与效果。方法回顾性分析我院神经内科2014年10月至2016年3月收治的35例锁骨下动脉盗血综合征患者的临床资料。所有患者均行经皮血管成型并支架植入术治疗,利用数字减影血管造影(DSA)测量血管狭窄程度、水银血压计检查双上肢收缩压差并比较患者手术前后临床表现,观察患者临床表现、血流情况和血管狭窄程度。结果所有患者均成功行经皮血管成型并支架植入术治疗,7例血管狭窄严重患者支架植入前先行经皮血管内球囊扩张术;DSA测得动脉平均狭窄程度由术前(74.73±10.42)%降至术后即刻(8.60±3.16)%,狭窄程度明显好转,差异具有统计学意义(P0.01);水银血压计显示双上肢收缩压差由术前(44.43±10.12)mm Hg降至术后2~7 d(10.09±4.80)mm Hg,收缩压差改善显著,差异具有统计学意义(P0.01);随访1~12个月,34例支架形态完好,未见新的狭窄形成,1例在术后7个月出现支架内狭窄,后经再次手术后恢复;28例症状显著好转或消失,5例部分缓解,2例复发,未发生血栓形成及严重梗塞等并发症。结论经皮血管成型并支架植入术对于锁骨下动脉盗血综合征患者疗效稳定、手术成功率高且短期复发率低,改善血管狭窄、双上肢收缩压差及临床表现效果明显。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.