危重患者深部真菌感染的现状分析及防治对策

目的探讨危重患者并发深部真菌感染的临床特点。方法对重症监护病房2006年至2008年38例院内真菌感染患者进行回顾性分析。结果同期120例院内感染患者中真菌感染者共38例,真菌感染率为31.67%。共分离真菌菌株79株,其中白色念珠菌最多占35株。感染部位下呼吸道最多,其次为泌尿道及消化道。长期应用抗菌药物、激素、侵入性操作等是危重患者真菌感染危险因素。结论合理使用抗菌药物、激素及免疫抑制剂,减少不必要的诊疗操作是预防深部真菌感染的前提。早发现、早诊断、早治疗是成功治疗深部真菌感染的关键。     

老年人深部真菌感染246例临床分析

随着广谱抗生素、免疫抑制剂的广泛应用,以及各种侵入性治疗手段不断开展,真菌感染日趋严重,其临床重要性也日益明显.回顾性分析我院2005年1月～2007年12月老年患者深部真菌感染分离鉴定及药敏实验结果,分离到的深部真菌以白色念珠菌为主,其次为热带念珠菌及近平滑念珠菌.念珠菌属对常用抗真菌药物的耐药性有一定的差异,5-氟胞嘧啶(5-FC)、两性霉素B(AMB)、制霉菌素(NYS)的抗菌活性强,唑类抗真菌药耐药性都很高.为此临床应根据药敏实验结果合理使用抗生素,避免预防性抗生素的使用[1].     

187例院内真菌感染及耐药分析

目的探讨医院深部真菌感染情况,分析病原菌及其耐药情况。方法对近5年院内感染患者的深部标本进行真菌培养,并对药敏和临床资料进行分析。结果5年真菌的检出率分别为21.7%,23.5%,24.1%,25.7%,26.7%,主要感染菌为白色念珠菌。耐药分析显示真菌对制霉菌素、两性霉素B、酮康唑、氟胞嘧啶、氟康唑、依曲康唑的敏感率分别为98.7%、96.2%、98.7%、90.7%、92.4%、91.9%。结论真菌感染近年有上升趋势,这与基础疾病及抗生素的滥用有关,控制医院深部真菌感染至关重要。     

院内深部真菌感染的菌型分布与药物敏感性分析

从院内深部真菌感染患者中检出256株酵母样真菌，以白色念珠菌为主达62.11％，热带念珠菌次之22.66％，高里氏、克柔氏、类星形、近平滑与皱折等念珠菌少见。酵母菌仅占3.91％。用法国梅里埃公司生产的ATBFUNGUS试剂盒，对上述91株真菌进行药敏试验：大部分真菌对抗真菌药物敏感，其中AmB100％，5—Fc95.6％.NYS93.4％，MiZ80.2％，ECO81.3％，KET84.6％;咪唑类药物有交叉耐药;多数热带念珠菌有耐药性。     

老年患者158株念珠菌分离及耐药性分析

目的 了解老年患者院内念珠菌感染及其耐药情况。方法 对老年患者的痰液、粪便、康液标本中分离的158株念珠菌进行鉴定，用真菌药敏卡作念珠菌对10种抗真菌药物的药敏试验，结合临床进行分析。结果 痰液标本念珠菌检出率最高，达86％；分离出白色念珠菌117株，占74％；敏感性较高的药物是5-氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素B、酮康唑和制霉菌素；灰黄霉素耐药率最高。结论 老年患者念珠菌感染主要以白色念珠菌为主，应选择性合理用药，减少老年患者真菌感染的机率。     

肺部真菌感染的临床特点及耐药性研究

目的 回顾性分析本院肺部真菌感染患者的临床特点、病原学分布及体外药敏试验结果,为预防及控制肺部真菌感染提供临床及实验室依据.方法 调查确诊或临床诊断为侵袭性肺部真菌感染病例507例,收集患者深部咯痰、气管导管吸出物、支气管镜套管吸出物及胸腔积液等标本,行真菌培养、分离、鉴定分型及体外药敏试验.结果 共分离真菌576株,其中白色念珠菌(377株,65.5%)仍为肺部真菌感染的主要致病菌,非白色念珠菌[热带念珠菌(10.8%)、近平滑念珠菌(6.8%)等]的检出率有所增加(P＜0.05);本组患者中基础疾病以慢性阻塞性肺疾病(43.6%)、恶性肿瘤(11.6%)、脑出血(10.1%)、重型颅脑损伤(9.7%)及肺结核(6.1%)为主;真菌感染的可能相关因素为广谱抗生素的长期应用、低蛋白血症、高龄(年龄≥60岁)、长期使用糖皮质激素及深静脉置管、气管插管、气管切开和机械通气等有创性治疗.体外药敏试验提示对真菌耐药率较低的抗真菌药物为两性霉素B、伊曲康唑及5-氟胞嘧啶,而本组主要念珠菌对氟康唑及酮康唑的耐药性均有明显升高(P＜0.05).结论 本院肺部真菌感染呈增加趋势,对现有氟康唑及酮康唑的耐药性均有明显升高,值得临床重视.     

住院患者呼吸道真菌感染的流行病学调查及耐药性监测分析

目的了解住院患者呼吸道真菌感染情况及耐药状况,为临床合理使用抗真菌药物提供参考。方法对住院患者呼吸道感染标本进行真菌培养,采用ATB分析仪及ATB Fungus3药敏板对分离真菌进行鉴定及药敏试验。结果 537份痰标本共检出真菌93株(17.3%),真菌感染以白色念珠菌最为常见,占72.0%(67/93)。药敏结果显示分离真菌对5-氟胞嘧啶、伊曲康唑、氟康唑和伏立康唑出现不同程度的耐药性。结论住院患者呼吸道感染真菌以白色念珠菌为主,临床应重视病原学检查,合理使用抗真菌药物。     

COPD患者肺部真菌感染菌株分布及相关危险分析

目的探索COPD患者院内肺部真菌感染菌株分布、耐药特点及分析可能的相关危险因素。方法对2009年1月-2011年12月297例COPD患者院内肺部真菌感染标本中161株真菌菌株进行鉴定和药物敏感试验。结果161株病原菌中,念珠菌占主要地位,占86．34％,其中白色念珠菌占65．47％,药敏试验结果表明：念珠菌中氟康唑的敏感性较高。广谱高效抗生素、糖皮质激素的应用和低蛋白血症、高龄等是COPD继发真菌感染的主要危险因素。临床表现无特异性,胸部x线表现以支气管肺炎为多见。结论我院COPD患者院内肺部真菌感染病原菌以念珠菌为主。降低其继发真菌感染发病率的主要途径是避免盲目使用高效、广谱抗生素及糖皮质激素,预防医源性感染,增加患者的免疫力。     

老年患者呼吸系统真菌感染的检测及临床研究

目的 探讨老年患者肺部真菌感染的危险因素和流行病学特征，为控制真菌感染提供依据。方法 根据真菌形态学及生化学特征，进行真菌的鉴定；调查医院真菌感染的流行病学特征；对67例医院真菌感染进行回顾性统计分析。结果 从72份疑似真菌感染患者的痰液标本中，分离得到真菌67株，检出率为93．1％。其中，白色念珠菌感染率最高（53．73％），其次为光滑念珠菌（14．94％）、热带念珠菌（7．46％）、克柔念珠菌（7．46％），构成比与以往报道有差异；除念珠菌属外，还分离到曲霉属（13．43％）等真菌。结论 老年患者肺部真菌感染发生率较高，正确地进行菌种的鉴定，对临床真菌感染的诊断及治疗具有重要意义。     

ICU深部真菌感染52例临床分析和防治

目的探讨院内真菌感染的类型及易感因素。方法收集我院ICU2006年10月～2008年10月住院患者确诊为医院感染的各类标本共156株送检。结果156株标本中深部真菌感染52例,占33.3%;分离出的真菌标本中,真菌感染阳性标本前3位分别是痰液、尿液、大便,其中痰液标本阳性有30例(占57.69%);前3位的真菌菌种分别为白色念珠菌、热带念珠菌、光滑球念珠菌,其中白色念珠菌为30例(占57.69%)。结论重症监护病房治疗的患者易发生真菌感染,真菌感染以白色念珠菌为主,感染部位以下呼吸道为主。     

Cardiopulmonary arrest after cardiac surgery: A retrospective cohort of 142 patients with nine year follow up

BackgroundAlthough the techniques and perioperative management in modern cardiac surgeries has improved, and mortality and morbidity have decreased dramatically, postoperative cardiac arrest after heart surgery (POCHS) is a life-threatening condition that should be assessed and managed precisely.ObjectiveTo determine the mortality rate and causes of death in postoperative cardiac arrest after heart surgery (POCHS).MethodsA total of 3342 patients underwent cardiac surgery from 2010 to 2018 in Isfahan, Iran .142 of them experienced POCHS . POCHS patients were investigated for characteristics, causes of cardiopulmonary arrest, first-line treatment, and mortality. These items were compared between survived and deceased patients to find possible prognostic factors.ResultsThe incidence rate of cardiac arrest was 4.2% (142 ones from total of 3342). Success rate of cardiac arrest is 28.8% (41 from 142). Bradycardia was the most common cause of cardiorespiratory arrest (37.3%), followed by cardiogenic shock (30.3%) and ventricular fibrillation (23.2%). Younger patients (58±11.5 versus 62.9±11.3) and those who developed cardiopulmonary arrest due to ventricular fibrillation (42.4% versus 22.2%), bradycardia (21.2% versus 8.8%), and apnea (15.1% versus 6.6%) were more likely to survive, while, those with shock had the worst prognosis (P<0.05). The best response to resuscitation was found among those treated with defibrillator plus ECM (External Cardiac Massage) as compared to the other approaches (P-value=0.003).ConclusionBased on the current report, CPR success was found in 28.6% among whom respiratory etiology led to better outcomes than cardiac etiology. The second cause of cardiac arrest is ventricular fibrillation which immediate defibrillation has the best outcome. The highest numerical success in POCHS is combination of ECM with defibrillator.     

Portable enhanced external counterpulsation for acute coronary syndrome and cardiogenic shock: a pilot study

BACKGROUND: Enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP) currently is used as an outpatient therapy for patients with refractory chronic angina. HYPOTHESIS: We sought to determine the safety and feasibility of a portable EECP unit to treat patients with acute coronary syndrome and/or cardiogenic shock in the coronary care unit (CCU). METHODS: Ten patients with acute coronary syndrome and/or cardiogenic shock who were not considered candidates for invasive intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation (IABP) by the treating cardiologist were prospectively enrolled in this single-center study. Each patient received 2-4 one-hour EECP treatments performed at the bedside in the CCU. Anticoagulation or recent femoral access was not an exclusion criterion. RESULTS: The mean age was 58 +/- 19 years (range 28-81), and half were women. Patients had either acute coronary syndrome alone (n = 4), cardiogenic shock alone (n = 3), or both (n = 3). The cardiac indications for study enrollment included: acute inferior wall ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock (n = 2), non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction with postinfarction angina (n = 2) or heart failure (n = 1), unstable angina with refractory rest angina (n = 2), cardiogenic shock from ischemic cardiomyopathy with severe mitral regurgitation (n = 1), and cardiogenic shock from nonischemic cardiomyopathy (n = 2). No adverse events were recorded during or as a consequence of EECP therapy, including no bleeding complications, no heart failure exacerbations, and no skin breakdown. The portable EECP unit did not interfere with ongoing critical care nursing. CONCLUSIONS: EECP is safe and feasible for acute bedside therapy of critically ill patients with acute coronary syndrome and/or cardiogenic shock who are not candidates for IABP.     

Coronary artery surgery in the first 24 hours after myocardial infarction

BACKGROUND: Thrombolysis and angioplasty in the first hours after myocardial infarction minimize necrosis, leading to better early and late survival, but these therapies have limited effect in patients with three-vessel disease and cardiogenic shock. Emergency coronary surgery is an alternative treatment in some cases. AIM: To assess perioperative complications, mortality and long-term survival in patients undergoing coronary surgery within 24 h of myocardial infarction. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively studied 57 patients undergoing surgery within 24 h of the onset of symptoms of myocardial infarction between 1982 and 1998. Multiple vessel disease was present in 31 patients (54%), shock or cardiac arrest in 19 (33%) and coronary angiography complications in 7 (12%). The mean time between onset of symptoms and surgery was 6.32 h. At the beginning of surgery 32 patients (56%) were hemodynamically stable, 15 (26%) were in shock and 10 (17%) were in cardiac arrest. RESULTS: The operative mortality was 0% for those who were hemodynamically stable at the start of surgery and 44% (11 of 25 patients) for those in shock or cardiac arrest.Shock or prior cardiac arrest were associated with higher rates of sternal infection and heart failure and longer hospital stays.Follow-up (mean 67 months) was possible for all remaining patients. The 5- and 10-year survival rates were 89 and 82%, respectively, for patients who were hemodynamically stable at the time of surgery. Five-year survival was 55%, however, for those who underwent surgery in shock or cardiac arrest. The overall rate of freedom from myocardial infarction, angioplasty or reoperation was over 95% at 5 years and over 85% at 10 years of follow-up. Age and shock or cardiac arrest were risk factors for a poor long-term outcome. CONCLUSION: The early and long-term outcome of coronary surgery within 24 h of myocardial infarction is good for patients who are hemodynamically stable when surgery begins. Shock and cardiac arrest are important risk factors for complication and death. Coronary artery bypass grafting is a good treatment option in the first hours after myocardial infarction.     

The role of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in emergent percutaneous coronary intervention for myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock and cardiac arrest

Patients with myocardial infarction (MI) who have out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and cardiogenic shock have a high mortality rate. Although intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation is frequently used in patients with cardiogenic shock, it does not provide complete hemodynamic support. We report 2 cases in which extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was instituted emergently in the cardiac catheterization laboratory in patients with MI and cardiac arrest who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention and who were hemodynamically unstable despite inotropic agents and intraaortic balloon counterpulsation.     

Dynamic evaluation of prognosis from time-dependent variables in acute myocardial infarction

For predicting the 3 endpoints death, cardiac arrest, and cardiogenic shock within 44 days after admission for acute myocardial infarction (MI), a competing risk variant of the Cox multivariate model was developed. The population consisted of 1,140 patients with definite MI admitted within 24 hours of onset of symptoms. Prognostic variables from the entire hospitalization period were assessed. The time-dependent variables (occurrence of complications) were evaluated with occurrence up through the day before the actual prediction period started. The important prognostic variables for the endpoint death were ventricular fibrillation, age, congestive heart failure, and asystole. Variables for the endpoint cardiac arrest were congestive heart failure, ventricular premature beats, supraventricular tachycardia, extension of MI, and age. Variables for the endpoint cardiogenic shock were cardiac arrest, age, congestive heart failure, previous MI, and nodal rhythm. By using a hazard function for each endpoint and the coefficients for the variables entered, it is possible to estimate a total risk of death, cardiac arrest, or cardiogenic shock for the individual patient. This prediction can be updated during the course of hospitalization according to the occurrence of the new complications. The model can be directly utilized to assess risk.     

Massive propranolol overdose poorly responsive to pharmacologic therapy: use of the intra-aortic balloon pump

Reported is the case of a 17-year-old woman who experienced full cardiac arrest less than one hour after ingesting 8 g of propranolol. More than two hours of CPR were required because she did not respond to glucagon or high doses of beta and alpha agonists. An intra-aortic balloon pump was used for hemodynamic support of drug-induced cardiogenic shock when pulses returned. She experienced complete recovery without sequelae.     

Cardiac arrest under age 40: etiology and prognosis

Between January 1979 and December 1982, 84 patients between the ages of 1 and 39 years presented to the emergency department in a state of cardiac arrest. There were 58 male patients (69%) and 26 female patients (31%) in the group. Presenting rhythms were ventricular fibrillation (37%), asystole (37%), idioventricular rhythm (14%), heart block (4%), bradycardia (4%), ventricular tachycardia (3%), and electromechanical dissociation (3%). Thirty-two percent had bystander CPR. Of 21 patients initially resuscitated (25%), only four (5%) survived to discharge from the hospital. All survivors were neurologically intact. Seventy-five of the 80 patients who died (90%) underwent autopsy. Cause of death in the five remaining patients was inferred from clinical history. Etiologies of the cardiac arrests were the following: toxic exposure or ingestion (26%), atherosclerotic heart disease (23%), undetermined (11%), pulmonary embolism (6%), hemorrhage (6%), epilepsy (2%), cardiomyopathy (7%), myocarditis (2%), pneumonia (4%), and one case each of airway obstruction, asthma, peptic disease, and septic shock. Diverse etiologies should lead to a diagnostic search for reversible conditions in young patients. The prognosis for hospital discharge is poorer in the young population than is reported in our overall cardiac arrest population; however, numbers of neurologically intact survivors are similar in the young and the overall cardiac arrest population.     

Prognostic factors in the acute stage of myocardial infarction: analysis of 893 cases

The prognostic factors in the acute stage of 893 myocardial infarction patients, admitted during a period from 1970 to 1986, were analysed. The overall mortality was 15.6%, including 14.4% cardiac death and 1.1% non-cardiac death. Single factor analysis indicated that age, sex, occupation, history of hypertension, chest pain during the episode, systolic blood pressure, heart rate and site of infarction at the time of admission, presence of complications such as cardiogenic shock, arrhythmias, stroke and monitoring in CCU or not were related to the overall mortality and cardiac death. Multiple factor logistic regression analysis indicated that for the overall mortality, the independent prognostic factors included presence of cardiogenic shock, heart rate and chest pain at the time of admission; for the cardiac death, the independent factors included age, occupation, history of hypertension, heart rate and chest pain at the time of admission, involvement of anterior wall and presence of cardiogenic shock and arrhythmias. Basing on the above findings we establish a risk factors predicting prognostic model of acute myocardial infarction in its acute stage.     

Clinical profile, contemporary management and one-year mortality in patients with severe acute heart failure syndromes: The EFICA study

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the epidemiology of acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) in patients admitted to intensive and coronary care units (ICU/CCU). Observational data may improve disease management and guide the design of clinical trials. AIMS: EFICA is an observational study of the clinical profile, management and survival of ADHF patients admitted to ICU/CCU. METHODS: The study included 599 patients admitted to 60 ICU/CCUs across France. Relevant data was recorded during hospitalisation. Survival was assessed at 4 weeks and 1 year. RESULTS: The main cause of ADHF was ischaemic heart disease (61%); 29% of patients had cardiogenic shock. Mortality was 27.4% at 4 weeks and 46.5% at 1 year, increasing to 43.2% and 62.5%, respectively, when including pre-admission deaths. Shock patients had the highest [57.8% vs. 15.2% without shock (p < 0.001)] and patients with hypertension and pulmonary oedema had the lowest 4-week mortality: (7%). Pre-admission NYHA class III-IV heart failure, not initial clinical presentation, influenced 1-year mortality. CONCLUSION: ADHF is a heterogeneous syndrome. Based on initial clinical presentation, three entities with distinct features and outcome may be described: cardiogenic shock, pulmonary oedema with hypertension, and 'decompensated' chronic heart failure. This should be taken into account in future observational studies, guidelines and clinical trials.     

ICU深部真菌感染危险因素分析

目的分析我院ICU患者深部真菌感染的危险因素,并探讨其控制对策。方法对我院ICU近2年确诊的52例深部真菌感染患者的临床资料进行分析。结果发现深部真菌感染仍好发于肺部,其次为泌尿道,胃肠道居第三位。危险因素导致深部真菌感染机会增加。结论ICU患者深部真菌感染的发病率较高,应减少或避免可能导致真菌感染的各种危险因素,积极采取有效的防范措施。