Contextual Factors Are Associated with Diet Quality in Youth with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

This study examined differences in diet quality by meal type, location, and time of week in youth with type 1 diabetes mellitus. A sample of youth with type 1 diabetes mellitus (n=252; 48% female) age 8 to 18 years (mean±standard deviation=13.2±2.8 years) with diabetes duration ≥1 year (mean±standard deviation=6.3±3.4 years) completed 3-day diet records. Multilevel linear regression models tested for differences in diet quality indicators by meal type, location, and time of week (weekdays vs weekends). Participants showed greater energy intake and poorer diet quality on weekends relative to weekdays, with lower intake of fruit and vegetables, and higher intake of total and saturated fat. Differences in diet quality were seen across meal types, with higher nutrient density at breakfast and dinner than at lunch and snacks. Participants reported the highest whole-grain and lowest fat intake at breakfast, but higher added sugar than at lunch or dinner. Dinner was characterized by the highest fruit intake, lowest added sugar, and lowest glycemic load, but also the highest sodium intake. The poorest nutrient density and highest added sugar occurred during snacks. Diet quality was poorer for meals consumed away from home than those consumed at home for breakfast, dinner, and snacks. Findings regarding lunch meal location were mixed, with higher nutrient density, lower glycemic load, and less added sugar at home lunches, and lower total fat, saturated fat, and sodium at lunches away from home. Findings indicate impacts of meal type, location, and time of week on diet quality, suggesting targets for nutrition education and behavioral interventions.     

Role of food prepared away from home in the American diet, 1977-78 versus 1994-96: changes and consequences

OBJECTIVE: To examine changes, between 1977-78 and 1994-96, in the quantity and quality of food Americans consumed that was prepared at home versus away from home. DESIGN: Data were obtained from nationwide surveys of food consumption conducted by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) in 1977-78 and 1994-96. To maximize comparability, we used "day 1" dietary data, which both surveys collected via 24-hour recall. SUBJECTS/SETTINGS: Individuals 2 years of age and over were selected. USDA sampling weights were used to generate nationally representative estimates. VARIABLES MEASURED: We categorized foods by preparation at home or at restaurants, fast-food establishments, schools/day care, and other non-home locations. We assessed percent calories from total fat and saturated fat, and the cholesterol, sodium, fiber, calcium, and iron densities of foods prepared at home versus those prepared away from home. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: T tests were calculated using accepted procedures to adjust for survey design effects. RESULTS: Between 1977-78 and 1994-96, consumption of food prepared away from home increased from 18% to 32% of total calories. Meals and snacks based on food prepared away from home contained more calories per eating occasion, and "away" food was higher in total fat and saturated fat on a per-calorie basis than at-home food. "Away" food contained less dietary fiber, calcium, and iron on a per-calorie basis. Among adults but not children, food prepared away from home was more sodium and cholesterol dense. IMPLICATIONS: When developing intervention messages and strategies, nutrition educators need to be aware of the increasing role of "away" food in Americans' diets.     

中国农村留守儿童营养状况及影响因素研究

目的 探讨中国农村7岁及以下留守儿童的营养状况及其影响因素.方法 采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样的方法,对随机选择的7585名7岁及以下留守儿童和7557名对照组儿童进行调查.调查方法包括问卷调查、体格测量和实验室检查.结果 单亲、双亲外出留守儿童和对照儿童生长迟缓率分别为14.9%、17.9%和16.3%;低体重率分别为7.2%、8.3%和7.6%;消瘦率分别为3.1%、3.4%和3.3%;贫血检出率分别为18.9%、20.6%和18.7%.双亲外出留守儿童生长迟缓率高于单亲外出留守儿童,贫血检出率留守儿童高于对照组儿童,差异均有统计学意义.多因素非条件logistic回归分析结果显示:儿童年龄、低出生体重、散居、独生子女、母亲文化程度、每周吃早餐次数、每周吃零食次数、看护人意愿、主要看护人类型等因素与留守儿童生长迟缓有关;儿童年龄、低出生体重、每周吃零食次数、看护人意愿、佝偻病等因素与留守儿童低体重有关.结论 农村留守儿童,尤其双亲外出留守儿童,营养状况不容乐观,应进行营养干预,以改善营养状况.     

Nutrient intake of Head Start children: home vs. school

OBJECTIVE: To determine mean intake of energy and protein, total fat, saturated fat, percent energy from total and saturated fat, cholesterol, carbohydrate, calcium, iron, zinc, folate, vitamins A, C, E, B-6 and B-12, thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, magnesium, sodium and fiber of preschool Head Start children at school and away from school. DESIGN: Twenty-four-hour food intakes for 358 Head Start children were obtained by observing food intake at school and acquiring intake recalls from parents or guardians specifying food their children consumed for the balance of the day. After determining group estimates of energy and nutrient intake, mean intake was compared to standard nutrient recommendations for the entire 24-hour day, i.e., for the time the children were in school and for the remaining hours away from school ("home" intake). SUBJECTS: The 358 Head Start children attended school either half-day (2- to 3-hour AM and PM sessions) or all-day (5 to 6 hours). STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Differences in nutrient intake among class times were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's multiple comparison test. Differences with a p-value <0.05 (two-tailed) were considered to be statistically significant. Total energy, protein, calcium, iron, zinc, vitamins A, C, E, B6, and B12, thiamin, niacin, riboflavin as well as folate and magnesium were compared to the Recommended Dietary Allowances for the 4- to 6-year-old age group. Other standards that were used for comparisons included the National Cholesterol Education Program (fat, saturated fat and cholesterol), the 1989 National Research Council's Diet and Health Report (carbohydrate and sodium) and the recommendation for fiber proposed by the American Health Foundation. RESULTS: At school, half-day children consumed up to 25% of the daily recommendation for energy and nutrients, while all-day children achieved at least a third of the recommended intakes. When intakes at home and school were combined, all three groups of children (AM, PM and all-day) exceeded dietary recommendations for protein, vitamins and minerals. Energy intake remained below 100% of the recommendation, while intake of total fat, saturated fat and cholesterol exceeded recommendations. APPLICATION: Further research is required to explore energy needs and determine nutritional status and nutrient needs of minority and low-income preschool children. Strategies are required to increase nutrient density, but not fat density, of meals and snacks served to children who attend day care for part of the day. Finally, school meals and nutrition education programs such as Team Nutrition should broaden their base to include healthful eating habits for all school children, including the very youngest children in preschool programs.     

The Association of Sleep Duration with Breakfast Patterns and Snack Behaviors among Chinese Children Aged 6 to 17 Years: Chinese National Nutrition and Health Surveillance 2010–2012

A significant increase in the prevalence of short sleep among children has been observed. Short sleep may be associated with unhealthy breakfast and snacking behaviors. The purpose of the current study was to explore the associations of short sleep with breakfast and snacking behaviors among children. Data were obtained from the 2010–2012 China National Nutrition and Health Surveillance (CNNHS). A total of 5254 children aged 6 to 17 years were included. Sleep duration was classified into three categories: moderate sleep, slightly short sleep, and severely short sleep. Breakfast behaviors included skipping breakfast, food diversity, intake of energy and macronutrients, and their proportion of daily total intake. Snack behaviors included snack consumption rate/frequency, types, intake of energy and macronutrients, and proportion of daily total intake. Multiple linear regression and multivariate logistic regression were used for analysis, with models adjusted for the potential effects of gender, age, region, and family income level. The bootstrapping method was used to calculate the 95% confidence intervals of the model statistics. Results showed that slightly short sleep (OR = 1.15, 95%CI: 1.00, 1.33)) and severely short sleep (OR = 1.36, 95%CI: 1.04, 1.77) was related to higher rates of skipping breakfast compared to moderate sleep. Severely short sleep was associated with higher energy (β = 28.44, 95%CI: 31.97, 44.70), carbohydrate (β = 6.62, 95%CI: 8.29, 8.84) and protein (β = 1.17, 95%CI: 1.44, 1.70) intake at breakfast and breakfast accounted for a higher proportion of total daily energy (β = 1.39, 95%CI: 1.48, 2.52), protein (β = 2.26, 95%CI: 3.16, 5.84) and carbohydrate (β = 0.83, 95%CI: 0.07, 3.41). Severely short sleep was associated with higher energy (β = 27.4, 95%CI: 18.64, 69.41), protein (β = 0.8, 95%CI: 0.48, 2.40), and fat (β = 1.40, 95%CI: 1.21, 3.16) intake at snacks and snacks accounted for a higher proportion of total daily protein intake (β = 1.23, 95%CI: 0.71, 3.58) and fat intake (β = 2.74, 95%CI: 3.13, 6.09). Slightly short sleep was associated with higher energy (β = 7.28, 95%CI: 0.15, 28.13) and carbohydrate (β = 1.67, 95%CI: 0.86, 5.73) intake at snacks and snacks accounted for a higher proportion of total daily carbohydrate intake. Children with severely short sleep were more likely to choose sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) as snacks (16.5%) and intake them more frequently, at a daily consumption of 204.7 g and 26.7 g per night. Overall, short sleep was associated with unhealthy breakfast patterns and snack behaviors among children. Children with short sleep had higher intake of energy and macronutrients at breakfast and snacks compared with those with moderate sleep. Promoting adequate sleep among children may have a positive effect on developing healthy eating behaviors.     

Cross-Sectional Associations between Mothers and Children’s Breakfast Routine—The Feel4Diabetes-Study

Positive influences of family members have been associated with a high probability of children’s daily breakfast consumption. Therefore, the aim of this study was to scrutinize the association of breakfast routines between mothers and their children. The baseline data of the Feel4Diabetes-study was obtained in 9760 children (49.05% boys)–mother pairs in six European countries. A parental self-reported questionnaire gauging the frequency of breakfast consumption and of breakfast´ foods and beverages consumption was used. Agreement in routines of mothers and their children’s breakfast consumption was analyzed in sex-specific crosstabs. The relationship of breakfast routine and food groups’ consumption between mothers and their children was assessed with analysis of covariance. The highest proportion of children who always consumed breakfast were those whose mothers always consumed it. Children consuming breakfast regularly had a higher intake of milk or unsweetened dairy products and all kind of cereal products (low fiber and whole-grain) than occasional breakfast consumers (p < 0.05). The strong similarity between mothers and children suggests a transfer of breakfast routine from mothers to their children, as a high proportion of children who usually consume breakfast were from mothers also consuming breakfast. All breakfast foods and beverages consumption frequencies were similar between children and their mothers.     

Appalachian adolescents' eating patterns and nutrient intakes

Meal and snack patterns of 114 male and 111 female adolescents in a southern Appalachian state were examined from 24-hour food records kept on a school day. Breakfast was skipped by 34% of the respondents, and 27% either skipped lunch or ate a snack-type lunch. The evening meal and snacks, each of which contributed about one-third of the daily energy intake, were eaten by 94% and 89%, respectively. Girls' mean intakes of vitamin A, calcium, and iron were low at all eating occasions throughout the day. Boys' mean intakes of iron were low at breakfast, lunch, and snacks; their vitamin A intakes were low at lunch and snacks. Adolescents who prepared their own breakfasts consumed less energy, protein, fat, and niacin at that meal than did adolescents who ate breakfasts prepared by their mothers. However, adolescent-prepared breakfasts were higher in nutrient density for calcium, riboflavin, and thiamin. Evening meals prepared by adolescents were similar in total nutrient content to meals prepared by their mothers but lower in nutrient density for iron and thiamin. Evening meals prepared by adolescents were more likely to include a sandwich and less likely to include a vegetable than were meals prepared by mothers.     

Impact of Breakfast Consumption on Nutritional Adequacy of the Diets of Young Adults in Bogalusa, Louisiana: Ethnic and Gender Contrasts

Objective To evaluate the impact of breakfast consumption patterns on the nutritional adequacy of diets of young adults and determine possible ethnic and gender differences.

Design and setting Cross-sectional survey of young adults in Bogalusa, La.

Subjects Twenty-four-hour dietary recalls were collected from October 1988 through October 1991 on 504 young adults (mean AGE=23 years, 58% women, 70% white).

Statistics Analysis of variance and logistic regression techniques were used to investigate the relationship of breakfast consumption, ethnicity, and gender on dietary adequacy. The P values are from an analysis of variance model that adjusted for gender and ethnicity.

Results Thirty-seven percent of young adults skipped breakfast. Of those who ate breakfast, 75% ate at home, 10% ate a fast-food breakfast, and 15% reported other sources. Mean energy intake from breakfast was 485 kcal; men consumed more energy than women (P<.001), and blacks consumed more energy than whites (P<.01). The breakfast meal provided an average of 13% of energy from protein, 55% from carbohydrate, 14% from sucrose, 34% from fat, and 12% from saturated fat. Whites consumed a breakfast higher in carbohydrate and sucrose than blacks, who consumed a breakfast higher in fat and saturated fat. Variations in breakfast foods consumed explained the racial differences in the nutrient composition of the breakfast meal. Young adults who skipped breakfast had lower total daily intakes of energy (P<.0001), protein per 1,000 kcal (P<.05), and saturated fat per 1,000 kcal (P<.01) than those who consumed breakfast. For all vitamins and minerals studied, a higher percentage of young adults who skipped breakfast did not meet two thirds of the Recommended Dietary Allowance than those who consumed a breakfast.

Applications Encouraging consumption of breakfast, along with selection of more healthful breakfast food choices or snacks that are culturally appropriate, may be important strategies for improving the nutritional quality of young adults’ diets. J Am Diet Assoc. 1998;98:1432–1438.     

Investigation of variations in energy,macronutrients and sodium intake based on the places meals are provided: Using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 1998-2009)

This study was conducted to investigate nutrient consumption by Korean adults in various places. To accomplish this, we used the 1998-2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Subjects of this investigation were over 19 years and the study included 37,160 people. The meals were categorized as breakfast, lunch, dinner, and snacks consumed at home, or while eating-out. Investigation of the rate of consumption at serving places based on daily meals and years showed that eating-out generally increased with time. The consumption of meals prepared at home was higher than that of meals consumed anyplace else in 1998, 2001, 2005, and 2007-2009. However, the rate of consumption of home meals decreased from 1998 to 2007-2009, while the rate of eating-out increased during this period. Annual nutrient intake according to serving places with respect to meals, energy, fat, and sodium were significantly lower in home meals than those consumed elsewhere in 2007-2009 relative to 1998. The sodium intake and energy distribution ratio of fat in meals consumed while eating-out increased significantly from 1998 to 2007-2009. The energy, fat and sodium intake and energy contribution ratio of fat consumed in meals at institutions was significantly higher in 2007-2009 than in 1998. Based on these results, additional research is required to develop guidelines for dietary life improvement at each serving place and to address education and policies for balanced nutrition intake.     

A simple score and questionnaire to measure group changes in dietary fat intake

BACKGROUND. A short 12-term questionnaire was designed to measure changes in the dietary intake of saturated and total fat among groups of people attending health promotion events. A simple score (the fat-habits score) derived from the questionnaire was compared with estimates of saturated and total fat intake (% total energy) estimated from a standard 180-item food frequency questionnaire of 105 children (less than 18 years) and 202 adults (greater than 18 years). RESULTS. The correlation coefficients for saturated fat intake and the fat-habits score were 0.60 (95% CI = 0.50 to 0.68) in adults and 0.54 (95% CI = 0.39 to 0.66) in children, and those for total fat and the fat-habits score were 0.46 (95% CI = 0.41 to 0.56) in adults and 0.40 (95% CI = 0.22 to 0.55) in children. Linear regression equations relating the fat-habits score to saturated and total fat were used to predict changes in fat intake in 12 children and 27 adults who completed both questionnaires 6 months apart. The differences between the predicted changes in saturated and total fat and the observed changes measured by the food frequency questionnaires were not significant (saturated fat: adults -0.3%, 95% CI = -1.3 to 0.7%; children -0.2%, 95% CI = -1.7 to 1.3%; total fat: adults -0.6%, 95% CI = -2.9 to 1.7%; children -0.4%, 95% CI = -2.8 to 2.0%). The study had a 90% power of detecting a difference between the predicted and the observed changes for saturated fat of greater than +/- 1.7% (adults) and +/- 2.5% (children), and for total fat of greater than +/- 3.9% (adults) and +/- 4.0% (children). Conclusion. Thus simple scores can be used to evaluate group changes in fat intake.     

Association between family variables and Mexican American children's dietary behaviors

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between family variables and children's diets. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study with households sampled using random-digit dialing. Children completed a one-time, self-administered survey, and mothers participated in a face-to-face structured interview. SETTING: Data collection occurred in southern San Diego County on the U.S.-Mexico border. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred sixty-seven Mexican American children between 8 and 18 years of age and their mothers. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Diet: number of snacks, candies and sweets, and sodas consumed daily; dietary fat and fiber; and money spent weekly on fast food and snacks. Family variables: household size, family support for healthful eating, number of meals eaten together, availability of fast food in the home, food ads seen on television, and parent purchasing food products that children saw advertised on television. DATA ANALYSES: Regression analyses were used to examine the independent contributions of family variables on dietary intake. Statistical significance was set at P < .05. RESULTS: Greater family support for healthful eating was associated with fewer snacks and more fiber consumed. Children of parents who purchased food products that their children had seen advertised on television reported consuming more snacks and more fat, and they spent more money on fast food and snacks. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Family-based interventions are needed to moderate the potential influence of television-advertised food products on children's requests for these food products.     

农村贫困地区学龄儿童的食物摄入情况分析

目的了解我国农村贫困地区学龄儿童对各类食物的摄入情况。方法采用食物频率调查问卷(FFQ),在分布于青海、甘肃、河北、河南、黑龙江的31所农村小学校,对1~6年级学龄儿童进行食物摄入频率调查,利用评分法分析食物摄入结构类型。结果农村贫困地区学龄儿童对植物类食物(谷类、蔬菜、水果)摄入频率较高,对动物类食品摄入频率低,10.7%的儿童"基本不吃"畜禽肉类;留守儿童对畜禽肉类的摄入高于非留守儿童(P0.05);对于食物摄入情况,被调查儿童属于均衡型者占67.2%,动物性食物摄入少型占14.9%,蔬菜水果摄入低型占6.3%,59.9%被调查的儿童可归为零食饮料型。河北、青海两地被调查儿童对动物性食物和蔬菜水果类食物的摄入频率低。农村学龄儿童的零食摄入频率高,种类多,学龄儿童经常喝饮料、吃零食的分别占54.7%、63.1%,对方便面、乳饮料尤为偏好。1~2年级学生的食物摄入结构最差,肉类、蔬菜水果类食物摄入不足,零食饮料的摄入多。结论农村贫困地区的学龄儿童以植物类食物为主型,肉蛋奶类食物摄入不足,特别是畜禽肉类摄入不理想,尤以低年级小学生为甚;同时,农村儿童对零食、饮料低营养价值的食品摄入反而较多。建议在对贫困地区儿童的精准扶贫的过程中,既要增加儿童蛋白质类食物的帮扶供给;也要整顿农村地区包装小零食食品市场,减少不健康食品的流入。     

The relationship between snack intake and its availability of 4th-6th graders in Taiwan

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the snack intake and snack availability of elementary school children. Data analyzed were from 722 4th to 6th graders' food availability and food intake questionnaires collected in the Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan Elementary School Children 2001-2002. The snacks commonly eaten were divided into two groups. Healthy snacks included dairy products, 100% fruit juice and fresh fruits. Unhealthy snacks included high fat/sugar snacks, cookies, candy, carbonated/sugared beverages and fast food. Structural equating modeling was used to test the models that describe the availability and intake of two snack groups. Results indicated that parents' intake and children's preference were major predictors of children intake of both healthy and unhealthy snacks. Other than that, the intake of unhealthy snacks was positively associated with "purchase by children themselves" but not the intake of healthy snacks, which was influenced predominantly by "present in home". The results support the perception that a positive family food environment is important for improving children's diet quality. To build a healthy family food environment, parents have to not only provide healthy snacks but also limit the unhealthy snacks in home. In addition to that, the role modeling of parents as eating healthy snacks instead of unhealthy snacks themselves may help children to develop similar behaviors.     

Associations between eating patterns, dietary intakes and eating behaviors in premenopausal overweight women

The regulation of energy intake is complex and many biological, psychosocial and environmental influences have been identified. To our knowledge, no study has yet investigated how eating patterns could mediate associations between eating behaviors and self-reported energy intake in premenopausal overweight women. Therefore, objectives of this study were to examine associations between eating behaviors and eating patterns in premenopausal overweight women and to test if eating patterns could mediate the associations between eating behaviors and self-reported energy intake. Women completed a 3-day food record and the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire was used to assess eating behaviors (dietary restraint, disinhibition, hunger). In the total sample of women, flexible restraint was negatively (r=-0.18; p=0.03) and binge eating severity was positively (r=0.24; p=0.004) associated with self-reported energy intake. Moreover, flexible restraint was positively associated with the proportion of energy intake at breakfast (r=0.24; p=0.004), whereas disinhibition and binge eating severity were positively associated with the proportion of energy intake from snacks consumed after 5:00 pm (r=0.22, p=0.007 and r=0.22, p=0.01, respectively). In addition, mediational analyses showed that proportion of energy intake from snacks consumed after 5:00 pm explained 24.1% of the association between binge eating severity and self-reported energy intake. In conclusion, these results suggest that eating patterns are important factors to consider in order to explain the associations between eating behaviors and self-reported energy intake.     

Estimated energy intake,macronutrient intake and meal pattern of Flemish adolescents

OBJECTIVE: To describe the energy and macronutrient intake and the meal patterns of Flemish adolescents, aged 13-18 y. METHODS: A 7 day estimated food record was administered to the whole sample. SETTING: Secondary schools in the city of Ghent, Belgium. SUBJECTS: A total of 341 adolescents (13-18 y) selected by a multistage clustered sampling (participation: 72.7%). MAIN RESULTS: A significant increase with age was observed in total energy intake in adolescent boys (P<0.01), but not in girls. The energy distribution over the macronutrients showed no significant difference between boys and girls. On average, 35.7% (s.d. 4.81%) of energy came from total fat and 15.4% (s.d. 2.46%) from saturated fatty acids; 49.0% (s.d. 5.28%) from total carbohydrates with 25.1% (s.d. 4.49%) from complex carbohydrates and 23.9% (s.d. 5.86%) from free sugars. The energy contribution of alcohol in the 16-18 y-old-group was significantly higher as compared with the 13-15 y-old-group, for both boys and girls. Snacks between meals accounted for almost 20% of the total energy intake. Lunch and dinner were characterized by high total fat content. CONCLUSION: These students consumed a diet high in total fat and in saturated fatty acids and also high in mono- and disaccharides. Observed mean intakes deviate considerably from the Belgian dietary guidelines. A low energy intake at breakfast was observed, while a higher proportion of energy was derived from snacks.     

Comparison of School vs Home Breakfast Consumption with Cardiometabolic and Dietary Parameters in Low-Income,Multiracial/Ethnic Elementary School-Aged Children

BackgroundBreakfast consumption is often associated with improving cardiometabolic parameters and diet quality. However, literature evaluating breakfast consumption with these outcomes between the school and home environments is limited.ObjectiveThis study examined relationships between breakfast consumption locations (school vs home) and cardiometabolic parameters, breakfast dietary intake, and daily dietary intake.DesignThis cross-sectional study used baseline data from TX Sprouts, a 1-year school-based gardening, nutrition, and cooking cluster-randomized trial, implemented in 16 elementary schools in Austin, TX, during 2016 to 2019.Participants/settingAnalyses included 383 low-income, multiracial/ethnic elementary school-aged children (mean age = 9.2 years; 60.6% Hispanic; 70.5% free/reduced lunch; 58.5% home breakfast consumers).Main outcome measuresCardiometabolic parameters were obtained via fasting blood draws, and dietary intake was assessed using one 24-hour dietary recall conducted on a random, unannounced weekday. Cardiometabolic and dietary parameters (ie, energy intake, macronutrients, and food group servings) for breakfast and for the day were evaluated.Statistical analyses performedMultivariate analysis of covariance was performed to examine cardiometabolic parameters and dietary intake between school and home breakfasts.ResultsSchool breakfast consumers (SBC) had lower fasting triglyceride levels than home breakfast consumers (HBC) (89.0 mg/dL vs 95.7 mg/dL; P = 0.03) (to convert to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0113). SBC had lower total fat for the day (P = 0.02) and lower total and saturated fat, sodium, and refined grains at breakfast (P ≤ 0.01) than HBC. However, SBC had lower protein at breakfast (P = 0.01) and higher carbohydrates, total sugar, and added sugar for the day and at breakfast (P ≤ 0.03) than HBC.ConclusionsSBC compared with HBC had lower fat intake, which may have contributed to the lower triglyceride level observed in SBC, but also had lower protein intake at breakfast and higher added sugar intake for the day and at breakfast. These results suggest dietary intake differed between HBC and SBC; that is, the home and school environments, but more research is needed to evaluate if such differences are due to School Breakfast Program guidelines.     

Fatty acid composition of human milk from South African black mothers consuming a traditional maize diet

Fatty acid composition of mature human milk of rural and urban black South African mothers was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Rural mothers consumed traditional diets low in animal protein and fat, and high in carbohydrate and fibre. Urban mothers consumed more varied, partially westernized diets, and two-thirds were overweight. Plasma cholesterol concentrations were significantly lower in the rural group (3.64 vs 4.75 mmol/l, P less than 0.01). Milk of rural mothers contained significantly higher percentages of C10:0, C12:0, and total saturated fatty acids. Fatty acids C8:0-C14:0 synthesized de novo in the mammary gland were substantially higher in the milk of the rural mothers (24.7 vs 15.9 per cent). Conversely, the milk of the urban group contained higher percentages of monounsaturated fatty acids, 18:3 omega 3 and 20:2 omega 6. The ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids in rural samples was 0.36 +/- 0.13 compared to 0.41 +/- 0.15 in urban samples (P greater than 0.1). It is concluded that maternal dietary intake significantly affects milk composition, as demonstrated by the high percentages of fatty acids synthesized de novo in the mammary gland of rural mothers habituated to low-fat, high-carbohydrate intakes.     

重庆市农村0～6岁儿童忽视现状及影响因素

目的 了解重庆市农村0～6岁儿童忽视状况及影响因素.方法 采用“中国农村儿童忽视评价常模”中制定的量表和评价方法及分层多级整群抽样方法,于2010年12月在重庆市3个区抽取822名0～6岁农村儿童作为调查对象,用忽视率和忽视度描述其受忽视状况,采用logistic多因素回归分析方法分析影响忽视的相关因素.结果 调查对象忽视率和忽视度分别为35.64％(293/822)、49.69±6.45.男童忽视度(50.23±6.40)高于女童(49.09±6.47)(P＜0.05);留守儿童忽视率[40.48％(202/499)]与忽视度(50.64±6.29)均高于非留守儿童[28.17％(91/323),48.23±6.44](P ＜0.05).多因素非条件logistic回归分析结果显示,留守儿童(OR=1.61,95％ CI:1.17 ～2.21)、单亲和再婚家庭(OR=1.39,95％CI:1.10～1.76)、在家务农和外出务工的母亲职业(OR=0.81,95％CI:0.73 ～0.90)、冷淡疏远的母子关系(OR=1.42,95％ CI:1.02～ 1.97)等情况的儿童更容易受到忽视.结论 重庆市农村0～6岁儿童受忽视程度比较严重,影响儿童受忽视的主要因素为留守儿童、单亲和再婚家庭、在家务农和外出务工的母亲职业、冷淡疏远的母子关系.     

The effect of breakfast cereal on diet and serum cholesterol: a randomized trial in North Karelia, Finland.

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that a high carbohydrate breakfast with breakfast cereal leads to a meaningful reduction in dietary energy intake from fat, especially from saturated fat, and thus lower serum cholesterol levels. DESIGN: An open randomized controlled cross-over trial. The subjects were randomized into intervention breakfast cereal or usual breakfast (control) groups. SETTING: Free-living subjects aged 29-71 y in Eastern Finland SUBJECTS: 224 enrolled, 209 completed the study. The subjects were recruited from a survey of a random population sample and from other sources, and their serum cholesterol was not lower than 5.0 mmol/l. Recruited persons did not have any chronic disease or very low saturated fat intake. INTERVENTION: The cereal group consumed 80 g (men) or 60 g (women) cereal at breakfast and the control group continued their usual dietary habits for six weeks. After a wash out of six weeks, a cross-over with another six week trial period took place. Measurements (including serum samples and a 3 d food record) took place before and after the two trial periods. RESULTS: The intervention period led to 2.5 en% (energy percent units) reduction in saturated fatty acids intake. The reduction in total fat intake was 5.5 en%. This was compensated for by increased intake of carbohydrates. The reduction in saturated fatty acids intake led to modest (but in group 1 significant) 0.15 mmol/l (2.5%) reduction in total serum cholesterol level. CONCLUSIONS: The trial showed that regular cereal breakfast can lead to reduced intake of total and saturated fatty acids of the daily diet and consequently to reduction in serum cholesterol level.     

山东省农村学龄前儿童饮食行为问题调查分析

目的 了解山东省农村学龄前儿童饮食行为问题现状及影响因素,为进一步干预提供科学依据。方法 采用分层整群随机抽样的方法获取样本,利用自制调查问卷获取数据信息,并用SPSS 16.0软件进行统计分析。结果 山东省农村学龄前儿童各项饮食行为问题检出率依次为:边吃边玩(69.25%)、吃零食(57.96%)、吃饭需要哄(51.16%)、偏食挑食(47.07%)、厌食(40.00%)、不吃早餐(22.45%)、睡前半小时吃东西(16.19%)。家长接受饮食营养讲座义诊、不吃保健品的儿童吃零食越少。家庭年纯收入越高、家长不注重饮食搭配,独生子女厌食的越多。养育儿童总支出越高、独生子女偏食挑食和边吃边玩的越多。家庭年纯收入越高,儿童不吃早餐的越多。家长接受过饮食讲座或义诊,儿童睡前吃东西的越少。独生子女、家庭年纯收入越高、儿童年龄越小吃饭越需要哄。结论 山东省农村学龄前儿童饮食行为问题较严重,应针对不同类型、年龄阶段的饮食问题采取相应的干预措施。