脑供血侧支循环的影像学评估

缺血性脑血管病是危害人类健康的常见病和多发病,随着人们生活水平的提高,发病率 也逐年提高。改善和恢复缺血区的血流灌注是治疗缺血性脑血管病的关键,而良好的侧支循环情况 在此环节发挥着重要作用。对于如何选择最佳的治疗方案以构建良好的侧支循环,系统的影像学评 估是关键。全脑数字减影血管造影术（digital subtraction angiography,DSA）是评估侧支循环的金标准, 能够清晰地显示出侧支血管的分布和所代偿的供血区域,若碍于其有创性,可考虑选择无创技术：经 颅多普勒超声（transcranial Doppler,TCD）测量侧支循环血管的血流流速、确定血流的方向等,计算机 断层扫描血管造影（computed tomography angiography,CTA）从任何角度动态观察颅内的血管和磁共 振成像（magnetic resonance imaging,MRI）显示成像范围内的全部主要的血管及其分支,但各种技术 均存在局限性,掌握各评估技术的优缺点对于做出合理的联合选择非常重要,本文对此展开综述。     

多语言任务功能磁共振指导国人语言区动静脉畸形切除手术

目的 观察针对中国人主要汉语语言区的多语言任务功能磁共振（functional MRI,fMRI）指导语言 区动静脉畸形（arteriovenous malformations,AVM）切除手术对术后语言功能的保护作用。 方法 前瞻性纳入首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院神经外科2017年12月-2019年12月收治的语言区 AVM患者31例,术前行多语言任务（包括同义字判断、单字朗读、听力理解）fMRI扫描。使用SPM12软件 明确各个任务的激活区并分析病变与激活区关系（包括二者之间的距离以及是否存在激活区右侧半 球重塑）,借助Brainlab导航系统指导手术,术前、术后一周采用西方失语症语言量表（western aphasia battery,WAB）评估患者语言功能。 结果 所有患者均得到有效语言区定位。同义字判断任务主要激活左侧半球额中回（24/31, 77.4%）,其中1例（3.2%）患者出现语言区右侧半球优势;单字朗读任务主要激活左侧半球额下回后 部（23/31,74.2%）,7例（22.6%）患者出现语言区右侧半球优势;听力理解任务主要激活左侧半球颞 上回后部（30/31,96.8%）,6例（19.4%）患者出现语言区右侧半球优势。病变距离语言区平均距离为 5.5±3.4 mm。术后WAB量表评分（38.51±2.84分）较术前（39.32±0.64分）无下降（P =0.135）,仅2例 （6.4%）患者术后出现语言功能障碍。 结论 术前采用针对国人主要汉语语言区的多任务fMRI行语言功能定位可有效保护语言功能。     

多语言任务功能磁共振指导国人语言区动静脉畸形切除手术

目的 观察针对中国人主要汉语语言区的多语言任务功能磁共振（functional MRI,fMRI）指导语言
区动静脉畸形（arteriovenous malformations,AVM）切除手术对术后语言功能的保护作用。
方法 前瞻性纳入首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院神经外科2017年12月-2019年12月收治的语言区
AVM患者31例,术前行多语言任务（包括同义字判断、单字朗读、听力理解）fMRI扫描。使用SPM12软件
明确各个任务的激活区并分析病变与激活区关系（包括二者之间的距离以及是否存在激活区右侧半
球重塑）,借助Brainlab导航系统指导手术,术前、术后一周采用西方失语症语言量表（western aphasia
battery,WAB）评估患者语言功能。
结果 所有患者均得到有效语言区定位。同义字判断任务主要激活左侧半球额中回（24/31,
77.4%）,其中1例（3.2%）患者出现语言区右侧半球优势;单字朗读任务主要激活左侧半球额下回后
部（23/31,74.2%）,7例（22.6%）患者出现语言区右侧半球优势;听力理解任务主要激活左侧半球颞
上回后部（30/31,96.8%）,6例（19.4%）患者出现语言区右侧半球优势。病变距离语言区平均距离为
5.5±3.4 mm。术后WAB量表评分（38.51±2.84分）较术前（39.32±0.64分）无下降（P =0.135）,仅2例
（6.4%）患者术后出现语言功能障碍。
结论 术前采用针对国人主要汉语语言区的多任务fMRI行语言功能定位可有效保护语言功能。     

三维CT血管造影在脑动静脉畸形诊治中的初步应用经验

目的 评估三维CT血管造影（3D－CTA）在脑动静脉畸形诊断及术前评估中的应用。方法 对我科收治的25例脑动静脉畸形患者采用3D－CTA检查，并同期行脑数字减影血管造影（DSA），比较两种检查的结果。结果 3D－CAT显示了24例动静脉畸形，3D－CTA在显示畸形血管闭、供血动脉和引流静脉的三维构造以及空间关系上优于DSA，并能显示三者与颅骨的关系。3D－CTA虽未能发现1例小型小脑动静脉畸形，但其显示了一个位于小脑后下动脉（PICA）远端的供血动脉动脉瘤，并确定了出血系动脉瘤而非动静脉畸形。3D－CTA可以模拟手术入路时可观察到的血管构造，有助于正确判断动静脉畸形的各种成分，提高手术的安全性。结论 3D－CTA对脑动静脉畸形的诊断及其术前评估有其独特的价值。尤其适合于大型脑动静脉畸形、动静脉畸形合并动脉瘤以及颅内巨大血肿怀疑系动静脉畸形破裂者。它与DSA可互补，但尚无法取代DSA。     

Radiosurgical Techniques and Clinical Outcomes of Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for Brainstem Arteriovenous Malformations

Objective

Brainstem arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is rare and radiosurgical management is complicated by the sensitivity of the adjacent neurological structures. Complete obliteration of the nidus is not always possible. We describe over 20 years of radiosurgical procedures for brainstem AVMs, focusing on clinical outcomes and radiosurgical techniques.

Methods

Between 1992 and 2011, the authors performed gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) in 464 cerebral AVMs. Twenty-nine of the 464 patients (6.3%) reviewed had brainstem AVMs. This series included sixteen males and thirteen females with a mean age of 30.7 years (range : 5-71 years). The symptoms that led to diagnoses were as follows : an altered mentality (5 patients, 17.3%), motor weakness (10 patients, 34.5%), cranial nerve symptoms (3 patients, 10.3%), headache (6 patients, 20.7%), dizziness (3 patients, 10.3%), and seizures (2 patients, 6.9%). Two patients had undergone a previous nidus resection, and three patients had undergone a previous embolization. Twenty-four patients underwent only GKRS. With respect to the nidus type and blood flow, the ratio of compact type to diffuse type and high flow to low flow were 17 : 12 and 16 : 13, respectively. In this series, 24 patients (82.8%) had a prior hemorrhage. The mean target volume was 1.7 cm³ (range 0.1-11.3 cm³). The mean maximal and marginal radiation doses were 38.5 Gy (range 28.6-43.6 Gy) and 23.4 Gy (range 18-27 Gy), and the mean isodose profile was 61.3% (range 50-70%).

Results

Twenty-four patients had brainstem AVMs and were followed for more than 3 years. Obliteration of the AVMs was eventually documented in 17 patients (70.8%) over a mean follow-up period of 77.5 months (range 36-216 months). With respect to nidus type and blood flow, the obliteration rate of compact types (75%) was higher than that of diffuse types (66.7%), and the obliteration rate of low flow AVMs (76.9%) was higher than that of high flow AVMs (63.6%) (p<0.05). Two patients (6.9%) with three hemorrhagic events suffered a hemorrhage during the follow-up period. The annual bleeding rate of AVM after GKRS was 1.95% per year. No adverse radiation effects or delayed cystic formations were found.

Conclusion

GKRS has an important clinical role in treatment of brainstem AVMs, which carry excessive surgical risks. Angiographic features and radiosurgical techniques using a lower maximal dose with higher isodose profiles are important for lesion obliteration and the avoidance of complications.     

Moyamoya病的临床表现与影像学特点

目的 回顾分析12例Moyamoya病的临床和影像学特征,探讨Moyamoya病的影像学诊断价值。方法 分析12例Moyamoya病患的临床资料及数字减影血管造影(DSA)、磁共振血管造影(MRA)、磁共振成像(MRI)和CT结果。结果 所有病例均表现有颈内动脉或其分支不同程度的狭窄或闭塞和颅底异常血管网(MMD血管);其中病变呈双侧8例．单侧4例。12例中头颅CT表现有梗塞灶4例,脑出血5例,其余3例表现正常。结论 除DsA外．MRI和MRA是两种可以很好评价Moyamoya病的影像学方法。若儿童或青壮年发生脑血管病,反复出现脑梗死或出现脑室出血、脑叶出血或蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)则要考虑Moyamoya病的可能。     

硬脊膜动静脉瘘6例临床和影像学特点分析

目的 探讨硬脊膜动静脉瘘（spinal dural arteriovenous fistula,SDAVF）的临床和影像学特点,提高对于SDAVF的认识。方法 对6例确诊SDAVF患者的临床、影像学资料以及治疗与转归等进行回顾性分析。结果 6例患者中5例为中老年男性,1例为青年女性。6例患者的病灶部位均在胸腰段脊髓,其中3例有脊髓圆锥及马尾神经根受累。双下肢麻木症状发病3例,骶尾部或双下肢疼痛发病2例,下肢无力发病2例,6例患者均有尿便和性功能障碍,1例急性起病,5例亚急性或慢性起病。2例呈进行性病程,无明显波动,4例病程中病情有明显波动。脊髓磁共振检查（magnetic resonance imaging,MRI）全部病例均见到脊髓轻度增粗和髓内弥漫性长T2异常信号灶,4例脊髓表面尤其是背侧可见到迂曲血管流空影,腰骶段受累病例更加明显。6例均行脊髓数字减影血管造影（digital subtraction angiography,DSA）检查,见到供血动脉形成的动静脉瘘口以及明显蜿蜒迂曲延长的引流静脉从而确诊本病。全部6例患者的临床体征水平与影像学上病变水平均不甚一致,影像学表现重于临床。4例患者接受了1～3次的介入栓塞治疗,其中3例取得较好疗效,但这3例患者均有复发。结论 SDAVF有其临床和影像学特点。男性中老年患者多见,主要为胸段脊髓或腰骶段脊髓、神经根的症状体征,下肢感觉异常、疼痛、步态异常或运动障碍、尿便和性功能障碍均是常见的临床表现,可先后受累。病程可呈慢性进展,可在波动中进展,也可以进展中有波动。脊髓MRI检查对于本病的诊断可有提示。及早规范的血管栓塞或手术治疗可能取得较好疗效。     

脑血管痉挛的影像学研究及进展

脑血管痉挛（CVS）是蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）的常见并发症之一,也是该类疾病致死、致残的重要原因,近年研究结果表明神经影像学检查对CVS的早期判断及监测具有较大价值。本文综述了经颅多普勒、数字减影血管造影、CT灌注成像、CT血管成像、磁共振弥散加权成像及灌注加权成像等神经影像学技术在判断CVS方面的临床应用及其进展。     

原发性脑淋巴瘤CT与MRI诊断

目的分析原发性脑淋巴瘤的CT和MRI表现,以提高对其的认识,减少误诊。方法回顾性分析17例经手术病理证实的原发性脑淋巴瘤的CT和MRI资料。结果CT和MRI主要表现为：（1）CT平扫示脑内单发或多发的等密度或较高密度瘤灶,肿瘤可沿脑脊液播散;MRI T1WI呈等或稍低信号,T2WI呈等或稍高信号;1例出现坏死及出血;②少部分病例瘤周水肿及占位效应轻至中度;（3）MRI增强扫描大多呈团块状均匀强化;1例环形强化。④除病变主体位于胼胝体膝部和压部外,瘤灶长轴多与颅脑前后径走行平行或大致相同。结论原发性脑淋巴瘤多在大脑深部,明显强化,CT和MRI表现具有一定的特异性,结合CT与MRI影像特点和临床资料综合分析,有可能在术前作出正确诊断。     

Incidence of vascular malformations in spontaneous intra-cerebral haemorrhage in children

Aim To assess the incidence of vascular malformations in children presenting with non-traumatic intra-cerebral haemorrhage and outline the need for radiological investigations. Materials and methods Between 1993 and 2002, 26 children presented with spontaneous intra-cerebral haemorrhage at a mean age of 26 months (range 1–192 months). Results Twenty-two children had, as first treatment, surgical removal of the haematoma and any malformation found. One patient with no evidence of vascular malformation had conservative treatment, two had embolisation and one had stereotactic radiosurgery of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). The diagnosis of vascular malformation was confirmed histologically and/or radiologically in 16 (61%) patients. Of these 16 patients, 7 were AVMs, 1 thrombosed middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysm, 1 cavernous angioma, 6 aggregates of abnormal vessels, 1 vein of Galen aneurysm. Pre-operatively, 12 patients had magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)/magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) and 7 were positive for vascular malformation (1 false positive) with no false negatives. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) was performed pre-operatively in 7 patients, 4 were positive with no false negatives. There were no re-bleeds at the follow-up period. Five (19%) patients died from the haemorrhage, 7 (27%) had severe neurological deficit and 14 (54%) had no neurological deficit. Residual malformation after surgery requiring additional treatment was found in 3 (16%) patients. All patients with confirmed malformations were followed-up with DSA. Conclusion MRI/MRA has high sensitivity and specificity in identifying vascular malformations in children presenting acutely with spontaneous intra-cerebral haemorrhage. This may prove useful when pre-operative DSA is not promptly available. After acute clot evacuation, there is high incidence of residual malformation and such patients should be followed-up with DSA. This paper was presented at the XX Congress of the European Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery, Martinique, French Antilles, March 3–9, 2006.     

12例儿童烟雾病的临床及影像研究

目的研究儿童型烟雾病（MMD）的临床及影像学特征。方法回顾性分析12例儿童型MMD的临床资料，观察其临床及影像学特点。结果本组病例女性居多，病程为反复多发．起病主要有短暂脑缺血发作、脑梗死、出血等形式，临床表现为肢体麻木、无力、头痛、智力减退等症状：数字减影血管造影（DSA）在脑底动脉环发现血管闭塞、狭窄及炯雾状毛细血管网形成，MRA对本病有一定阳性发现。结论对于儿童反复发作的脑卒中患者要考虑MMD的可能，目前仍依靠DSA确诊，MRA对本病有一定阳性发现。可考虑血管重建手术治疗。     

CT angiography for one-year follow-up of intracranial aneurysms treated with the WEB device: Utility in evaluating aneurysm occlusion and WEB compression at one year

Background and purpose

The WEB is an innovative flow disruption device for cerebral aneurysm embolization with rapidly expanding indications. Our purpose was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of computed tomography angiography (CTA) at 1-year follow-up of aneurysms treated with the WEB.

经血管内栓塞治疗脊髓动静脉畸形

目的 探讨经血管内栓塞治疗脊髓血管畸形的可行性。方法 采用微导管注入真丝线段、Ivalon混合剂栓塞。结果88例中84例病变完全消失,4例栓塞60％～70％。症状明显改善81例,其中5例栓塞后肌力由Ⅰ～Ⅱ级恢复到Ⅳ级。7例入院时肌力0级,栓塞后无明显改善。结论 经血管内栓塞治疗脊髓血管畸形,是行之有效的一种新方法。     

Bilateral simultaneous cerebellar infarction in the medial branches of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery territories

We present an unusual case of simultaneous bilateral cerebellar infarction in the territory of the medial and intermediate branches of the posterior inferior cerebellar arteries (mPICA). The patient, a 57-yr old woman, had no risk factors for cerebrovascular disease but a long-standing hypertension. Pathogenetic hypotheses of this unusual ischemic site of lesion may be referred to: A) two PICAs arising from an occluded basilar artery; B) both medial branches arising from the same PICA on one side; C) a haemodynamic mechanism with hypoperfusion in the most peripheral branches of the arteries; D) a double, simultaneous embolic stroke in mPICAs territory. Based on clinical course, supraortic duplex-scan, echocardiography, MRI, angioMRI and CT scans, and digital subtraction angiography, none of these hypotheses could be clearly associated with the pathogenesis of the lesion. Nevertheless, we propose that an anomalous common mPICA for both cerebellar territories should represent the necessary condition for the ischemic insult and, simultaneously, other factors should intervene as possible determining events.

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Sommario Descriviamo il caso di un infarto bilaterale nel territorio delle branche mediali della arteria cerebellare postero inferiore (mPICA). La paziente, una donna di 57 anni, non aveva fattori di rischio per cerebropatia vascolare, eccettuata una lunga storia di ipertensione arteriosa. Sono state formulate diverse ipotesi patogenetiche in grado di giustificare questo inusuale sito di lesione: A) due PICA che originino da una arteria basilare occlusa; B) entrambe le branche mediali che originino dalla stessa PICA in un lato; C) una genesi emodinamica con una ipoperfusione nelle branche più periferiche delle arterie; D) un doppio simultaneo stroke embolico nel territorio delle mPICA. Sulla base del decorso clinico e degli esami strumentali (Ecodoppler dei vv. epiaortici, ecocardiogramma, RM, angioRM, TC ed angiografia digitale intrarteriosa) nessuna di queste ipotesi può essere singolarmente considerata come responsabile della lesione. Proponiamo, quindi, che una anastomosi tra le PICA debba rappresentare la necessaria predisponente condizione sulla quale siano poi intervenuti ulteriori fattori determinanti l'evento ischemico acuto.

     

后循环梗死的影像学改变与脑血管狭窄或闭塞的关系探讨

目的了解后循环梗死病变与脑血管狭窄的关系,探讨后循环梗死的可能原因。方法所有病例均行头部MRI、MRA检查以及全脑血管造影检查。结果MRI显示桥脑病灶28例,延髓外侧病灶5例,中脑病灶2例,小脑病灶7例,枕叶病灶8例,丘脑病灶6例,颞叶病灶4例。DSA显示基底动脉狭窄9例,狭窄率50%~100%;一侧椎动脉起始部闭塞6例,一侧椎动脉起始部狭窄4例,一侧椎动脉颅内V4段未见显影5例,一侧椎动脉颅内段狭窄10例,狭窄率为40~95%;双侧椎动脉V4段以远未见显影2例,一侧大脑后动脉显影不清2例,一侧小脑后下动脉起始部狭窄1例,后循环血管管壁不光滑、迂曲,呈动脉硬化改变者4例,后循环血管无狭窄和斑块形成者5例。结论后循环梗死病变与脑血管狭窄密切相关,DSA检查对明确后循环梗死的病因具有一定的价值。     

3D-TOF法MRA诊断颅内动脉瘤的临床研究

目的研究3D—TOF(三维时间飞跃)法MRA诊断颅内动脉瘤的敏感性及其影响因素。方法35例颅内动脉瘤患者同时行3D—TOF法MRA、MRI及DSA检查,两名神经放射医师盲法分析图象,研究:3D—TOF法MRA诊断动脉瘤的敏感性。结果35例43个动脉瘤MRA发现36个,敏感性为83.7%,小动脉瘤及多发动脉瘤的诊断率较低,动脉瘤的部位也是影响诊断率的一个因素。结论虽然MRA在诊断颅内动脉瘤上具有较高的敏感性,但更为准确详细的信息仍需要DSA提供。