1: Infections in pregnant women

Some infections are more serious in pregnant than non-pregnant women because of the potential for vertical transmission to the fetus or infant (eg, varicella, rubella, cytomegalovirus infection, toxoplasmosis and listeriosis). Pre-pregnancy or routine antenatal screening for presence of, or susceptibility to, some of these infections and appropriate management can prevent adverse fetal or perinatal outcomes; screening should include rubella IgG, hepatitis B surface antigen, serological tests for syphilis and HIV antibody. If certain other vertically transmissible infections are suspected because of a positive antenatal test result, confirmatory tests for maternal and, if indicated, fetal infection are essential before intervention is considered (eg, cytomegalovirus infection). For some vertically transmissible infections that are not readily preventable, appropriate management of maternal infection can reduce fetal damage (eg, toxoplasmosis).     

乙肝携带孕妇阻断治疗后新生儿乙肝标志物的表达形式及其意义

目的了解对乙型肝炎携带孕妇进行阻断治疗后新生儿乙肝标志物的模式及其意义。方法对我院近两年分娩的333例乙肝病毒携带孕妇的资料进行回顾性分析,观察新生儿脐带血的乙肝病毒标志物模式及其与母亲模式的关系。结果新生儿HBVM模式一共有17种,新生儿的模式多于孕妇;通过配对观察：新生儿所出现的阳性结果几乎都是其母亲所具有的阳性结果,即胎儿几乎没有自己产生出新的抗体;胎儿HBeAg阳性而可能同时出现HBsAg阴性。结论新生儿体内的抗原抗体几乎来自于母体;孕期采用HBVIG阻断治疗,其新生儿HBsAg阴性不能认为没有被乙肝病毒感染;实际宫内感染率应该高于出生时酶联免疫法的检出率。     

输血前检测血源性传染病指标情况分析2053例

目的调查输血前患者血源性传染病的血清指标检测情况,分析血源性传染病感染情况,探讨检测的必要性及其意义。方法回顾性调查和分析了2053例患者输血前传染性疾病指标检测的情况,酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）检测血清乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原、艾滋病毒抗体、丙型肝炎抗体;TRUST试验检测患者感染梅毒螺旋体情况。结果 乙型肝炎感染率最高,HBsAg阳性167例,感染率8．13％;HCV感染率1．36％;HIV感染率0．05％;TRUST阳性率为0．29％。结论通过检测输血前血源性传染病指标有助于临床疾病诊治,预防控制患者和医务人员被血源性痰病感染的可能性,对安全输血监控、明确疾病传播责任、减少医疗纠纷有重要意义,对医患双方均有积极作用。     

HBV-DNA的含量与宫内感染的关联性

目的：探讨孕妇血清中HBV—DNA含量与胎儿宫内感染及造成宫内感染的相关因素．方法：用ELISA方法筛选HBsAg阳性孕妇228例,并用定量PCR技术检测HBsAg阳性孕妇血清以及脐血中HBV—DNA．新生儿根据有无HBV感染分为胎儿感染组及非感染组（对照组）,调查宫内感染的相关因素,结果：HBsAg,HBeAg、抗HBc阳性孕妇的新生儿脐血HBV—DNA捡出率21％（14／68）;HBsAg．抗HBe,抗HBc阳性者为1．7％（2／117）;HBsAg和HBeAg双阳性者为20％（3／15）;HBsAg和抗HBc阳性者为11％（2／19）;HBsAg单一抗原阳性者脐血中未捡出HBV—DNA．胎儿总感染率为9,2％（21／228）．胎儿宫内感染率随孕妇血清中HBV—DNA含量增加而升高,宫内感染的危险性越大．胎儿感染组与非感染组在多种临床相关因素中先兆早产孕妇胎儿感染者多于非感染组（P〈0．05）．结论：孕妇不同的感染状态影响宫内HBV感染率,HBeAg与HBV—DNA高滴度是胎儿宫内感染的高危因素．孕妇出现先兆早产使胎儿的感染率增加．     

孕妇无症状HBsAg阳性胎儿宫内感染

目的:探讨乙型肝炎病毒宫内传播的危险因素和干预措施。 方法 :对在我院分娩的无症状 HBs Ag阳性产妇抽取静脉血和其新生儿脐血 ,检测乙型肝炎病毒标志物及乙肝 DNA。对部分大三阳孕妇孕晚期注射 HBIG,观察干预效果。结果 :大三阳孕妇乙肝 DNA阳性检出率明显高于小三阳孕妇 (P <0 .0 0 1) ,其新生儿脐血 HBs Ag阳性率也明显高于小三阳孕妇 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,大三阳孕妇孕晚期注射 HBIG可降低宫内传播。 结论 :患有大三阳的母亲对胎儿威胁最大 ,应在孕前进行治疗 ,孕晚期注射 HBIG可能有利于阻断母婴间垂直传播     

南京市生殖器疱疹人群乙肝、丙肝和艾滋病检测结果分析

目的：了解南京市性病门诊中生殖器疱疹人群中乙型肝炎病毒、丙型肝炎病毒和艾滋病病毒的携带情况。方法：收集南京市性病门诊HSV阳性血液样本266份,用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）检测HBV表面抗原、HCV抗体和HIV抗体。结果：266份生殖器疱疹人群血液样本中HBV、HCV及HIV的感染率分别为11.65%（31/266）、2.26%（6/266）,1.13%（3/266）。结论：HSV/HBV混合感染率高于HSV/HCV混合感染率和HSV/HIV混合感染率。HSV/HBV双重感染在通过性接触途径而感染HSV者中多见,性病门诊中感染单纯疱疹病毒（HSV）人群可易感HBV、HCV、HIV,尤其易感HBV,要引起高度重视。     

HIV/AIDS合并乙型肝炎病毒和(或)丙型肝炎病毒感染的研究进展

乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)、丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)及人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)具有相似的传播途径,均可通过血液、性接触及母婴传播。因此,在HIV感染者中常合并HBV、HCV感染。这为人们预防和治疗HIV/人类获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)合并HBV、HCV感染带来了巨大的挑战。随着高效抗逆转录病毒治疗(HAART)的广泛应用,肝脏相关性疾病已成为HIV感染者主要的合并症和死亡原因。本文就目前HIV/AIDS合并HBV、HCV感染的流行病学、相互影响、治疗等方面进行综述。     

乙肝病毒宫内传播与胎盘感染的关系

目的：母亲乙肝病毒（ＨＢＶ）感染在宫内即可造成其胎儿感染，但其机理尚不清楚，作者试图了解胎盘细胞中ＨＢＶ的感染情况，宫内传播的危险因素和母胎传播的可能途径。     

HIV/AIDS合并病毒性肝炎的临床研究

目的了解HIV/AIDS合并感染病毒性肝炎患者的基本情况。方法对新疆医科大学第一附属医院感染性疾病中心从2001～2010年诊治的395例HIV/AIDS患者的临床资料,通过构成比等方法对所有病例进行回顾性分析。结果合并感染病毒性肝炎的病例占34.17%,其中3.29%的病例为HIV/HBV/HCV的混合感染。感染途径以静脉药瘾为主;肝功能异常的病例为44.89%;54.07%的病例HBV-DNA/HCV-RNA检测为阳性。结论 HIV/AIDS合并病毒性肝炎的传播途径以静脉药瘾为主,可出现各级的肝功能损害,但无明显差异。     

128例经血感染HIV患者合并HCV和HBV感染状况

目的了解经血感染人类免疫缺陷病毒1型(HIV-1)患者合并感染乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)及丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)的情况及发病特点。方法回顾性分析128例经血感染HIV患者合并感染HBV和HCV的感染率、肝脏表现及部分免疫学特征。结果128例患者中,单纯合并HCV感染者107例(83.6%),其中40例(31.3%)出现肝功能异常或肝损害,15例(11.7%)合并肝炎症状;单纯合并HBV感染3例(2.3%),均出现肝功能异常和肝炎症状;HIV、HBV、HCV三重感染7例(5.5%),无1例存在肝功能异常和肝炎症状;11例(8.6%)患者未合并HBV或HCV。结论经血感染HIV的患者与HCV的合并感染率高于与HBV的合并感染率,HIV合并HCV感染与HBV感染的临床转归也存在差异。     

艾滋病合并乙、丙型病毒性肝炎96例分析

目的探讨艾滋病病毒重叠乙型肝炎病毒和或丙型肝炎病毒感染相互之间对疾病的进程的影响。方法对96例艾滋病合并乙、丙型病毒性肝炎的临床及实验室检查资料进行回顾性分析。结果96例艾滋病合并病毒性肝炎中，乙型病毒性肝炎17（17．7％）倒，丙型病毒性肝炎76（79．16％）例，乙肝重叠丙肝3（3．12％）例，均为静脉共用针头吸毒患者。96例艾滋病合并乙、丙型病毒性肝炎中，大部分为轻度或肝功能正常患者，肝硬化发生率低。从有性接触或静脉共用针头吸毒开始到发病住院时间均超过6年以上。结论艾滋病患者中，乙型肝炎病毒感染远低于丙型肝炎病毒，与丙型肝炎易慢性化有关；当人体同时感染了艾滋病病毒、乙型肝炎病毒、丙型肝炎病毒后，相互之间对疾病的进程无明显影响。     

Pregnant Women's Knowledge of and Attitudes to HIV Testing at Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi

SummaryA questionnaire survey on the knowledge about human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) and attitudes to voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) in pregnancy of 334 antenatal attendants at Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital (KATH) was conducted. The survey showed that HIV/AIDS is recognized as a life-threatening condition and is mainly acquired through unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected partner, use of unsterile sharp instruments and blood transfusion. Knowledge about mother to child transmission (MTCT) was lacking.The majority of women who had done the test did so as a pre-requisite for church blessing of their marriage.VCT would be acceptable especially when anonymity is ensured and drug treatment is available for mother and child should the pregnant woman test positive for HIV.     

乙型肝炎病毒宫内感染相关因素的探讨

目的探讨孕妇乙型肝炎病毒感染状态及胎盘感染与宫内感染关系，进而分析乙型肝炎病毒宫内感染的危险因素。方法采用荧光定量PCR技术及酶联免疫吸附试验，对92例HBsAg阳性孕妇及其新生儿的外周血行HBV DNA及乙肝血清标志物检测。采用免疫组化S-P法，对92例HBsAg阳性孕妇分娩时胎盘组织行HBsAg及HBcAg的检测。结果（1）HBeAg阳性孕妇与HBeAg阴性孕妇HBV宫内感染率分别为21．2％（11／52）和0（0／40），差异有显著性（P〈0．01）；HBV DNA阳性孕妇与HBV DNA阴性孕妇HBV宫内感染率分别为18．64％（11／59）和0（0／33），差异有显著性（P〈0．025）。（2）92例HBsAg阳性孕妇的胎盘中共检测出43例HBsAg和（或）HBcAg阳性，阳性率由胎盘的母面至胎儿面有逐渐下降的趋势。由胎盘屏障的蜕膜细胞（DC）、滋养层细胞（TC）、绒毛间质细胞（VSC）和绒毛毛细血管内皮细胞（VCEC）感染而致的宫内传播的相对危险度比值比（0R）分别为4．53、7．15、9．33和24．33，0R值从胎盘的母面至胎儿面有逐渐上升的趋势。结论新生儿宫内感染与孕妇乙肝感染状态有关，HBV宫内感染以经胎盘感染为主，感染胎儿的途径可能是通过细胞转移方式实现的，胎盘屏障对胎儿有一定的保护作用。HBeAg阳性、HBV DNA阳性及绒毛毛细血管内皮细胞（VCEC）感染是新生儿宫内HBV感染的危险因素。     

HIV/AIDS合并丙型肝炎的临床与治疗

目的：探讨艾滋病病毒感染者／艾滋病患者（HIV/AIDS）合并丙型肝炎的临床表现和治疗方法。方法：18例HIV／AIDS合并丙型肝炎患者（16例AIDS、2例HIV感染者）中15例肝功能异常。在对HFC／AIDS治疗的同时对其中8例予复方甘草酸苷治疗。结果：16例AIdS患者中7例死亡。8例复方甘草酸苷治疗者中7例ALT、胆红素降至正常。结论：HIV/AIDS合并丙型肝炎可能加速唧感染的病程进展,预后较差,在抗病毒治疗基础上加用复方甘草酸苷对肝功能恢复有益。     

核苷类抗病毒药物阻断乙肝病毒母婴传播的研究进展

核苷类抗病毒药物能降低孕妇血中乙肝病毒载量,核苷类抗病毒药物联合新生儿接种乙肝免疫球蛋白(HBIG)、乙肝疫苗,阻断乙肝病毒母婴传播效果比新生儿单纯接种HBIG、乙肝疫苗的效果更好。孕妇和胎儿安全性等问题尚需深入研究。慢性乙型肝炎和携带病毒的孕妇可以考虑服用核苷类抗病毒药物,提高阻断乙肝病毒母婴传播的效果。     

HIV母婴传播及母婴阻断的临床研究

随着艾滋病在全球迅速蔓延,孕妇感染人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)的人数越来越多。在儿童HIV感染中,90%以上来自母婴传播,因此母婴阻断是预防儿童艾滋病的主要措施。母婴传播的方式有宫内感染、分娩时经产道感染、经母乳感染。针对母婴传播的方式,母婴阻断的措施有抗病毒治疗、选择性剖宫产、人工喂养。随着母婴阻断的研究进展,母婴传播率可降至2%~4%。     

The effects of in utero viral infection on embryonic, fetal, and neonatal survival: a comparison of SMEDI (porcine picorna) viruses with hog cholera vaccinal virus

SMEDI and hog cholera viruses were shown to have marked effects upon the survival of the embryo (from conception to 30 days of gestation), the fetus (from 30 days of gestation until birth), and the neonatal pig (from birth until five days after birth). Embryonic infection was characterized by death and absorption of the embryo and in some instances the return to estrus after an irregular estrous cycle. Embryonic infection also may have been responsible for the development of some abnormal pigs. Fetal infection caused death with mummification of one or more fetuses and occasionally all fetuses in the uterus. Infection established in early gestation produced effects on the fetus which apparently persisted until after birth and varied from a persistent viremia (as in hog cholera infection) to an undefined lack of resistance in the newborn (as in SMEDI virus infection). Hog cholera vaccinal virus was the more virulent of the two virus types and reacted somewhat like rubella virus, in that infection apparently could be established in the fetus even in middle trimester of pregnancy, and possibly later. SMEDI viruses, in contrast, were less virulent and were most pathogenic when the dam was infected during the first 30 days of pregnancy. Immunity against either virus could be established in the nonpregnant gilt and was most effective in preventing intrauterine infections with that virus. However, with as many as 10 enteroviruses (five are known to cause intrauterine infection) it was believed that maintaining a closed breeding herd and introducing new stock into contact with the breeding herd at least 30 days before breeding time might be a safer means of control.     

Voluntary anonymous linked study of the prevalence of HIV infection and hepatitis C among inmates in a Canadian federal penitentiary for women.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the seroprevalence of HIV infection and hepatitis C among inmates of a federal penitentiary for women. DESIGN: Voluntary, anonymous, linked, point-prevalence study involving testing of blood samples for antibodies to HIV and hepatitis C virus. PARTICIPANTS: All inmates of the multilevel security federal Prison for Women, Kingston, Ont., who volunteered to participate in the study. Inmates at this long-stay facility are from across Canada. OUTCOME MEASURE: Seroprevalence rate among participants of antibodies to HIV and hepatitis C virus. RESULTS: Of the 130 inmates available for study 113 (86.9%) agreed to donate a blood sample. One woman (0.9%) was HIV positive; 45 (39.8%) were positive for hepatitis C antibody. CONCLUSIONS: It is possible to obtain a high participation rate in a voluntary, anonymous, linked point-prevalence study in a long-stay penitentiary. The HIV seroprevalence rate of 0.9% is lower than that found in studies in provincial (short-stay) prisons. However, the high rate of antibodies to hepatitis C suggests a significant level of risk behaviour, most likely injection drug use, and suggests the potential for a rapid increase in the rate of HIV infection should the number of newly admitted HIV-positive inmates who use injection drugs rise.     

Serologic and immunologic studies in patients with AIDS in North America and Africa. The potential role of infectious agents as cofactors in human immunodeficiency virus infection

Serologic and immunologic studies were performed in 38 African and 60 US patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), 100 African and 100 US heterosexual men and women, and 100 US homosexual men to examine the potential role of infectious agents in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. There were no significant differences in the prevalence of antibodies to cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis A and B viruses, herpes simplex virus, syphilis, and toxoplasmosis among the African and US patients with AIDS, African heterosexual controls, and US homosexual men. However, these four groups all demonstrated a significantly greater prevalence of antibodies to each of these infectious agents compared with US heterosexual men. Immunologic studies demonstrated a significant elevation of activated lymphocytes (HLA-DR and T3 positive) and immune complexes in both AIDS populations and African heterosexual and US homosexual populations, compared with the US heterosexual population. These data demonstrate that the immune systems of African heterosexuals, similar to those of US homosexual men, are in a chronically activated state associated with chronic viral and parasitic antigenic exposure, which may cause them to be particularly susceptible to HIV infection or disease progression.     

吸氧对晚孕脐绕颈胎儿脐动脉、大脑中动脉血流阻力指标影响的临床研究

目的 研究吸氧对晚孕脐绕颈胎儿脐动脉(UA)、大脑中动脉(MCA)的血流阻力指标搏动指数(PI)、阻力指数(RI)、收缩期血流峰值／舒张期血流峰值(S／D)的影响，探讨脐绕颈与胎儿官内缺氧的关系和解决途径，并寻找给氧的最佳时机。方法 运用彩色多普勒检测118例晚孕脐绕颈(脐绕颈组)胎儿吸氧前后UA、MCA的血流阻力指标，和89例正常(正常组)晚孕胎儿UA、MCA的血流阻力指标，并进行相关分析。结果 脐绕颈组UA血流阻力指标明显高于正常组，MCA血流阻力指标明显低于正常组，后者变化更为明显。吸氧后脐绕颈组UA血流阻力指标明显低于吸氧前，MCA血流阻力指标明显高于吸氧前。结论 晚孕脐绕颈可引起胎儿官内缺氧，主要为脑缺氧。吸氧是改善胎儿官内缺氧的有效办法，UA血流阻力指标升高或／和MCA血流阻力指标降低，提示胎儿官内缺氧，应引起临床重视，并尽早给予氧疗。