精神疾病患者盗窃行为对照分析

目的：探讨精神疾病患者盗窃行为特征。方法：实施盗窃行为且有精神疾病诊断者63例设为患者组,将实施盗窃行为的无精神病者37例设为对照组。收集一般资料、犯罪行为特征,进行简明精神病评定量表（BPRS）、阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）、汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）、汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）、社会功能缺陷筛选量表（SDSS）、智商测验（IQ）等测查。结果：两组在作案方式、BPRS、PANSS、HAMD、SDSS等方面差异存在显著性。结论：精神疾病患者的盗窃行为特征与精神正常者有区别,应不同对待。     

具暴力行为的分裂症患者的相关因素及PANSS分析

目的探讨具有暴力行为的分裂症患者阳性症状、阴性症状评定量表（PANSS）的相关特征，为预防减少分裂症患者暴力行为提供依据。方法对我院精神科精神分裂症患者99例，按有无暴力行为进行分组，分别进行PANSS测定及一般资料进行统计，两组间进行比较分析。结果PANSS分量表中在阳性症状、激活性、反应缺乏、偏执四个项目中两组差异具显著性，补充的攻击危险性条目在两组间差异无显著性。一般项目中年龄、受文化教育年限方面两组间亦有显著性差异。结论PANSS分量表中的阳性症状、激活性、偏执、反应缺乏与暴力行为的发生相关，可作为精神分裂症患者暴力行为发生的初步预测手段，而补充的攻击危险性条目对精神分裂症暴力行为的预测性较差，有待于研究提供更具预测性的观察量表。     

立体定向多靶点联合射频毁损术治疗难治性精神病

目的 探讨脑立体定向多靶点联合射频毁损手术在治疗难治性精神病中的作用。方法 对10例难治性精神病患者应用立体定向技术对颅内杏仁核、内囊前肢、扣带回等部位进行多靶点组合射频热凝治疗。应用简明精神病评定量表(brief psychiatric rating scale，BPRS)、社会功能量表(social disability screening schedule，SDSS)、韦氏智力量和临床记忆量表对治疗效果进行评定，并随访病人6个月～1年。结果 10例患者中治愈2例，显著进步3例，进步2例，无变化3例。手术前后BPRS、SDSS量表检查有显著差异，临床记忆量表测验、韦氏智力测验病人脑功能变化与术前无显著差异。结论 立体定向多靶点联合射频毁损手术是治疗难治性精神病的有效治疗方法，根据不同症状设计不同靶点组合做到手术计划个体化，对提高疗效、降低并发症有较大意义。     

精神分裂症患者住院时间与认知功能

为探讨精神分裂症患者末次持续住院时间长短对认知功能的影响 ,我们对此进行了研究。1　对象和方法患者组为我院男性住院病人 ,符合 CCMD- 2 - R精神分裂症诊断标准 ,均服用经典抗精神病药物 ,共 96例。对照组为从未使用过精神药物 ,无精神症状的正常人 ,共 2 0名。两组在年龄、受教育年限方面差异均无显著性 (P均 >0 .0 5 )。评定工具采用韦氏成人智力量表 (WAIS- R) ,韦氏记忆量表 (WMS) ,语言流利性测验 (L F) ,手指敲击测验 (FTT) ,简明精神病评定量表 (BPRS)。统计方法 :对结果进行χ2 检验。2　结果患者组的认知测查指标同…     

选择性多靶点毁损治疗难治性精神病(附56例报告)

目的探讨立体定向选择性多靶点毁损术治疗难治性精神病的临床效果。方法应用脑立体定向技术对56例难治性精神病进行颅内多靶点射频毁损治疗。术后随访3￣15个月,采用临床疗效总评定量表(CGI)简明精神病评定表(BPRS)、社会功能量表(SDSS)、阳性症状量表(SAPS)、韦氏智力量表(WISC)评价治疗效果。结果CGI评定为有效51例(91.1%);其中优8例,显著进步36例,进步7例;无变化5例。BPRS评分术前68.66±14.20,术后34.40±8.86;SAPS评分术前27.52±2.49,术后9.98±2.52;SDSS评分术前15.62±1.20,术后8.68±1.62,均有显著性差异(P<0.05或P<0.01)。WISC手术前、后无显著性差异。术后无严重并发症和后遗症。结论立体定向技术微创、安全,是难治性精神病的有效治疗方法。根据不同的症状设计不同的靶点组合,对提高疗效、降低并发症有较大意义。     

立体定向颅内多靶点毁损术治疗难治性精神分裂症的远期预后分析

目的探讨立体定向手术治疗难治性精神分裂症的远期疗效。方法回顾性分析应用立体定向多靶点毁损手术治疗的826例难治性精神分裂症患者的临床资料,对术后回访超过5年的348例患者设立非手术对照组,采用简明精神病量表（BPRS）、阳性和阴性症状量表（PANSS）、社会功能缺陷量表（SDSS）和日常生活能力量表（ADL）等对远期预后进行评定。结果长期随访,手术组与非手术组（BPRS）中的激活因子分、PANSS中的攻击危险性和偏执／好斗因子分有显著性差异（P〈0．01）,SINS和ADL评分两组间的差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论脑立体定向手术对临床确诊的难治性精神分裂症靶症状疗效是肯定的,对患者的社会和生活能力无明显影响。     

重酒石酸卡巴拉汀对难治性精神分裂症立体定向手术后短期认知功能障碍的初步探讨

目的探讨胆碱酯酶抑制剂对改善立体定向手术后短期认知功能障碍临床效果。方法由2名精神科医师统一标准,采用简明精神量表(BPRS)与PANSS精神量表评估将50例患者分为以阳性症状为主和以阴性症状为主。根据不同的症状行立体定向手术治疗。采用简易智力状态量表(MMSE)、龚氏修订的韦氏成人智力测定量表(WAIS-RC)和韦氏记忆量表(WMS)于手术前2 d和术后5 d明确患者存在认知功能障碍为入选病例,随机、盲法分为药物组和对照组,3个月后回访。结果患者经立体定向手术3个月后,采用简明精神量表(BPRS)与PANSS精神量表评估,患者精神症状控制好,有统计学意义。在给予胆碱酯酶抑制剂后采用简易智力状态量表(MMSE)、韦氏成人智力量表(WAIS-RC)和韦氏记忆量表(WMS)评定后,在术后3个月内,药物组患者认知功能明显提高,有统计学意义(P<0.05),对照组认知功能有所改善,但无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论胆碱酯酶抑制剂对于改善立体定向手术后短期认知功能障碍有效果。     

对社区慢性精神分裂症患者个体化康复治疗的近期效果

目的探讨对慢性精神分裂症患者个体化康复治疗的近期效果。方法抽取上海市虹口区社区慢性精神分裂症患者，随机分为干预组和对照组；对干预组进行为期4月的个体化康复治疗；在基线收集一般资料，并在基线和干预结束后使用简明精神病量表（The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale，BPRS）、副反应量表（Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale，TESS）、社会功能缺陷筛选量表（Social Disability Screening Schedule，SDSS）、日常生活能力量表（Activity of Daily Living Scale，ADL）、功能活动调查表（Functional Activites Questionaire，FAQ）、药物依从性以及不良反应报告（自制）等评定。结果人组的干预组20例和对照组14例，诊断均为精神分裂症，两组在年龄、性别、受教育程度、病程、住院次数、家族史均为统计学差异。基线两组的各个量表得分均无统计学差异，随访时两组在BPRS总分、BPRS缺乏活力因子两项存在统计学差异。干预组在个体化康复治疗后BPRS总分、BPRS缺乏活力因子、BPRS思维障碍因子、BPRS激活性、TESS、SDSS、FAQ共7项得分较治疗前分值降低。对照组在随访时仅有SDSS共1项得分较基线增高。结论个体化康复治疗能够改善慢性精神分裂症患者的精神症状和社会适应等社会功能，以及降低药物副反应。     

氯氮平和利培酮治疗精神分裂症患者比较研究

目的 评价氯氮平和利培酮治疗精神分裂症的疗效和副作用。方法 将40例精神分裂症患者随机分为氯氮平组和利培酮组(氯氮平组20例,利培酮组20例),于治疗前和治疗12周末各作一次韦氏成人智力量表、韦氏记忆量表、威斯康星卡片分类测验、言语流利性测验、连线测验A、简明精神症状评定量表(BPRS)、TESS副反应量表。结果 治疗12周末氯氮平组显著改善BPRS评分,利培酮组显著改善迟滞、思维障碍、敌对猜疑因子分,但氯氮平组较利培酮组敌对猜疑因子分减分率高。两组之间副反应评分有显著性差异,利培酮组明显低于氯氮平组,其余各项无显著性差异。结论 氯氮平较利培酮治疗敌对猜疑效果好,但利培酮较氯氮平副作用小,安全性较高。     

立体定向手术治疗难治性精神分裂症近期疗效及远期预后分析

目的　探讨立体定向手术治疗难治性精神分裂症的近期疗效和远期预后。方法　回顾性分析 1987年 3月～ 2 0 0 4年 3月间应用立体定向多靶点毁损手术治疗的 39例精神分裂症患者 ,对术后超过 10年的 15例患者设立非手术对照组 ,采用简明精神病量表 (BPRS)、大体评定量表 (GAS)、临床疗效总评量表 (CGI)、阳性和阴性症状量表 (DANSS)、社会功能缺陷量表 (SDSS)和日常生活能力量表 (ADL)等对治疗结果和远期预后进行评定。结果　 39例手术患者优 3例 ,显著进步 16例 ,进步 14例 ,无效 4例。手术前后GAS、BPRS、CGI评分有显著性差异(P <0 .0 1)。长期随访 ,手术组与非手术组BPRS中的激活因子分、PANSS中的攻击危险性和偏执 /好斗因子分有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1) ,余各项评分及SDSS和ADL评分两组间的差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　立体定向手术是治疗难治性精神分裂症的安全、有效的方法 ,手术对患者的社会和生活能力无明显影响。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.