皮肤软组织扩张术治疗先天性巨痣的应用及相关问题探讨

目的 探索应用皮肤软组织扩张术治疗先天性巨痣的临床效果。方法 总结2010年7月至2019年9月收治的先天性巨痣患者28例,应用单次/多次头、躯干、四肢部位一期扩张后二期皮瓣进行修复。扩张器一期置入,当皮肤软组织充分扩张达预期目的时,取出扩张器,切除头面部、躯干、四肢部位巨痣,根据巨痣的大小、形状设计皮瓣,完全修复缺损。结果 本组患者28例,巨痣面积约13 cm×12 cm～43 cm×33 cm,均予以全部切除。1例血肿、3例感染积极处理后好转,未影响皮瓣转移。术后随访6个月以上,皮瓣均成活良好且未见明显挛缩,颜色与周围正常皮肤相近,无复发。结论 先天性巨痣通过皮肤软组织扩张术治疗后效果满意,值得推广。     

多个扩张器联合修复儿童巨痣

目的:介绍应用多个扩张器修复儿童巨大黑素细胞痣的经验与体会。方法:自2002年3月～2012年2月对27例儿童巨痣患者应用75个皮肤软组织扩张器,男性14例,女性13例,年龄3～12岁,平均年龄7岁,巨痣面积最大28cm×17cm(躯干部),最小5cm×2cm(面部)。13例患儿头颈部埋置扩张器26个,10例躯干埋置扩张器39个,4例四肢埋置扩张器10个。扩张器置于皮下筋膜层并每周注水扩张,扩张后皮瓣主要以易位转移的形式修复巨痣切除后皮肤缺损创面。结果:本组共27例,23例创面Ⅰ期愈合,发生感染4例,血肿2例,皮瓣血运障碍1例,扩张器外露2例,25例患儿随访7个月～2年,患儿及家属对功能与美学效果均满意。结论:应用皮肤软组织扩张术修复儿童巨大黑素细胞痣是安全有效的手术方法。     

连续组织扩张术治疗背部巨型先天性黑色素细胞痣

目的探讨利用连续组织扩张技术治疗背部巨型先天性黑色素细胞痣(巨痣)的安全性及效果。方法回顾性分析2017年2月至2019年3月中国医学科学院整形外科医院整形九科收治的背部巨痣患儿的临床资料。一期手术在背部两侧各置入1个扩张器, 将背部皮肤横向整体扩张, 注水周期3～6个月;二期手术取出扩张器后, 切除部分巨痣, 将扩张皮瓣整体向前推进, 仅在躯干两侧做附加切口, 在扩张皮瓣下方同时置入新的扩张器进行连续组织扩张;三期手术取出扩张器, 修复巨痣切除后创面。术后随访观察患儿背部皮瓣颜色、质地及术后瘢痕形成情况。结果本组共纳入10例患儿, 男4例, 女6例, 年龄2～6岁, 平均3.4岁。所有患儿均完成3期手术, 二期手术时同期在扩张皮瓣下置入新的扩张器进行连续组织扩张, 3期手术共耗时6.80～11.77个月, 患儿腰背部及上方的巨痣全部去除。术后随访12～24个月, 平均16.6个月, 1例患儿在二期术后扩张注水末期由于擦伤导致了皮瓣坏死(1.5 cm×1.2 cm), 不伴扩张器外露, 三期扩张器取出后, 皮瓣成活良好。其余患儿均未出现伤口裂开、感染、扩张器外露等其他并发症, 术后瘢痕...     

应用多个扩张器联合超量皮肤扩张术治疗先天性巨痣

目的:探讨应用多个扩张器联合扩张皮肤软组织,并延长扩张时间、增加扩张量治疗先天性巨痣的临床疗效。方法:应用皮肤软组织扩张术修复躯干部巨痣9例,手术分两期进行。一期手术:在巨痣周围设计扩张器大小、形状及置入部位,扩张器容量为200～1000ml,扩张时间为3～6个月,扩张器结束时液体量为额度容量的2～5倍;二期手术:取出扩张器,切除巨痣,扩张皮瓣转移修复皮肤缺损。结果:扩张过程无1例出现扩张器因超量扩张出现破裂、渗漏,无出现血肿、感染、扩张器外露或注射壶渗漏等并发症。随访时间6个月到5年,患者术后的皮瓣颜色、质地佳,外观满意。结论:多个扩张器联合应用并延长扩张时间,增加注水量,可以产生更多的额外皮肤,修复躯干部先天性巨痣效果良好。     

额部滑车上动脉岛状预扩张皮瓣治疗儿童面中部鼻旁巨痣

目的探讨应用额部滑车上动脉岛状预扩张皮瓣治疗儿童先天性面中部鼻旁巨痣的可行性及效果。方法回顾性分析2019年1月至2021年1月, 南京医科大学附属儿童医院烧伤整形科收治的儿童先天性面中部鼻旁巨痣患儿的临床资料。患儿均采用额部滑车上动脉岛状预扩张皮瓣修复, 治疗分2期或3期, 一期手术, 根据病变大小, 确定扩张器容量, 于额部额肌下埋置100～400 ml肾形扩张器, 定期注水扩张, 扩张频率1～2次/周。二期手术, 取出扩张器, 切除面部巨痣, 根据黑痣的大小、形状设计岛状皮瓣, 完全修复面部缺损。三期手术对转移的皮瓣进行修整。术后随访观察并发症发生情况、皮瓣转移后血运情况及治疗效果。结果本组共纳入10例患儿, 男6例, 女4例, 年龄4～12岁, 平均7.8岁。其中4例行二期手术, 6例行三期手术。一期术后扩张时间10～12周, 平均11.4周, 在扩张过程中均未发生渗漏、外露、扩张器成角及扩张皮瓣血运障碍等并发症。二期手术中切取的扩张皮瓣面积7 cm×6 cm ～12 cm ×10 cm, 术后2 d有2例皮瓣的远端出现了静脉回流障碍, 予针刺放血及拆除部分缝线等处理后皮瓣血运...     

预扩张额部轴型皮瓣修复面颈部大面积良性病变切除后创面

目的探讨预扩张额部轴型皮瓣在面颈部大面积良性病变切除后创面的临床应用及其美学修复效果。方法自2013年6月至2018年4月,对收治的43例面颈部大面积良性病变患者,采用预扩张额部轴型皮瓣进行修复。其中面颈部巨痣者38例,血管瘤者4例,反常性痤疮者1例。病变面积为7 cm×6 cm～30 cm×13 cm。一期手术于额肌深面埋置1枚200～400 ml长方形扩张器,常速注水扩张3～6个月;二期手术在切除面颈部病变组织后,以额部轴型扩张皮瓣修复缺损创面。根据病变部位、面积及形状,选择双侧颞浅动脉为蒂、单侧颞浅动脉为蒂或单侧滑车上动脉为蒂;三期手术在二期手术后3周进行皮瓣断蒂及修整。结果部分患者以单侧颞浅动脉为蒂的额部皮瓣于二期术后出现远端淤紫、肿胀等轻微并发症,经对症处理,未影响手术效果;其余患者手术顺利,无严重并发症发生。供瓣区可直接拉拢缝合,瘢痕不明显。受区转移皮瓣全部成活,且形态较自然、美观。结论采用预扩张额部轴型皮瓣修复大面积面颈部良性病变切除后创面,其疗效可靠,美学效果良好。     

痣周围皮肤扩张术的临床应用

目的：介绍以痣周围扩张皮瓣修复痣切除后创面的方法。方法：一期手术,于痣中心区真皮深层浅面部分切除痣,植入扩张器体积最小50ml,最大200ml,缝合时将痣下真皮深层与皮下瓦合,扩张时间最短为45天,最长为80天。二期手术,痣切除,扩张皮瓣修复术。结果：自2006年～2009年,用该方法完成6例,1例男性,5例女性,年龄17～28岁。面部2例,四肢4例。最小面积5.5cm×3cm,最大面积8.5cm×6.5cm,均完全切除。术后随访3例,最长2年,无复发,瘢痕不明显。结论：痣周围皮肤扩张术安全、高效,无附加切口,可应用于小面积痣切除后修复整形。     

扩张后大张全厚皮片移植的应用体会

自 1 998年以来 ,我们应用皮肤软组织扩张技术 ,将扩张后的皮肤软组织制备成大张全厚皮片 ,用以修复面颈、四肢等部位组织缺损 2 1例 ,收到明显的临床效果 ,现报告如下。1　一般资料本组 2 1例 ,男 1 4例、女 7例 ,年龄 5岁～ 37岁 ,平均 2 5.5岁 ,其中面颈部瘢痕 1 0例 ,面颊部色素痣 4例 ;胸前邮票植皮区瘢痕 1例 ;上肢邮票植皮区瘢痕2例 ,巨痣 1例 ,文身 2例。扩张器植入 :胸前 2例 ,后背肩胛下区 1 3例 ,腰背部 6例 ,扩张时间2 4天～ 45天 ,平均 2 8.8天 ;植皮面积 2 60 cm2 ～ 540 cm2 ,平均374.5cm2 。2　方法与结果2 .1　根据缺损面…     

定向皮肤扩张器在面颈部瘢痕治疗中的应用

目的:探讨定向扩张器在治疗面颈部瘢痕中的临床应用。方法:回顾性分析我科2000年至2004年用定向扩张器治疗48例面颈部瘢痕患者。手术分两期:先于瘢痕附近正常皮下置入定向扩张器,皮肤充分扩张后行扩张器取出、瘢痕切除、局部皮瓣转移。结果:48例患者共治疗56处瘢痕,置入扩张器60个,一次修复最大面积为12cm×16cm,除5例遗留部分瘢痕经第二次皮肤扩张修复外,所有患者均得到有效治疗;扩张期并发症18处(30%),以扩张器外露最多见。结论:定向皮肤扩张器在面颈部瘢痕治疗中有很大的应用价值。但应重视预防并发症。     

应用超量扩张术修复大面积面颈部瘢痕

目的：探讨延长扩张时间、增大扩张量的皮肤软组织扩张术的临床效果。方法：应用皮肤软组织扩张术修复面颈部瘢痕切除后创面25例,手术分两期进行,Ⅰ期手术：在需要修复的瘢痕组织临近的正常皮肤上设计埋置扩张器的大小、形状及埋置方式,扩张器容量为100～400ml,扩张时间为3～6个月,扩张量为额定容量的2～5倍;Ⅱ期手术：取出扩张器,切除瘢痕,利用扩张皮瓣转移修复创面。结果：全部病例均获得满意效果,随访3个月至10年,皮瓣平整,外观色泽、质地均佳。结论：延长扩张时间,增加扩张量可以产生更多的额外皮肤,修复大面积面颈部瘢痕效果良好。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.