Involvement and performance of women in community-directed treatment with ivermectin for onchocerciasis control in Rukungiri District,Uganda

The present study aimed: (1) to assess and improve the level of women's involvement in a strategy to control onchocerciasis by community-directed treatment with ivermectin (CDTI) in three parishes of Rukungiri District, Uganda; (2) to measure the performance of female community-directed health workers (CDHWs) in comparison with males; and (3) to identify culturally acceptable means of enhancing women's involvement in community-directed healthcare. Health education sessions were used to instruct community members to select female CDHWs in Masya Parish and to stress their potential importance in Karangara Parish; this subject was not raised in Mukono Parish. In all, 403 mature women who were randomly selected from the three parishes were interviewed as to their: (1) knowledge of the classes of people not eligible to take ivermectin; (2) knowledge and beliefs about the benefits of ivermectin; (3) participation in decision-making; and (4) attitudes on the performance of female CDHWs. For analysis, the respondees were divided into: (1) those who had or had not taken ivermectin treatment during the previous year; and (2) those who had or had not attended health education sessions. During the period when face-to-face interviews with women in randomly selected households were being carried out, participatory evaluation meetings (PEMs) were conducted in selected communities from the same parishes in order to reach a consensus on issues which could not easily be included in individual face-to-face interviews. Participant observations were also made regarding: how communities selected their CDHWs; how the CDHWs organised the distribution exercise and treated community members; and how the CDHWs kept records in order to understand issues which were deliberately hidden from the researchers during face-to-face interviews and PEMs. Significantly, the women who had been treated or health educated in Masya Parish were: (1) more knowledgeable on the groups which were not supposed to be treated; (2) aware of women's involvement in mobilisation of other community members; (3) involved in CDTI decision-making; and (4) had a better attitude towards female CDHWs' performance compared with males when compared with those from Karangara and Mukono parishes. There were no differences between the attitude of women in Karangara and Mukono parishes towards performance of female CDHWs. Face-to-face interviews and records from all parishes indicated that female CDHWs achieved as good a coverage as their male counterparts, and sometimes better, in about the same time. Health education increased the number of female CDHWs from nine to 52 in Masya Parish, from 7 to 22 in Karangara Parish and from 6 to 20 in Mukono Parish. Health education improved the attitude of women towards female CDHWs, but the actual experience of having and observing female CDHWs in action in Masya Parish had a more significant positive impact on the womenfolk, as well as on the rest of the community members, and created an impetus for more of them to become actively involved in actual ivermectin distribution. The present authors conclude that recruiting more female CDHWs and supervisors would reduce the current male domination of the health delivery services, greatly strengthening the activities of CDTI programmes.     

Performance of predictors: evaluating sustainability in community-directed treatment projects of the African programme for onchocerciasis control

The predictors of sustainability of community-directed treatment with ivermectin (CDTI) at four implementation levels were evaluated in 41 African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC) projects, encompassing 492 communities in 10 countries. A model protocol provided information on indicators corresponding to nine aspects of a project that is likely to be sustainable at community level after the cessation of external support. Six of the nine aspects had components of community ownership as predictors of project sustainability. Quantitative and qualitative assessments were used to obtain individual community scores and an overall sustainability score for each project graded on a scale of 0-4. Of the 41 projects evaluated, 70% scored "satisfactorily" to "highly sustainable" at the community level. We found variations among countries and that health system weaknesses could hamper community efforts in sustaining a project, such as when ivermectin was delivered late. Community ownership was of primary importance to the community score, and the community-level scores correlated with overall project sustainability. The therapeutic coverage achieved in each project correlated with the ratio of volunteer ivermectin distributors per population served. Surprisingly, the performance of these distributors was not affected by the direct incentives offered, and coverage appeared to be highest when cash or in-kind compensation was not given at all. Although further research is required, anecdotal evidence pointed to diverse indirect benefits for distributors-political goodwill, personal satisfaction and altruistic fulfillment. The results demonstrate that community ownership is among the important determining factors of sustainability of community-based programmes.     

Drawing and interpreting data: Children's impressions of onchocerciasis and community-directed treatment with ivermectin (CDTI) in four onchocerciasis endemic countries in Africa

Although the depiction of a child leading a blind man is the most enduring image of onchocerciasis in Africa, research activities have hardly involved children. This paper aims at giving voice to children through drawings and their interpretation. The study was conducted in 2009 in Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Nigeria and Uganda. Children aged 6–16 years were asked to draw their perceptions of onchocerciasis and community-directed treatment with ivermectin (CDTI) in their communities. A total of 50 drawings were generated. The drawings depicted four main aspects of onchocerciasis: (1) the disease symptoms, (2) the negative consequences of onchocerciasis among children and in the community generally, (3) the ivermectin distribution process, and (4) the benefits or effects of taking ivermectin. Out of the 50 drawings, 30 were on symptoms, 7 on effects of the disease on children, 8 on distribution process, and 5 represented multiple perceptions on symptoms, drug distribution processes, benefits, and effects of treatment. The lack of clarity when treatment with ivermectin can be stopped in endemic areas requires working with children to ensure continued compliance with treatment into the future. Children''s drawings should be incorporated into health education interventions.