传染病体外诊断试剂标准物质研制技术要求的介绍

传染病体外诊断试剂标准物质是指用于与致病性病原体抗原、抗体以及核酸等检测相关的试剂质量评价的标准物质。为进一步规范该类标准物质的研制工作,中检院制定了相关的研制技术规范。本文详细介绍该规范中对传染病体外诊断试剂标准物质的原材料、制备、标定、稳定性研究、包装、储存及供应方面的要求。     

体外诊断试剂标准物质国内外现状

概述临床检验量值溯源体系和体外诊断试剂标准物质的国内外现状，分别叙述了血脂、酶学、血液学、分子生物学、免疫学、微生物学等方面的检测标准化。阐明加强体外诊断试剂标准物质建设的重要意义，不仅有利于诊断结果的准确一致，而且是做好体外诊断试剂技术监督的有力保证。     

医疗机构实验室自制体外诊断试剂质量评价体系建立的探讨

目的：为医疗机构建立和运行与开展自制诊断试剂研究项目相适应的质量评价体系提供参考,为监管部门提供科学监管的方法工具,从而更好地提高患者生命和健康质量。方法：通过梳理新版《医疗器械监督管理条例》及体外诊断试剂产品监管的法规要求,结合自制诊断试剂的特点和应用现状,探讨自制诊断试剂质量评价体系的建立和运行及生产体系质量管理关键要点,分析存在的监管问题,并提出针对性建议。结果与结论：自制诊断试剂是典型的集设计开发、生产转化、临床应用于一体的体外诊断试剂产品。质量评价体系的建立和运行是自制诊断试剂产品质量稳定的有力保证,建立原材料质量评价标准,是研制单位和使用单位对自制诊断试剂实施质量监控和评价的有效手段。目前其监管存在法规要求不明确、临床应用风险高、临床性能验证难度大、质量评价体系不完善以及生产体系质量控制经验不足等问题。建议明确自制诊断试剂的界定;探索自制诊断试剂准入监管模式,开展质量评价标准化体系研究,促进临床转化;加强质量管理,提出明确的原材料质控要求和成品及留样质控要求。建立科学、 规范的自制诊断试剂质量评价体系是科学监管的需要,是激发产学研检用协同创新的有效探索,有助于促进医学检验的发展。     

2009年度甲胎蛋白（AFP）体外诊断试剂抽验质量分析

目的对14家企业的19批次的甲胎蛋白（AFP）体外诊断试剂进行评价,考察我国该类试剂的质量。方法依据产品注册标准和自拟标准对所有试剂进行检测。结果与结论 18批次试剂符合产品注册标准,自拟标准检测16批次试剂符合关于剂量反应曲线的线性相关系数的要求,16批次试剂符合准确性的要求,15批次试剂检测4份临床质控血结果差别显著（P〈0.05）。各企业AFP体外诊断试剂产品注册标准存在差异,直接影响产品质量,建议加强该类标准的制修订工作,对三类体外诊断试剂的注册检验实行统一管理。     

一九九二年乙型肝炎诊断试剂质量公告

肝炎诊断试剂是诊断肝炎、考核肝炎治疗和预防效果,评价肝炎药物,特别是进行献血员(供临床用血和血液制品生产用血浆)筛选的必备工具,产品质量的好坏直接关系到亿万人民的健康。国家对肝炎系列诊断试剂质量非常重视,一九九0年卫生部对我国肝炎试剂的生产进行了整顿,向产品质量符合国家标准,具备一定生产条件的单位颁发了《药品生产企     

体外诊断试剂注册检测的不同灵敏度概念之详解

体外诊断试剂的种类很多,影响试剂质量的凶素也很多,为保证试剂质量,须要设定合理的技术指标进行系统的实验室以及临床评价.灵敏度作为一项重要的技术指标,对试剂盒的评价具有重要意义.因为极少量的分析物可能对界定疾病状态、疾病筛查或揭示是否存在有毒物质、污染物质、传染病原体等具有重要意义.     

卫生部发布肝炎诊断试剂生产单位名单及其产品批准文号

肝炎诊断试剂是诊断肝炎、考核肝炎治疗和预防效果、评价肝炎药物等工作的必备工具.产品质量的好坏关系到亿万人民健康.因此,对这一特殊药品,必须坚持“质量第一”的方针.为此,卫生部自1987年以来,用了四年多时间,对生产肝炎体外诊断试剂的厂家进行了整顿.在此基础上,卫生部又组织有关部门和     

我国体外诊断试剂产品注册管理现状分析

目的：对体外诊断试剂产品中注册管理相关法规和技术文件进行梳理、总结和分析,有利于从业人员和监管人员全面掌握注册制度的关键环节和配套要求,提升体外诊断试剂产品监管的科学性、准确性,提高企业开展相关产品注册的效率和质量。方法：从监督管理变化视角对注册管理办法的产品分类规则、执行标准、临床评价、审查指导原则、特殊审批程序等监管内容进行解读,分析体外诊断试剂行业的前景与面临的问题,阐释修订后的法规在保证体外诊断试剂安全有效、质量可控方面起到的明显成效。结果与结论：通过对体外诊断试剂产品注册管理法规进行修订,实现了对分类规则的调整,解决了部分产品分类与其风险不匹配等问题,完善了产品执行标准,使标准发挥出技术支撑作用,贯彻落实企业主体责任,加大临床试验管理力度,发布审查指导原则,补充特殊审批条件,在保证体外诊断试剂的安全、有效、质量可控方面发挥了显著作用,对我国体外诊断试剂整体行业的发展产生了深远影响。     

国产注射用阿奇霉素的质量评价与现状分析

目的:评价国产注射用阿奇霉素的产品质量,为临床应用提供选择参考,保证用药安全。方法:依照国家药典委员会公示的最新注射用阿奇霉素质量控制标准对国内各企业产品进行专项检验与质量评价。结果:市售注射用阿奇霉素中各有关物质分离良好,含水量控制较好,澄清度与颜色基本符合相关标准。结论:确定以有关物质中阿奇霉素杂质J以及溶液的澄清度等在内的关键参数用以表征注射用阿奇霉素的质量水平。建议应更多考虑选用弱酸成盐的注射用阿奇霉素产品,同时关注胶塞等包装材料对产品质量的影响。     

乙型肝炎表面抗原室内标准品的建立和应用

病毒性乙型肝炎是我国发病率较高的传染病之一,乙肝的准确诊断和防治与所用诊断试剂质量密切相关,研制生产出高灵敏度、高特异性、质量稳定的乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg)诊断试剂,对乙肝的早期诊治和阻断血液传播具有重要意义,为了加强诊断试剂研究和生产中的质量控制,需要足量的质量控制标准品监测产品质量,因此,我们参照国家质控标准品,标定并建立了室内HBsAg酶免试剂标准品,对进一步监测和提高诊断试剂的质量起到重要作用。1　材料与方法1.1　材料1.1.1　国家标准品:购自中国药品生物制品检定所的HBsAg阳性血清1份(80μg/L);灵敏度血清4份(0…     

预防传染病mRNA疫苗原材料、原液质控要点分析

目的：梳理归纳预防传染病mRNA疫苗原材料和原液质控要点,为我国此类产品质量控制提供参考。方法：通过梳理世界卫生组织及相关标准和审评机构关于预防传染病mRNA疫苗原材料、原液质控指导文件,以及相关监管指南和文献,总结归纳预防传染病mRNA疫苗原材料和原液关键质量控制属性及相关要求。结果与结论：作为新型生物制品,mRNA疫苗核酸结构和脂质体包裹制剂的特性决定了该类疫苗质控特点,序列和完整性、含量及纯度、加帽率和包封率是mRNA疫苗特有的、决定有效性和安全性的关键质量参数。从原材料和原液制备阶段就建立多个与mRNA特性相关的质控要点及其检测方法,将有助于保障预防传染病mRNA疫苗安全有效、质量可控。     

中药化学对照品和标准品是中药行业快速发展的瓶颈之一

简要阐述中药化学对照品和标准品在中药现代化发展中的地位和作用，提出了适应于中药特色的化学对照品研究应注意的事项，讨论了发展中药化学对照品的模式和措施。     

对注射剂一致性评价的再思考

药物注射剂可分为普通(水溶性)注射剂和特殊注射剂,特殊注射剂应更重视对其体内疗效的评价;通过对已有的临床/质量数据、文献资料的系统梳理,揭示国产仿制药与参比制剂的质量/关键质量属性差异;评估国产仿制药与参比制剂疗效/安全性的一致性;并通过提高产品的工艺控制能力,保证产品质量的持续一致性,是注射剂一致性评价的基本方法;对国内独有的品种,应在明确其临床价值后再进行评价研究。     

实施《医疗器械生产质量管理规范》加强对初包装材料的管理

目的 保证医疗器械包装材料的质量能够满足医疗器械的要求.方法 结合《直接接触药品的包装材料和容器管理办法》对药品包装材料产品注册、生产洁净度以及注册品种等管理要求展开讨论.结果与结论 提出加强医疗器械初包装材料选择和生产管理方面的合理化建议.     

Pharmaceutical Equivalence by Design for Generic Drugs: Modified-Release Products

The Office of Generic Drugs has ensured the high quality of generic products based upon two requirements: pharmaceutical equivalence and bioequivalence to the reference listed drug (RLD). This paradigm has been used with success toward ensuring quality generic drug products that provide the same therapeutic benefit as the RLD. Drug products have increased in design complexity; as a result, approaches to ensure therapeutic equivalence must evolve to provide assurance of quality generic drug products. The Food and Drug Administration quality by design initiative (QbD) provides an enhanced evaluation approach by introducing the concept of a quality target product profile (QTPP). The QTPP introduces, within the context of the current regulatory framework, the quality concept of “pharmaceutical equivalence by design.” This article illustrates through several examples how this QbD element in the evaluation of modified-release drug products enhances the current framework to ensure generic drug product equivalence. It achieves this by complementing the traditional paradigm, “equivalence by testing,” where product equivalence is based upon inferences from a limited bioequivalence study, to one that also considers whether the drug product was developed to be an equivalent to the RLD, using appropriate quality surrogates that target “pharmaceutical equivalence by design.”     

亚热带丛林地区抗震救灾药材保障工作的体会

目的探讨亚热带丛林地区抗震救灾药材保障的特点,提出做好药材保障工作的对策和建议。方法总结抗震救灾药材保障的经验和做法,重点分析亚热带丛林地区地理气候、地震伤病特点及药材保障的难点。结果和结论确保圆满完成抗震救灾药材保障工作,必须制订科学的突发事件药材保障预案;建立完善的战备药材储备标准;开拓多种保障渠道,保证药材供应及时;加强药材管理,保证药材质量;搞好疫情调查,确保防疫用药。     

Primary and Secondary Reference Materials for Procedures to Test the Quality of Medicines and Foods

At present a complex global patchwork of private and public monographs and reference materials is variously available to help ensure the quality of medicines and foods. The relationship of these monographs and reference materials, one to another, frequently is inconsistently understood and documented. This article considers the complexity of monographs and reference materials with a focus on qualifying one reference material relative to another.     

Challenges for Cell-Based Medicinal Products From a Pharmaceutical Product Perspective

Advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs), such as somatic cell-therapy medicinal products or tissue-engineered products for human use, offer new and potentially curative opportunities to treat yet untreatable diseases or disorders. For cell-therapy medicinal products (CBMPs), multiple stability and quality challenges exist and relate to the cellular composition and unstable nature of these parenteral preparations. It is the aim of this review to discuss open questions and problems associated with the development, manufacturing and testing of CBMPs from a pharmaceutical drug product perspective. This includes safety, storage and handling, particulates, the choice of container closure systems and integrity. Analytical methods commonly used to evaluate the quality of the final CBMP to ensure patient's safety will be discussed. Particulate contamination in final products deserve special attention since CBMPs cannot be sterile filtered. Visible and sub-visible particles may represent environmental contaminations or may form during storage. They may be introduced from processing materials such as single use product contact materials, ancillary materials, or any components such as primary packaging used for the final product. Currently available analytical methods for detecting particulates may not be easily applicable to CBMPs due to their inherent particulate nature and appearance.     

Assessment of the quality and structural integrity of a complex glycoprotein mixture following extraction from the formulated biopharmaceutical drug product

Biological drugs represent an important and rapidly growing class of therapeutics useful in the treatment of a variety of disorders ranging from cancer to inflammation to infectious diseases. Unlike single chemical entities, the recombinant production of these drugs in living cells confers considerable structural and chemical heterogeneity to the biologically derived protein product that constitutes the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). In mammalian based expression systems, much of this diversity is conferred through heterogeneous protein glycosylation. These post-translational modifications can have significant effects on the structure, biological function, and pharmacological properties of the API. In addition, the bulk proteins that comprise the API are further formulated through the use of multiple excipients designed to ensure product stability, solubility, and lot-to-lot consistency. Unfortunately, these matrices can interfere with commonly available analytical methods used in the thorough chemical characterization of the biological drug product. At the same time, a demonstration of the suitable extraction of the bulk drug substance in a manner and form that does not destabilize the active ingredient or introduce any structural bias with direct reference to the original drug product is both critical and necessary. Here, we use recombinant human follicle stimulating hormone (follitropin alpha for injection) from a pharmaceutical source as an example to illustrate a suitable purification strategy to effectively extract the bulk drug substance from the formulated drug product with high purity and yield. We assess the suitability of this extraction method in preserving the structural integrity and overall quality of the drug substance relative to the formulated drug product, placing a particular emphasis on glycosylation as a key product attribute. In so doing, we demonstrate that it is possible to effectively extract the active pharmaceutical ingredient from a formulated biological drug product in a manner that is consequently sufficient for its use in comparability studies.