桡骨远端楔形截骨术与植骨加压螺丝钉固定术治疗腕舟状骨骨折不愈合的疗效比较

目的:比较桡骨远端楔形截骨术与植骨加压螺钉内固定术治疗腕舟状骨骨折不愈合的疗效.方法:分为两组,A组为2003年月3月到2006年12月应用桡骨远端楔形截骨术治疗腕舟状骨骨折不愈合33例,B组为2007年1月到2010年6月,应用植骨加压螺钉内固定术治疗腕舟状骨骨折不愈合23例.术后随访6个月-5年,随访检查包括X线检查骨折愈合情况及腕关节疼痛程度、腕关节活动度、握力.结果:A组:X线检查腕舟状骨均愈合,骨折线消失;桡骨远端截骨处完全愈合,桡骨远端关节面尺偏角变平,近乎平面.腕疼痛值静息时为1.1,用力后为2.3;屈伸活动度为122度(健侧126度),尺桡偏为49度(健侧57度);平均握力为38kg(健侧40Kg).B组,X线片检查23例中有3例仍骨折不愈合,骨折愈合率87%,骨折愈合者腕疼痛值静息时为1.2,用力后为2.4;屈伸活动度为120度(健侧126度),尺桡偏为50度(健侧57度);平均握力为36Kg(健侧40Kg).结论:通过对两种术式治疗腕舟状骨骨折不愈合的疗效比较,桡骨远端楔形截骨术较植骨加压螺钉内固定术愈合率高,使腕关节的绝大部分功能得到保存,是治疗腕舟状骨不愈合的有效方法.两种方法骨折愈合后对腕关节活动度、疼痛程度、握力的影响无显著差异.     

桡骨远端骨折合并同侧腕舟状骨骨折手术疗效分析

目的探讨桡骨远端骨折合并同侧腕舟状骨骨折手术治疗的疗效。方法对7例骨折类型相同的患者实施相同的手术治疗方法,即前臂掌侧偏桡侧切口内对桡骨远端骨折进行钛板螺钉内固定的手术方式,同切口向远端延伸并向桡侧转向约2 cm,采用1枚Herbert螺钉治疗同侧舟状骨骨折,术后每1个月对患者进行随访,使用Mayo功能评定方法对腕关节功能进行评估,并依据X线片结果进行骨折愈合的评定。结果 7例患者中6例患者随访6个月,1例患者随访3个月,平均随访时间5.6个月。结果显示骨折愈合时间11～14周,平均愈合时间为12周,其中腕关节功能优5例,良好2例。X线片结果显示桡骨骨折恢复正常,无舟状骨坏死。结论桡骨远端骨折合并同侧腕舟状骨骨折的手术治疗有愈合时间短,腕关节功能恢复好等优点,值得临床借鉴及推广。     

两种入路桡骨茎突骨瓣植入治疗陈旧性舟状骨骨折疗效分析

目的观察桡背侧和桡掌侧入路植入桡骨茎突骨瓣治疗陈旧性舟状骨骨折的疗效。方法选取2011年3月-2012年12月采用桡背侧和桡掌侧入路植入桡骨茎突骨瓣治疗陈旧性舟状骨骨折患者22例,对其进行回顾性分析．观察术后1个月、2个月、3个月、6个月的X线片,确定骨折愈合情况;观察术后6个月、1年时腕关节功能恢复情况。结果本组患者术后6个月时舟状骨骨折全部愈合,腕关节活动度良好。结论桡背侧和桡掌侧入路植入桡骨茎突骨瓣治疗舟状骨陈旧性骨折的手术时间短,疗效明确,术后腕关节功能恢复良好。     

桡动脉腕掌支蒂桡骨瓣移植治疗腕月骨骨坏死

目的探讨应用桡动脉腕掌支蒂桡骨瓣移植治疗腕月骨骨坏死的手术方法。方法根据桡骨远端血液供应的解剖学基础,设计带桡动脉腕掌支蒂桡骨瓣,移植治疗腕月骨早期骨坏死6例。结果术后随访11个月～3年5个月,5例腕痛完全消失,1例腕关节用力活动后,出现酸痛不适。腕关节活动度明显改善,腕关节背伸平均45°,屈曲平均37°,患手握力比术前明显增加,达正常侧的85．6%。X线照片显示月骨密度恢复正常。结论桡动脉腕掌支蒂桡骨瓣移植治疗腕月骨骨坏死具有血管解剖恒定、血供可靠、手术操作简单,是治疗腕月骨早期骨坏死的一种有效手术方法。     

可吸收螺钉治疗陈旧性腕舟状骨骨折的临床应用

目的 通过自体桡骨远端植骨、可吸收螺钉固定治疗陈旧性腕舟状骨骨折的临床应用,探讨腕舟状骨骨折治疗新方法.方法 2002年1月-2007年5月,应用自体桡骨远端松质骨植骨,聚-DL-乳酸可吸收螺钉治疗陈旧性腕舟状骨骨折18例.其中男13例,女5例;年龄17～41岁.均有手掌撑地外伤史.鼻烟窝及腕舟状骨结节区压痛,握力下降.腕关节背伸(36±2)°,掌屈(30±3)°,桡偏(8±3)°,尺偏(13±2)°结果 18例术后随访3～50个月,平均15.7个月.18例骨折全部愈合,愈合时间为术后3～8个月,平均4.5个月.16例腕关节背伸(68±2)°掌屈(65±3)°,桡偏(15±3)°,尺偏(28±5)°,腕关节活动无疼痛及不适感,无力症状消失.另2例腕关节背伸(40±8)°,掌屈(35±6)°,桡偏(8±5)°,尺偏(12±5)°,与术前相比无明显改善,日常生活中偶有疼痛,腕背伸力量减弱.未发生术后感染及内固定物断裂.结论 可吸收螺钉作为一种新的生物内固定材料治疗陈旧性腕舟状骨骨折,具有生物相容性好、促进骨折愈合、无需二次手术取出等优点.     

桡骨远端截骨治疗腕关节创伤性关节炎

腕关节创伤性关节炎是腕部附近骨折的并发症，常见于舟状骨骨折、月骨骨折及桡骨远端骨折后，特别是舟状骨、月骨不愈合及无菌坏死。腕关节创伤性关节炎常伴有腕关节疼痛，影响关节活动，治疗较困难，我院自1989-1995年采用桡骨远端楔形截骨治疗腕关节创伤性关节炎10例．取得满意疗效。报告如下：     

不同筋膜血管蒂骨瓣植入治疗舟状骨陈旧性骨折

目的介绍利用不同筋膜血管蒂桡骨茎突骨瓣植入治疗陈旧性腕舟状骨骨折的疗效。方法2002年9月-2010年5月,采用以桡动脉返支为蒂的骨瓣,或以骨间背动脉桡侧终末支的筋膜蒂骨瓣植入结合内固定治疗腕舟状骨陈旧性骨折41例。结果38例经6～27个月（平均19．3个月）的随访,X线片显示腕舟骨骨折均在术后4～6个月获得骨性愈合,愈合率达100％。腕关节活动度为4例腕掌屈60°背伸50°34例腕掌屈达70°-80°．背伸45°-55°。腕关节活动时无疼痛。腕关节功能按Krimmer评分表测定：总体疗效为优29例,良9例。结论采用带不同血管蒂桡骨茎突骨瓣植入治疗舟状骨陈旧性骨折疗效确切。     

第一、二伸肌室间支持带上动脉为血管蒂的楔形骨瓣转移治疗舟骨骨不连

目的 探讨以第1,2伸肌室间支持带上动脉(1,2 ICSRA)为血管蒂的楔形骨瓣转移治疗舟骨骨不连伴背侧镶嵌不稳定(DISI)的技术和疗效.方法 对12例舟骨骨不连伴背侧镶嵌不稳定的患者,设计并应用1,2 ICSRA为血管蒂的楔形骨瓣进行治疗,采用腕背侧单一切口同时完成畸形矫正和骨瓣转移.术后随访骨折愈合时间、腕痛状况,比较手术前后腕关节活动度、握力、腕骨排列情况.结果 术后随访时间为6～24个月,平均12个月.X线片显示舟骨骨折均获得骨性愈合,愈合率为100%,平均愈合时间为11.3周.11例患者腕痛消失;1例腕痛持续,经行桡骨茎突切除后好转.12例术后头月骨间角、舟月骨间角、腕高指数恢复正常;腕关节屈伸、桡尺偏活动度接近术前的2倍,握力为术前的3.5倍.结论 1,2 ICSRA为血管蒂的楔形骨瓣转移能促进舟骨愈合,矫正骨折成角,有利于腕部生理力学的重建,是治疗舟骨骨不连伴DISI的有效方法.     

以第一、二伸肌腱鞘支持带上动脉为血管蒂的桡骨瓣治疗舟骨骨不连

目的 探讨以第一、二伸肌腱鞘支持带上动脉(1,2 ICSRA)为血管蒂的桡骨瓣带蒂逆行转移治疗舟骨骨不连的手术指征、技术和疗效.方法 2007年2月至2010年10月,我科对15例舟骨骨不连患者,应用以1,2 ICSRA为血管蒂的桡骨瓣远端蒂转移植骨内固定进行治疗.其中腰部骨不连9例,近端骨不连6例.9例伴有近端骨折块缺血性坏死;3例伴有舟状骨弓背畸形及嵌入体背伸不稳(DISI);2例伴有桡骨茎突关节炎表现.所有病例均采用腕桡侧纵形切口,13例予以交叉克氏针内固定,2例行单枚Herbert螺钉附加1枚克氏针固定.12例将带血管蒂植骨块从舟骨背侧嵌插植入,3例将植骨块楔形修整后自舟骨掌侧植入.术后随访骨折愈合时间、腕痛、腕关节活动度及握力等情况.结果 术后随访时间为6～ 21个月,平均13个月,2例失访.所有随访病例X线片显示舟骨均获得骨性愈合,平均愈合时间为14.2周.所有患者腕痛消失,腕关节屈曲(59.92±4.82)°,背伸(49.73±4.58)°.根据改良的Mayo腕关节功能评分标准评定:优9例,良2例,可2例;优良率为84.6％.结论 以1,2 ICSRA为血管蒂的桡骨瓣逆行转移植骨手术,能促进舟骨骨不连的愈合,特别对有近端骨块缺血性坏死的患者疗效显著.     

桡骨下端带蒂骨膜移植治疗腕舟状骨骨折不愈合

我们自1988年设计出桡骨下端带蒂骨膜移植治疗腕舟状骨骨的不愈合,经长期随访,疗效满意。 1 临床资料 1.1 一般资料 本组1.2例均男性,年龄21～27岁,平均24岁。右侧9例,左侧3例。病程7～11个月11例;3年1例;均有腕关节活动受限,持物时疼痛,无力。X线片显示;均为腕舟状骨腰部骨折。骨折线距离2～4mm,骨折端密度增高硬化,6例有囊性变,8例合并桡骨茎突有不同程度唇样增生。 1.2 手术方法 ①臂丛麻醉下,自解剖“鼻烟窝”正中向近端及尺侧做倒“L”形切口(图1),勿损伤头静脉及桡神经浅支。②切开腕桡侧韧带及关节囊,显霹骨折端,将骨折端修整齐,造成新鲜骨创面,骨折复位。于腕舟状骨背侧横跨及垂直骨折线做宽3mm,深4mm,长8mm骨槽(图2)。③自桡骨茎突至桡骨背侧1.5cm,桡骨关节面上2.5cm,近端骨膜瓣夹角约60°,形成“L”形骨膜瓣(图3),切开骨膜瓣,切除桡骨茎突(图4)。术中腕关节背伸桡偏时,桡骨远端与腕舟状骨近端骨折块互不撞击为宜。④将切除桡骨茎突骨块修整与骨槽相应大小的骨块嵌     

Treatment of Scaphoid Nonunions with Closed-Wedge Osteotomy of the Distal Radius: Report of Six Cases

BACKGROUND: The ideal treatment of nonunion of the scaphoid remains unresolved and controversial. It was hypothesized that scaphoid nonunion could be treated successfully using a closed-wedge osteotomy of the distal radius which reduces the inclination of the joint surface and decreases the pressure between the radial and scaphoid surfaces with a reduction of the force applied by the styloid process. We present a preliminary report in six patients with nonunion of the carpal scaphoid using this procedure. The main objective of the osteotomy is to achieve fusion, alleviate pain, and improve function. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six closed-wedge osteotomies to reduce the inclination of the distal radial surface were performed in patients with scaphoid waist nonunion and a viable proximal pole, without posttrauma osteoarthritis or with moderate posttraumatic osteoarthritis confined to the radio-scaphoid joint. The present series of six patients (all men) were followed for at least 8 months (mean follow-up 14.2 months, range 8-21 months). RESULTS: Solid union was achieved in five patients. Postoperatively, three patients were pain-free, two presented mild pain for heavy work, and one had moderate pain. This type of osteotomy reduced the inclination of the joint surface (radial angulation) 6.2 degrees on average. There was an improvement in joint flexion from a preoperative mean of 40 degrees to 52.5 degrees at last follow-up, in extension from 40.8 degrees to 66.7 degrees , in radial deviation from 15 degrees to 22.5 degrees , and in ulnar deviation from 30.8 degrees to 41.7 degrees . CONCLUSIONS: This preliminary study suggests that a closed-wedge osteotomy of the distal radius could be an alternative approach for patients with scaphoid waist nonunion and a viable proximal pole, without posttrauma osteoarthritis or with moderate posttraumatic osteoarthritis confined to the radio-scaphoid joint. The number of cases was small; however, further studies with a much larger series are needed before routine use of wedge osteotomy in scaphoid nonunion can be recommended.     

镍钛记忆合金舟大小融合器治疗舟骨旋转性半脱位和月骨无菌性坏死的应用研究

目的评价镍钛记忆合金舟大小融合器（NT-STTAC）治疗舟骨旋转性半脱位和月骨无菌性坏死的临床效果。方法对7例舟骨旋转性半脱位和3例月骨无菌性坏死患者入院后均使用镍钛记忆合金舟大小融合器行舟骨、大小多角骨局限性腕骨融合术（scapho—trapezio—trapezoeid arthrodesis,STT融合术）。术后平均随访12个月,随访内容包括术后患手握力、腕关节活动范围、腕关节疼痛程度、腕关节X线检查。采用疼痛视觉模拟评分（visual analogue scales．VAS）评估腕关节疼痛程度;采用Krimmer腕关节评分表对腕关节总体功能进行评价。结果术后平均握力为（32．49±6．21）Kg,恢复至健侧的80．8％：术后腕关节活动范围达到健侧的53％以上：X线检查未见骨不连病例;无伤口感染病例。VAS评分腕关节疼痛值休息状态下：术前为（4．46±1．27）分、术后为（1．31±0．95）分;负重状态下：术前为（7．00±1．41）分、术后为（2．62±1．26）分,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。Krimmer腕关节评分值为79分。术后优良率为84．6％．结论应用镍钛记忆合金舟大小融合器进行舟大小融合术能保存大部分腕关节功能,是治疗慢性、静态性舟骨旋转性半脱位和月骨无菌性坏死的一种有效方法。     

Scaphoid nonunion and distal fragment resection: analysis with three-dimensional rigid body spring model

Background  Distal fragment resection is one of the salvage procedures for scaphoid nonunion with osteoarthritis. Despite being reported as a simple procedure with favorable midterm outcomes, further arthritic changes remain a concern in the long term. Scaphoid waist fracture is classified into volar or dorsal types according to the displacement pattern, but the indications for distal fragment resection have never been discussed for these fracture types. Method  We reconstructed a normal wrist model from computed tomography images and performed theoretical analysis utilizing a three-dimensional rigid body spring model. Two types of scaphoid fracture nonunion followed by distal fragment resection were simulated. Results  With volar-type nonunion, the force transmission ratio of the radiolunate joint increased, and the pressure concentration was observed in the dorsal part of the scaphoid fossa and volar part of the lunate fossa of the radius; no deterioration was seen in the midcarpal joint. In the distal fragment resection simulation for volar-type nonunion, pressure concentrations of the radiocarpal joint resolved. With dorsal-type nonunion, force transmission ratio in the radiocarpal joint resembled that of the normal joint model. Pressure concentrations were observed in the dorsoulnar part of the scaphoid fossa and radial styloid. The pressure concentration in the dorsoulnar part of the scaphoid fossa disappeared in the resection model, whereas the concentration in the radial styloid remained. In the midcarpal joint, pressure was concentrated around the capitate head in the nonunion model and became aggravated in the resection model. Conclusions  With volar-type scaphoid nonunion, distal fragment resection seems to represent a reasonable treatment option. With dorsal-type nonunion, however, pressure concentration around the capitate head was aggravated with the simulated distal fragment resection, indicating a potential risk of worsening any preexisting lunocapitate arthritis.     

桡动脉茎突返支为蒂桡骨茎突骨瓣植入术治疗舟骨骨折不愈合

目的总结以桡动脉茎突返支为蒂的桡骨茎突骨瓣移位治疗舟骨骨折不愈合的临床效果。方法2000年3月~2005年6月,对18例舟骨骨折不愈合的患者,以桡动脉茎突返支为蒂在桡骨茎突掀起1.5cm×3.5cm×0.5cm的骨瓣,植入沿舟骨纵轴跨越骨折线所凿同等大小的骨槽内进行治疗。其中男15例,女3例。年龄18~39岁。舟骨腰部骨折11例,近侧1/3骨折7例,其中5例舟骨近端骨折块伴缺血坏死。腕关节活动疼痛,尤以背伸及桡偏时明显,鼻烟窝处有压痛,腕关节活动受限,X线片示10例患者有骨折端硬化及囊性变,骨折线明显加宽。结果术后18例舟骨骨折均愈合,其中5例合并缺血坏死的舟骨骨折块重新成活,骨折平均愈合时间为4个月。术后获随访1~5年,患者腕关节活动良好,腕背伸时无疼痛,日常生活和工作无影响。结论采用桡动脉茎突返支为蒂的桡骨茎突骨瓣移位治疗舟骨骨折不愈合及近端骨折块缺血坏死,操作简便,治疗有效,具有一定临床应用价值。     

Corrective osteotomy for volar instability of the distal radioulnar Joint associated with radial shaft malunion

Volar instability of the distal radioulnar joint is an uncommon wrist disorder. We report three cases of recurrent volar instability of the distal radioulnar joint secondary to fracture of the radial shaft. In all cases, X-rays showed a volar apex deformity of the radial shaft. Opening wedge osteotomy and iliac bone grafting was performed on the distal diaphysis of the radius instead of on the radial shaft, in order to adjust the distal radioulnar joint more easily. Pre-operative dislocations and painful clunks disappeared in all three patients. However, slight instability of the distal radioulnar joint remained in all cases. Osteoarthritis of the distal radioulnar joint was noted in one patient 31 months after the operation. All of the patients were satisfied with the results and did not desire further operations.     

Open Wedge Osteotomy for Malunited Extraarticular Distal Radius Fractures with Plate Osteosynthesis without Bone Grafting

Abstract Background: Malunion of distal radius fractures can cause pain, limited wrist motion, or loss of grip strength. The most important factors are incongruity in the distal radioulnar (DRU) joint and radial tilt which causes adaptive carpal instability. The purpose of open wedge corrective osteotomy is to restore congruency with minimal soft-tissue damage. Patients and Methods: Between 1993 and 2001, 47 patients with malunited extraarticular distal radius fractures who were treated by open wedge corrective osteotomy without bone grafting were included. The patients were divided into two groups, one group with dorsal tilt of the distal radius and one group with palmar tilt. Ulnar variance, radial inclination, and radial tilt were measured before and after operation. Also, the range of wrist motions was tested before and after correction, including grip strength. Fixation was performed with a dorsal or palmar plate, dependent on the side of radial tilt. Results: Improvement of especially radial tilt was seen in both groups. Also, an important increase in wrist motions was observed. Flexion of the wrist improved by 38.0° in the dorsal group and by 43.0° in the palmar group. With respect to rotation of the lower arm, supination improved most by 21.6° and 46.0° in the dorsal and palmar group, respectively. All osteotomies healed within 3 months without secondary displacement even after a short period of immobilization. Conclusion: Corrective osteotomy is a useful additional therapy in the treatment of malunited extraarticular fractures of the distal radius in which bone grafting is not necessary.     

Scaphoid nonunions: a 3-dimensional analysis of patterns of deformity

We tested the hypothesis that the fracture location of scaphoid nonunions relates to the fracture displacement, development of dorsal intercalated segment instability (DISI) deformity, and changes in the contact area of the bones in the radiocarpal joint. Eleven patients with scaphoid nonunions were examined with 3-dimensional computed tomography and a new method of proximity mapping. Two different patterns of displacement of scaphoid nonunions were demonstrated, 1 volar and 1 dorsal. All patients with a volar pattern scaphoid nonunion had a DISI deformity. Only a few of the patients with a dorsal pattern scaphoid nonunion, mostly in longstanding nonunions, had a DISI deformity. The fracture line was generally distal to the dorsal apex of the ridge of the scaphoid in the volar-type fractures and proximal in the dorsal displaced fractures. The proximity map of the distal fragment of the scaphoid on the radius in the volar type shifts radial compared with normal; in the distal type it shifts dorsal. Neither of the patterns showed any significant changes of the proximity map in the radiocarpal joint at the proximal scaphoid fragment and the lunate. Whether the fracture line passes distal or proximal to the dorsal apex of the ridge of the scaphoid appears to determine the likelihood of subsequent fracture displacement, DISI deformity, and contact area of the bones in the radiocarpal joint.     

Radial osteotomy for Kienböck disease

Of various surgical treatments, radial shortening for patients with negative ulnar variance and radial wedge osteotomy (radial closing osteotomy) for patients with 0 or positive ulnar variance are widely accepted for the treatment of Kienb?ck disease. Long-term follow-up studies have shown more than 10 years lasting satisfactory pain relief, as well as an increase in wrist range of motion and grip strength. As representative surgical procedures, the techniques of radial shortening by transverse osteotomy, using a locking compression plate for internal fixation, and radial wedge osteotomy by step-cut osteotomy, using a small dynamic compression plate or locking compression plate, are described. One important point of radial wedge osteotomy is that resection of simple wedge bone yields a decrease in ulnar variance; therefore, we recommend trapezoidal bone resection with ulnar height of 1 mm for transverse osteotomy at the metaphysis and ulnar height of 2 mm for step-cut osteotomy at the distal fourth of the radius.     

Effects of a scaphoid waist osteotomy on carpal kinematics

The effects of a scaphoid osteotomy on the kinematics of the carpal bones were determined in five cadaveric wrist specimens. Minute radiographic markers were inserted into the distal radius and selected carpal bones through limited arthrotomies between the intercarpal ligaments. Simultaneous biplanar radiographs were obtained in neutral and the extreme wrist positions of extension, flexion, radial deviation, and ulnar deviation, both before and after a scaphoid waist osteotomy. The positions of each of the carpal markers and their corresponding carpal bones were digitized for each wrist position , and a computer-assisted motion analysis was performed for each specimen before and after transverse scaphoid waist osteotomy. Following the osteotomy, there was a tendency for the scaphoid osteotomy to collapse into a dorsally angulated or "humpback collapse" deformity during each extreme wrist position. There was also multiplanar osteotomy site motion as well as complex collapse deformities of the midcarpal joint associated with loss of the mechanical tie-rod function of the scaphoid. These findings reveal the importance of the scaphoid in maintaining normal kinematics and the inherent instability of these fractures with loss of scaphoid integrity.     

Longstanding nonunions of scaphoid fractures with bone loss: successful reconstruction with vascularized bone grafts

Vascularized bone graft from the dorsum of distal radius was used to treat 22 nonunions of scaphoid fractures, with a mean delay of 4 years from the initial injury. Four of the eight patients with associated scapho-styloid arthritis also underwent a closing wedge osteotomy of the distal radius. Follow-up time ranged from 14 to 74 months. Union was accomplished in 6 to 12 weeks and wrist range of motion and grip strength improved postoperatively in all patients. Complete absence of pain was noted in 16 patients and the other six, all of whom had arthritic wrist changes or carpal collapse, only experienced pain with strenuous activities. The simple graft dissection, the avoidance of anastomoses and the lack of donor site morbidity are additional advantages to this surgical technique, which is successful even in cases with an avascular proximal pole.