不稳定型骨盆骨折治疗中损伤控制骨科的应用

目的探讨损伤控制骨科（damage control orthopaedics，DCO）在不稳定型骨盆骨折治疗中应用的可行性和效果。方法回顾性分析2004年6月至2007年6月应用损伤控制方法救治的32例不稳定骨盆骨折临床资料。结果运用损伤控制方法成功救治30例，死亡2例，发生并发症5例。28例得到随访，平均随访23个月。复位按照Matta评定标准优良率为88．6％。结论应用DCO的方法处理可以降低不稳定型骨盆骨折患者的死亡率，减少并发症，提高救治成功率。     

严重骨盆骨折伴多发伤院前院内一体化损伤控制救治模式的建立及临床应用

目的探讨在损伤控制骨科(DCO)理论基础上建立一套骨盆骨折伴多发伤院前院内一体化损伤控制救治模式,并总结其临床应用效果。方法自2008-03—2013-10诊治严重骨盆骨折伴多发伤37例,采用严重骨盆骨折伴多发伤院前院内一体化损伤控制救治模式进行处理。院前急救:现场应用骨盆带12例、床单捆扎18例、抗休克裤7例。院内急救:第一阶段对重要器官进行功能评估、复苏、有针对性地快速诊断,适当处理,控制创伤进一步发展;第二阶段进行ICU重症监护,积极维护呼吸循环功能,预防感染等并发症,控制全身炎症反应;第三阶段二期骨折最终行内固定手术。结果本组死亡4例,2例因骨盆骨折合并大出血休克死亡,1例脑疝死亡,1例因腹腔严重感染败血症死亡,死亡率10.8%。发生严重并发症8例,其中ARDS 2例,MODS 2例,DIC 1例,严重感染2例,败血症1例,并发症发生率21.6%。26例在病情稳定后二期行骨盆内固定手术,7例仍以原外固定架固定。结论严重骨盆骨折伴多发伤患者病死率高、并发症多、救治困难,以DCO为理论指导,加强急救体系建设,规范急救流程,多科协作,按院前院内一体化损伤控制救治模式开展救治,能切实提高救治成功率,减少并发症发生。     

损伤控制骨科技术在严重多发伤中的应用

目的探讨损伤控制骨科（damage control orthopaedics,DCO）技术在严重多发伤中的应用。方法对2007年9月至2008年9月收治的24例严重多发伤患者应用DCO治疗并进行回顾性分析。结果脊柱骨折伴脊髓压迫4例,早期行简单的椎板切除减压术。骨盆骨折6例,早期骨盆外固定架固定,1例合并大出血行双侧髂内动脉结扎。四肢骨折22例,早期给予简单外固定,7例开放损伤行清创缝合术。术后均在ICU中复苏治疗,待生命体征平稳后再给予确定性手术。复苏期严重多发伤组患者体温、pH、凝血机能与一般多发伤组患者相比无明显差异。本组死亡3例,死亡率12.5%,死亡组创伤严重度评分4350分;1例胸部损伤死于严重创伤后多器官功能障碍综合征,2例重度颅脑损伤死于脑疝,并发症共8例,经过治疗均痊愈。结论对于严重多发伤患者合理应用DCO是安全有效的,可以提高严重多发伤患者生存率。     

一期联合手术治疗不稳定型骨盆骨折并发后尿道断裂伤5例报告

目的:探讨一期联合手术治疗不稳定型骨盆骨折并发后尿道断裂伤的可行性.方法:自2001年6月～2007年6月,共收治骨盆骨折并发尿道断裂患者24例.对其中5例不稳定型骨盆骨折并发后尿道断裂伤的患者采取急诊尿道吻合或尿道会师术,同期行骨盆骨折复位内或外固定术.术后均随访 ,时间为3～12个月.结果:1例发生耻骨后感染,无死亡和尿道二期手术;术后随访,3例患者排尿满意,2例出现不同程度的排尿困难,经定期尿道扩张后排尿满意.结论:骨盆骨折的早期复位和有效固定是实现尿道修复的解剖基础,一期联合手术治疗不稳定型骨盆骨折并发后尿道断裂伤是可行的.     

不稳定型骨盆骨折的手术方式探讨

目的 探讨不稳定型骨盆骨折的手术方式及其临床疗效. 方法 回顾性分析2006年3月至2010年5月采用手术治疗且获得随访的29例不稳定型骨盆骨折患者资料,男18例,女11例;年龄24 ～61岁,平均38.4岁.骨折Tile分型:B型13例,其中B1型3例,B2型7例,B3型3例;C型16例,其中C1型8例,C2型4例,C3型4例.受伤至手术时间为6h至10 d.14例骶骨翼骨折合并前环骨折患者后环行经皮骶髂关节螺钉内固定,前环采用钢板内固定;4例骶髂关节脱位合并前环损伤患者采用髂腹股沟入路行前后环内固定;9例骨盆骨折合并移位明显的髋臼骨折患者行单一或联合入路切开复位钢板内固定;2例全身情况不稳定或合并多发伤的患者行外固定支架及微创内固定治疗. 结果 29例患者术后获平均14.5个月(7～19个月)随访.2例患者手术切口发生脂肪液化,行伤口换药后愈合.骨折复位质量根据Matta标准评定:优17例,良9例,可1例,差2例,优良率为89.7％.末次随访时Majeed评分平均为86.7分(53 ～100分),其中优18例,良7例,可2例,差2例,优良率为86.2％.2例患者发生创伤性关节炎. 结论 对于不稳定型骨盆骨折,根据患者全身情况和不同的骨折类型采用骶髂关节螺钉或钢板进行内固定可获得较满意的临床效果.对于全身情况不稳定者,外固定支架固定是一种较好的选择.     

损伤控制骨科理论在救治严重骨折伴多发伤中的应用

目的探讨严重骨折伴多发伤的防治对策以及损伤控制骨科(DCO)理论在救治严重多发伤中的应用价值、可行性和疗效。方法对2002年1月～2011年10月应用DCO理论指导救治的87例严重骨折伴多发伤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果创伤早期骨折行简单清创外固定,待ICU复苏治疗后,再择期行确定性骨科内固定手术。本组死亡率6.9%(6/87),死亡病例损伤严重度评分(ISS)平均值41分,主要死于休克和合并伤。52例获随访6~20个月,骨折均顺利愈合,肢体功能恢复理想。结论完善救治体系,合理采用DCO模式治疗严重骨折伴多发伤,能降低死亡率,减少并发症,提高救治成功率。     

骶髂螺钉固定治疗垂直不稳定骨盆后环骨折的疗效分析

目的评价骶髂螺钉治疗不稳定型骨盆骨折的临床疗效。方法采用骶髂螺钉治疗42例不稳定型骨盆骨折。应用Tornetta复位情况评价表评估复位情况,应用Majeed骨盆骨折评分系统评价疗效。结果 42例均获随访,随访时间为4~34个月,平均15个月。闭合复位骶骨钉内固定骨盆骨折后环不稳术后分疗效满意。结论掌握骶骨置钉技巧,应用骶骨钉固定骨盆骨折后环不稳,手术操作简单、疗效好、适于基层医院广泛开展。     

骨科损伤控制在严重多发伤合并股骨骨折治疗中的应用

[目的]探讨骨科损伤控制(damage control orthopedics,DCO)技术在严重多发伤合并股骨骨折治疗中的可行性及疗效。[方法]回顾性分析2012年1月~2015年6月诊治的多发伤合并股骨骨折患者,选取损伤严重度评分(injury severity score,ISS)≥16,存活期>24 h的47例患者为研究对象。根据不同时期手术方式不同分为两组,27例应用DCO技术进行治疗作为DCO组,20例应用早期全面处理(early total care,ETC)技术进行治疗作为ETC组。其中,DCO组中7例股骨骨折以外支架作为终极手术治疗,20例一期行外支架治疗,待患者一般情况稳定后二期采用闭合或有限切开复位方法治疗;ETC组中所有病例均采用一期闭合或有限切开复位内固定方法进行治疗。统计所有患者的ISS评分、术中失血量、手术时间、机械通气时间和并发症等指标。[结果]与ETC组相比较,DCO组患者的术中失血量、手术时间、机械通气时间和并发症等指标均明显改善。[结论]将DCO技术应用于严重多发伤合并股骨骨折的治疗,能降低创伤后的二次打击,减少并发症的发生。     

改良Stoppa入路治疗不稳定型骨盆骨折

目的探讨不稳定型骨盆骨折手术治疗方法。方法对11例不稳定型骨盆骨折采用改良Stoppa入路重建钢板内固定,并进行随访。结果 11例平均随访15个月,所有患者骨折均愈合,能不扶拐站立行走,且步态正常。结论改良Stoppa入路治疗不稳定型骨盆骨折,能够重建骨盆的稳定性,减少手术创伤,缩短手术时间,有利于患者早期恢复,减少并发症的发生。     

损伤控制指导治疗不稳定型骨盆骨折的临床分析

[目的]探讨应用骨科损伤控制理论指导治疗不稳定型骨盆骨折的意义,规范不稳定型骨盆骨折的治疗。[方法]本组39例不稳定型骨盆骨折,在骨科损伤控制理论指导下,首先采取各种措施稳定生命体征,过渡性简单外固定,然后实施有效内固定恢复骨盆的稳定性。[结果]39例病人无一死亡,骨折一期愈合,所有病人均未因骨盆骨折而留有并发症或重度残疾。按Matta评定标准评价疗效,治疗组优21例,良11例,中4例,差3例,优良率82.1%,而对照组优良率51.8%。差异有显著性(x2=9.16,P<0.001)。[结论]骨科损伤控制理论对于不稳定型骨盆骨折的治疗具有肯定的指导意义,骨科损伤控制应该成为不稳定型骨盆骨折治疗的临床路径。     

损伤控制在重度骨盆骨折中的应用

目的探讨骨科损伤控制理论（damage control orthopaedics，DCO）在治疗重度骨盆骨折的初步临床应用结果。方法2004年8月至2007年10月应用DCO方法治疗20例重度骨盆骨折患者。其中4例以外固定支架作为终极治疗，8例前后环均不稳定的骨盆骨折以外固定支架结合股骨髁上骨牵引作为终极治疗，8例一期行外固定支架固定待患者生命体征平稳后二期采用前和／或后路切开复位内固定方法治疗。结果经平均10个月（4～18个月）的随访，20例患者有1例死亡，1例因脑挫裂伤经治后成植物人无生活质量，无内外固定失败等并发症的发生，2例出现跛行、行走痛，1例女性患者出现性交痛。结论应用DCO理论治疗重度骨盆骨折可迅速有效地抢救病人的生命，提高生存率，稳定骨折，减少并发症的发生。     

Standardized osteosynthesis techniques for the pelvic ring. Analysis of a patient sample and surgical technique]

A total of 1566 patients with fractures of the pelvis were treated at the Department of Traumatology at the Hannover Medical School between 1972 and 1990. Of these, 1350 patients had fractures of the pelvic ring, 216 isolated acetabulum fractures, and 398 combinations of pelvic ring fractures and acetabular involvement. Of these patients, 718 were admitted with severe polytrauma. For 1254 patients complete files were available for clinical and radiological evaluation of fracture distribution, classification (Tile and anatomical location) and concomitant injuries. A significant increase in the severity of trauma, the severity of the pelvic fractures and the rate of internal stabilization, especially of the posterior pelvic ring, was observed during the observation period. The overall mortality after pelvic fracture was 18.1%. This mortality was correlated to the Hannover Polytrauma Score (PTS) and the associated extrapelvic blunt trauma. Internal fixation of pelvic fractures was performed in 195 patients. Our experience led to standardized procedures for the different fracture locations. In fractures type Tile B, an anterior procedure led in all cases to anatomic or near anatomic healing. In unstable pelvic ring fractures (Tile C), external fixation led to a significantly higher rate of posterior dislocations (over 1 cm) than did internal fixation. In these situations a combined posterior and anterior internal fixation procedure improved the result compared to posterior internal stabilizations alone. As a result, internal stabilization using a standardized technique for every fracture location is recommended for all unstable pelvic ring fractures.     

胸腰椎爆裂骨折合并严重多发伤的损伤控制

目的：探讨损伤控制骨科（damage control orthopaedics,DCO）技术救治胸腰椎爆裂骨折合并严重多发伤的临床疗效。方法：胸腰椎爆裂骨折合并严重多发伤患者21例,男15例,女6例;年龄20～60岁,平均40岁。脊髓神经功能按Frankel分级：A级3例,B级3例,C级9例,D级6例。立即进行液体复苏、急诊简易手术控制出血和污染。其中剖腹探查10例,胸腔闭式引流6例,肺破裂修补2例,术中同时行四肢骨折外固定架固定9例,骨牵引或石膏托外固定5例。急诊术后均进入SICU进一步纠正低体温、酸中毒及凝血功能紊乱。病情稳定后5～7d行胸腰椎骨折手术。结果：21例中18例休克迅速纠正,4～26h死亡3例,存活率约85．7％（18／21）。18例均获随访,时间6～14个月,脊髓损伤按Frankel分级：A级3例,B级2例,C级3例,D级3例,E级7例,优良率（D级,E级）55．6％（10／18）。结论：及时应用DCO技术,尽早解除脊髓压迫重建脊柱稳定性,可以显著提高脊柱脊髓型严重多发伤的救治成功率,降低伤残率。     

Physiological assessment of the polytrauma patient: initial and secondary surgeries

The timing of fracture fixation in polytrauma patients has been debated for a long time. The decision between DCO (damage control orthopaedics) and ETC (early total care) is a difficult dilemma. Overzealous ETC in haemodynamically compromised patients with significant chest and head injuries can be detrimental. It has been shown, however, that early fracture fixation has a trend towards better outcome in patients with less severe injuries. Delaying all orthopaedic surgery in critically injured patients can be a safe alternative, but has several disadvantages like longer ICU stay and septic complications. The literature shows equivocal evidence for both settings. This article will summarize the historical background and controversies regarding patient assessment and decision making during the treatment of polytrauma patients. It will also give guidance for choosing DCO versus ETC in the clinical setting.     

Pelvic fractures in polytrauma: which classification system better predicts hemodynamic instability?

Introduction and objectives

The correlation between pelvic fracture pattern and mortality has been previously investigated and demonstrated. However, the purpose of our investigation was to evaluate the relationship between hemodynamic instability and pelvic fracture pattern according to different classifications.

Materials and methods

A retrospective study of high-energy pelvic fractures was performed for consecutive patients admitted to our Level I trauma center between June 2007 and June 2010. A total of 759 polytrauma patients were attended, 100 of whom had a pelvic fracture and were included in our study. Demographic data, mechanism of injury, and associated injuries were recorded. The patients were classified as hemodynamic stable or unstable. The pelvic fracture patterns were divided into stable and unstable group according to the Young-Burgess and Tile classifications. Statistical analysis was performed to determine the relationship between fracture pattern and hemodynamic instability.

Results

High-energy pelvic fracture was more frequent in men (70 %), the mean age was 45.2 years, and the mortality rate was 24 %. The main mechanism of injury was motor vehicle injury (41 %). Pelvic fracture pattern (neither Tile classification nor Young-Burgess classification) showed no correlation with the hemodynamic condition of the patient in our study (p?>?0.05). Death could neither be predicted on the basis of pelvic fracture pattern (p?>?0.05). We found a statistical association between patients affected by high-energy pelvic fracture and head injury, and death (p?<?0.01).

Conclusion

Pelvic fracture pattern is not useful to predict hemodynamic instability in polytrauma, regardless of the classification system used. Pelvic fracture pattern is not useful to predict mortality risk; however, it contributes to increase mortality risk in cases of associated head injury.     

外固定技术在不稳定性骨盆骨折治疗中的应用

目的探讨外固定技术在不稳定性骨盆骨折治疗中应用的可行性和优越性。方法 2006年10月～2012年6月,采用外固定架技术对28例不稳定性骨盆骨折进行固定,同期或分期处理合并损伤、抗休克治疗,并对其疗效进行观察。结果 28例随访4～30个月,平均14.5月,无死亡,骨盆骨折愈合良好。根据Matta评定标准,优21例,良5例,可2例,差0例,优良率93%（26/28）。结论早期采取外固定技术治疗Tile B、C型骨盆骨折简单易行,安全可靠,能有效增强骨盆的稳定性,控制骨盆容积,减少出血,缓解疼痛,利于抗休克治疗。     

Changes in the management of femoral shaft fractures in polytrauma patients: from early total care to damage control orthopedic surgery

BACKGROUND: The optimal treatment of major fractures in patients with blunt multiple injuries continues to be discussed. The aim of this study is to investigate the clinical course of polytrauma patients treated at a Level I trauma center within the last two decades regarding the effect of changes in the management of their femoral shaft fracture. METHODS: In a retrospective cohort study performed at a Level I trauma center, the patient's injuries and clinical outcomes were studied. Adult blunt polytrauma patients were included if a femoral shaft fracture eligible for intramedullary stabilization was stabilized (including external fixation) primarily < 8 hours after primary admission. Patients were separated according to the management strategies for the femur fracture (I degrees intramedullary nailing [I degrees IMN]; I degrees external fixation [I degrees EF]; I degrees plate osteosynthesis [I degrees plate]) followed during a certain time period: (1) early total care (ETC) (January 1, 1981-December 31, 1989) and early (< 24 hours) definitive stabilization; (2) intermediate (INT) (January 1, 1990-December 31, 1992) change in the protocol; or (3) damage control orthopedic surgery (DCO) (January 1, 1993-December 31, 2000), early (< 24 hours) temporary stabilization, and secondary conversion to intramedullary nailing in patients at risk of organ failure. RESULTS: The patient groups were comparable regarding age, gender distribution, and the mechanism of injury. Primary external fixation was performed significantly more frequent in the INT (23.9%) and DCO (35.6%) groups compared with the ETC group (16.6%) ( = 0.02 ETC vs. DCO). Plating of the femur was almost abolished in the 1990s (DCO, 6.8%; ETC, 23.4%). In the subgroups categorized to I degrees EF (ETC, 41.1 points; INT, 37.1 points; DCO, 39.1 points), the general injury severity was higher in comparison with the I degrees IMN group (ETC, 38.3%; INT, 36.1%; DCO, 35.8%). Thoracic or abdominal injuries accounted for significantly higher numbers of patients submitted to I degrees EF in the INT (13.6%, = 0.03) and DCO (17.3%, = 0.01) groups, compared with the ETC (8.1%) group. A higher incidence of reamed nailing was present in the ETC group compared with the other groups (ETC, 96.1%; INT, 73.7%; DCO, 13.5%). No significant differences in the incidence of local complications were found. The incidence of multiple organ failure decreased significantly from the ETC to the DCO period regardless of the type of treatment of the femoral fracture. Moreover, there was a significantly higher incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) when I degrees IMN (15.1%) and I degrees EF (9.1%) in the DCO subgroup were compared. CONCLUSION: A significant reduction in the incidence of general systemic complications regardless of the type of femur fixation used was found when comparing the time periods of 1981 to 1989 (ETC), 1990 to 1992 (INT), and 1993 to 2000 (DCO). The change in treatment protocols to external fixation and from reamed to unreamed nailing was not associated with an increased rate of local complications (pin-track infections, delayed unions, nonunions). Among other causes for the improved general outcome during the most recent time period (DCO), an increase in the frequency of air rescue, a change from reamed to unreamed nailing, and an increased awareness toward thoracic and abdominal injuries may have played a role. Even during the DCO era, IMN was associated with a higher rate of ARDS than I degrees EF. In view of a lower complication rate despite higher injury severity compared with the ETC period, the introduction of DCO appears to be an adequate alternative for patients at high risk of developing posttraumatic systemic complications such as ARDS and multiple organ failure.     

Damage control orthopaedics in polytraumatized patients- current concepts

The principles of fracture management in patients with multiple injuries continue to be of crucial importance. Early treatment of unstable polytraumatized patients with head, chest, abdomen or pelvic injuries, with blood loss followed by immediate fracture fixation (Early Total Care -ETC) may be associated with secondary life threatening posttraumatic systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Development of SIRS is typically a function of the type and severity of the initial injury (the “first hit”). Immediate Fracture fixation, using reamed nails or plates, in such unstable patients with multiple injuries is subsequently defined as the “second hit” and may be associated with development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multiple organ failure (MOF), with relatively high morbidity and mortality.The other alternative for long bone fracture fixation in unstable polytraumatized patients is based on immediate treatment of life threatening conditions related to the injuries, followed by the initial use of minimally invasive modular external frames for long bone fractures and is called Damage Control Orthopedics (DCO) and is widely accepted. In order to refine the DCO concept and to avoid an overuse of external fixation, the “Safe Definitive Surgery” (SDS) concept has been introduced, which is a dynamic synthesis of both strategies (ETC and DCO). The SDS strategy employs clinical parameters and includes repeated assessment of patients. The following paper is going to summarize historical backgrounds and recent concepts in treatment of polytraumatized patients.