Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC)-Based Gel for the Topical Delivery of Aceclofenac: Preparation, Characterization, and In Vivo Evaluation

The aim of this study was to prepare nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC)-based topical gel of aceclofenac for the treatment of inflammation and allied conditions. Stearic acid as the solid lipid, oleic acid as the liquid lipid, pluronic F68 as the surfactant, and phospholipon 90G as the co-surfactant were used. NLCs were prepared by melt-emulsification, low-temperature solidification, and high-speed homogenization methods. Characterization of the NLC dispersion was carried out through particle size analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and an in vitro release study. The anti-inflammatory effect of the NLC gel was assessed by the rat paw edema technique and compared to marketed aceclofenac gel. The NLC dispersions exhibited d_90% between 233 nm and 286 nm. All of the NLC showed high entrapment efficiency ranging from 67% to 82%. The particle size of NLC was further confirmed by the SEM study. The result of DSC showed that aceclofenac was dispersed in NLC in an amorphous state. Both the entrapment and release rate were affected by the percentage of oleic acid, but the method of preparation affected only the entrapment efficiency. The nanoparticulate dispersion was suitably gelled and assessed for in vitro permeation. Finally, NLC-based gels were found to possess superior (almost double) the anti-inflammatory activity compared to the marketed product. The anti-inflammatory activity of NLC gel showed a rapid onset of action, as well as a prolonged duration of action as compared with the marketed gel.     

Physicochemical characterization and in vitro release studies of ascorbyl palmitate-loaded semi-solid nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC gels)

The aim of this study was to characterize the physicochemical properties and to study in vitro release of ascorbyl palmitate from semi-solid lipid nanoparticles based on nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC gels) systems with the desired viscosity for dermal delivery. NLC gels were obtained by a one-step production procedure employing a high pressure homogenization technique using different solid lipid matrices. Ascorbyl palmitate (AP) was selected as a lipophilic active ingredient due to its range of cosmetic applications. After the production, particles within the size range 170–250 nm having polydispersity index lower than 0.3 were obtained from all formulations. After the AP incorporation into the NLC gels, the zeta potential increased to values higher than |30 mV|. Almost 100% encapsulation efficiency was observed. The obtained SEM and AFM data revealed non-spherical shaped nanoparticles. From DSC and X-ray diffraction studies, it was shown that the lipid recrystallized in the solid state possessing a less ordered structure as compared to the bulk material. The release study of active-loaded NLC gel formulations using Franz diffusion cells revealed that the type of lipid matrix affects both the rate and the release pattern. The viscoelastic measurements revealed a more elastic than viscous behaviour of NLC formulations indicating a typical gel-like structure.     

The effect of surfactant composition on the chemical and structural properties of nanostructured lipid carriers

Abstract

Fine-tuning the nanoscale structure and morphology of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) is central to improving drug loading and stability of the particles. The role of surfactant charge on controlling the structure, the physicochemical properties and the stability of NLCs has been investigated using three surfactant types (cationic, anionic, non-ionic), and mixed surfactants. Either one, a mixture of two, or a mixture of three surfactants were used to coat the NLCs, with these classified as one, two and three surfactant systems, respectively. The mixed (two and three) surfactant systems produced smaller NLC particles and yielded NLCs with lower crystallinity than the one surfactant system. The combined effects of the ionic and the non-ionic surfactants may play a key role in assisting the lipid-oil mixing, as well as maintaining colloidal repulsion between NLC particles. In contrast, for the three surfactant system, the lipid–oil mixture in the NLCs appeared less homogenous. This was also reflected in the results of the stability study, which indicated that NLC particle sizes in two surfactant systems appeared to be retained over longer periods than for other surfactant systems.     

Skin penetration and photoprotection of topical formulations containing benzophenone-3 solid lipid microparticles prepared by the solvent-free spray-congealing technique

Abstract

Purpose: Solid-lipid microparticles loaded with high amounts of the sunscreen UV filter benzophenone-3 were prepared by spray congealing with the objective of decreasing its skin penetration and evaluate whether the sunscreen’s photoprotection were impaired by the microencapsulation process. Methods: The microparticles were produced using the natural lipids carnauba wax or bees wax and three different concentrations of benzophenone-3 (30, 50 and 70%) using spray congealing technique. Results: The microparticles presented properties suitable for topical application, such as spherical morphology, high encapsulation efficiency (95.53–102.2%), average particle sizes between 28.5 and 60.0?µm with polydispersivities from 1.2 to 2.5. In studies of in vitro skin penetration and preliminary stability, formulations of gel cream containing carnauba wax solid lipid microparticles and 70% benzophenone-3 when compared to the formulation added of bees wax solid-lipid microparticles containing 70% benzophenone-3, was stable considering the several parameters evaluated and were able to decrease the penetration of the UV filter into pig skin. Moreover, the formulations containing solid lipid microparticles with 70% benzophenone-3 increased the photoprotective capacity of benzophenone-3 under UV irradiation. Conclusion: The results show that spray-congealed microparticles are interesting solid forms to decrease the penetration solar filters in the skin without compromising their photoprotection.     

The application of pharmaceutical quality by design concepts to evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of a preservative system including desferrioxamine

BackgroundThe purpose of the present study was to investigate the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of a conventional preservative system containing desferrioxamine mesylate (DFO) and optimize the composition of the system through mathematical models.MethodsDifferent combinations of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), sodium metabisulfite (SM), DFO and methylparaben (MP) were prepared using factorial design of experiments. The systems were added to ascorbic acid (AA) solution and the AA content over time, at room temperature and at 40 °C was determined by volumetric assay. The systems were also evaluated for antioxidant activity by a fluorescence-based assay. Antimicrobial activity was assessed by microdilution technique and photometric detection against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Aspergillus brasiliensis. A multi-criteria decision approach was adopted to optimize all responses by desirability functions.ResultsDFO did not extend the stability of AA over time, but displayed a better ability than EDTA to block the pro-oxidant activity of iron. DFO had a positive interaction with MP in microbial growth inhibition. The mathematical models showed adequate capacity to predict the responses. Statistical optimization aiming to meet the quality specifications of the ascorbic acid solution indicated that the presence of DFO in the composition allows to decrease the concentrations of EDTA, SM and MP.ConclusionDFO was much more effective than EDTA in preventing iron-catalyzed oxidation. In addition, DFO improved the inhibitory response of most microorganisms tested. The Quality by Design concepts aided in predicting an optimized preservative system with reduced levels of conventional antioxidants and preservatives, suggesting DFO as a candidate for multifunctional excipient.Graphical abstractElectronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s40199-020-00370-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Characterization of metabolite profiles from the leaves of green perilla (Perilla frutescens) by ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and screening for their antioxidant properties

The objective of this research was to access the determination of metabolite profiles and antioxidant properties in the leaves of green perilla (Perilla frutescens), where these are considered functional and nutraceutical substances in Korea. A total of 25 compositions were confirmed as six phenolic acids, two triterpenoids, eight flavonoids, seven fatty acids, and two glucosides using an ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS) technique from the methanol extract of this species. The individual and total compositions exhibited significant differences, especially rosmarinic acid (10), and linolenic acids (22 and 23) were detected as the predominant metabolites. Interestingly, rosmarinic acid (10) was observed to have considerable differences with various concentrations in three samples (Doryong, 6.38 μg/g; Sinseong, 317.60 μg/g; Bongmyeong, 903.53 μg/g) by UPLC analysis at 330 nm. The scavenging properties against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radicals also showed potent effects with remarkable differences at a concentration of 100 μg/mL, and their abilities were as follows: Sinseong (DPPH, 86%; ABTS, 90%) > Bongmyeong (71% and 84%, respectively) > Doryong (63% and 73%, respectively). Our results suggest that the antioxidant activities of green perilla leaves are correlated with metabolite contents, especially the five major compositions 10 and 22–25. Moreover, this study may be useful in evaluating the relationship between metabolite composition and antioxidant activity.