产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌的耐药性分析

目的 了解大肠埃希菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的流行情况,分析产ESBLs细菌的耐药性.方法 对154株大肠埃希菌用表型确证试验检测ESBLs,用Kirby-Bauer琼脂扩散法做药物敏感试验.结果 154株大肠埃希菌中共检出产ESBLs菌80株,检出率51.95%.在各类标本中,尿中产ESBLs菌株分离率最高(52.50%),其次是痰(22.50%).除亚胺培南、美罗培南、头孢西丁、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和阿米卡星外,产ESBLs菌株对其他8种抗菌药物的耐药率明显高于非产ESBLs菌株(P<0.05).结论 该院产ESBLs大肠埃希菌株对多类药物表现出较高的耐药率,临床应加强对产ESBLs大肠埃希菌耐药性监测,严格掌握抗生素的使用指征,防止耐药菌株的传播流行.     

泌尿道感染大肠埃希菌耐药性分析

目的：了解我院泌尿道感染大肠埃希菌耐药现状,为临床治疗提供参考。方法：对2006年5月-2007年12月我院住院及门诊病人送检尿培养采用法国梅里埃ATB分析仪进行细菌鉴定,用K—B法做药敏试验,并用纸片确证试验检测超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）。结果：大肠埃希菌产ESBLs检出率为32．7％,药敏结果显示,大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南100％敏感,对其余抗生素出现不同程度的耐药,产ESBLs株耐药率明显高于非产ESBLs株。结论：大肠埃希菌耐药严重,临床应重视病原学检查,根据药敏结果合理选用抗生素。     

大肠埃希氏菌在临床中耐药性的动态监测

目的：了解产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）、头孢菌素（AmpC）酶的大肠埃希菌（EC）对抗菌药物的耐药性,为指导临床合理使用抗菌药物提供科学依据。方法：用纸片扩散法（K-B法）对大肠埃希菌进行14种抗菌药物的敏感性试验,产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）的筛选按美国临床实验室标准化委员会（NCCLS）推荐的纸片确证法进行,去阻遏持续高产AmpC酶的检测采用双抑制剂扩散协同纸片法检测。结果：2008～2010年从临床标本中共分离到大肠埃希菌176株,其中产ESBLs阳性58株,有1株同时产AmpC酶。除亚胺培南外对其他13种抗生素均有不同程度耐药,头孢类药物耐药率较高。结论：临床EC的耐药情况十分严重,应对EC进行耐药性动态监测,以指导临床科学使用抗菌药物。     

临床分离大肠埃希菌ESBLs的检出率与耐药性分析

目的了解临床分离大肠埃希菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶的检出率和耐药情况,为临床合理选用抗生素提供依据。方法根据NCCLS推荐的琼脂稀释法进行药敏试验 用双纸片协同试验检测产ESBLs菌。结果108株临床分离大肠埃希菌检出产ESBLs菌62株,检出率为57.4%。ESBLs菌株对15种常用抗菌药物耐药率,对亚胺培南的耐药率低于2%,对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦耐药率为35.5%,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率为45.2%,对头孢他啶的耐药率为46.8%,对其他药物的耐药率均较高。结论应加强对临床分离大肠埃希菌耐药性监测,指导临床合理使用抗生素,减少新的ESBLs的产生。     

大肠埃希菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶基因型及耐药性研究

 目的 了解沈阳地区产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌的流行和耐药特点,初步确定产ESBLs大肠埃希菌的基闪型.方法 收集沈阳地区大肠埃希菌临床分离株246株,通过CLSI确认试验确认产ESBLs大肠埃希菌,应用K-B纸片法进行药敏试验,采用PCR方法检测ESBLs的基冈型.结果 产ESBLs大肠埃希菌共127株(51.6%),对头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、氨曲南、头孢他啶、头孢两丁及阿莫西林/克拉维酸的耐药率分别是:68.3%、92%、43.1%、24.4%、10.5%及37.4%,亚胺培南和美洛培南的敏感率均为100%;在72株CTX-M型中53株(60.2%)为CTX-M-9型、15株(17%)为CTX-M-1型,4株(4.6%)同时携带了CTX-M-9及CTX-M-1两种基因.结论 产ESBLs大肠埃希菌具有多重耐药的特点,产ES-BLs的大肠埃希菌大都携带CTX-M型ESBLs基因.     

产超广谱β－内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的检测及耐药性分析

目的：对产生超广谱β－内酰胺酶（ESBLs)的肺炎克雷伯菌大肠埃希菌进行耐药检测,指导临床合理用药。方法：采用双纸片扩散法对292株从临床分离的非重复株中检出68株产ESBLs菌,用K－B法检测其对11种抗生素的敏感性。结果：ESBLs菌总阳性率23．3％;产ESBLs菌对头孢他啶,头孢西汀,阿米卡星部分敏感,对亚胺培南100％敏感,对头孢西汀,头孢噻肟,头孢呋辛耐药率达83．3％－100％,显著高于不产ESBLs菌对抗生素耐药率（X2检验,P＜0．05）,对阿米卡星,头孢西汀,环丙沙星,复方SMZ交叉耐药达88．9％,结论：治疗ESBLs菌引起感染应选用亚胺培南或含β－内酰胺酶抑制剂复合抗生素。     

产超广谱B-内酰胺酶菌的医院感染调查分析

目的：了解医院内肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌产超广谱B-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）的情况及临床分布，指导临床医生合理使用抗生素，防止医院感染及传播流行。方法：细菌鉴定、药敏、ESBLs检测均采用法国生物梅里埃VITEK-AMS32系统。结果：大肠埃希菌ESBLs检出率为24．6％，肺炎克雷伯菌ESBLs检出率为43．4％。两种细菌目前对亚胺培南无耐药性，其它抗生素均呈不同程度的耐药。结论：及时进行ESBLs测定和细菌耐药监测，严格控制广谱抗生素应用，是控制ESBks细菌感染的重要措施。     

外科重症患者术后感染病原菌种类及药物敏感性分析

目的：探讨外科重症患者术后感染菌群分布和药物敏感性情况，为临床重症患者合理用药提供实验室依据。方法：采用回顾性研究方法，分析2004～2006年我院外科重症患者术后感染及药物敏感性情况。结果：外科重症术后以呼吸道感染最常见，送检标本以下呼吸道标本为主。排在前3位的科室分别为肝胆外科、神经外科和泌尿外科。前3位感染菌分别为大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和铜绿假单胞菌。大肠埃希菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶菌株逐年增多，以亚胺培南最敏感（95．34％）；金黄色葡萄球菌以万古霉素最敏感（100％），未发现耐万古霉素菌株，耐苯唑西林菌株占54，62％，产β-内酰胺酶菌株约95％；铜绿假单胞菌以丁胺卡那霉素（78.61％）和亚胺培南（67．30％）最敏感，多重耐药性显著。结论：外科重症术后患者感染易出现，感染菌株耐药性高，不易控制，应定期、及时的按照细菌培养和药物敏感性检测结果慎重选用抗生素，防止多重耐药菌株的出现和爆发流行。     

产超广谱β-内酰酶细菌检测及耐药性分析

目的:了解产超广谱β-内酰酶(ESBLs)肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌在我院的分离、分布情况、耐药特点,以便及时监控和治疗.方法:先用纸片扩散初筛法从140株肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌中筛选出38株可疑产ESBLs菌株,再用纸片扩散确证法确认.结果:ESBLs总阳性率为27.1%,以重症监护病房为最高.产ESBLs菌对头孢他啶、头孢噻肟、头孢曲松的耐药率高达83.3%～96.2%,对亚胺培南全部敏感.结论:纸片扩散法是一种有效地检测ESBLs的方法,治疗ESBLs细菌所致感染,可应用亚胺培南、头霉素类、含β-内酰胺酶抑制复合物及药敏显示敏感的药物.     

1 094株革兰阴性杆菌的耐药性分析

目的了解革兰阴性杆菌的耐药状况,为临床用药提供参考依据。方法采用Kirby-Baure纸片扩散法,对1094株革兰阴性杆菌进行药物敏感性监测。结果1094株革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南、美洛培南、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦、哌拉西林-他唑巴坦敏感率依次为88.9%,87.8%,86.1%,85.0%,头孢噻吩的敏感率最低为15.2%,26.7%的大肠埃希菌和30.8%的肺炎克雷伯菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶。结论革兰阴性杆菌除对亚胺培南、美洛培南、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦、哌拉西林-他唑巴坦有较低的抗菌活性外,对氨基糖甙类(阿米卡星,庆大霉素)、喹诺酮类(环丙沙星,左旋氧氟沙星),头孢类(一、二、三、四代)的药物均有较高的抗药性,多重耐药性细菌成为临床的主要感染菌。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.