原发性肝癌患者脾脏免疫功能状态的研究

为探讨原发性肝癌患者脾脏的免疫状态和抗肿瘤免疫功能 ,我们对部分原发性肝癌患者脾静脉血 (SVL)和外周静脉血 (PBL)中的 T细胞亚群、自然杀伤细胞 (NK细胞 )活性、循环免疫复合物 (CIC)进行了测定 ,现报告如下。临床资料 :原发性肝癌患者 15例 ,男 13例 ,女 2例 ;年龄36～ 6 8岁 ,平均 5 1.6岁 ;均经病理证实。对照组为健康成年人 15例 ,男 10例、女 5例 ,年龄 19～ 6 8岁 ,平均 47岁。方法 :取肝癌患者 PBL 和 SVL 及对照组 PBL。用微量细胞毒试验 - L DH释放法测定 NK细胞活性。用间接免疫荧光法测定 T细胞亚群中的 CD 3、…     

中晚期HCC患者T淋巴细胞亚群和红细胞免疫功能变化及介入治疗对其的影响

目的探讨中晚期原发性肝癌(HCC)患者介入治疗前后T淋巴细胞亚群和红细胞免疫功能变化特点。方法对40例原发性肝癌患者(观察组)及40名正常体检者(对照组)采用微量全血直接免疫荧光法检测T淋巴细胞亚群,采用受体黏附法检测红细胞免疫功能。结果观察组总T细胞(CD3+)、辅助/诱导T淋巴细胞(CD4+)、CD4+/CD8+和肿瘤红细胞花环(DTER)、红细胞C3b受体花环(RBC-C3bRR)显著低于对照组(P<0.05,P<0.01),红细胞免疫复合物花环(RBC-ICR)显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。TACE治疗后CD3+、CD4+、CD4+/CD8+及RBC-C3bRR均值较治疗前稍有降低,RBC-DTER治疗后较治疗前升高,但无统计学意义,RBC-ICR治疗后较治疗前明显升高(P<0.05)。结论中晚期原发性肝癌患者T淋巴细胞亚群及红细胞免疫功能低下,介入治疗后细胞免疫功能降低,提示对中晚期原发性肝癌患者介入治疗后应重视细胞免疫功能调节治疗。     

尖锐湿疣患者免疫功能的研究进展

尖锐湿疣 (Condylomaacuminatum ,CA)由人乳头瘤病毒(Humanpapillomavirus,HPV)感染引起 ,是目前国内外流行发病最多的性传播疾病这一。近年来的研究表明 ,CA的发生、清退、复发及癌变与机体的免疫功能密切相关。许多中外学者均认为 ,机体对CA的特异性免疫主要是细胞免疫 ,CA患者存在细胞免疫抑制现象。免疫系统包括免疫器官、免疫细胞及免疫分子 (抗体、补体和淋巴因子 ) ,对CA患者目前研究较多的是免疫细胞及免疫分子。1　CA患者的免疫细胞异常免疫细胞是指参与免疫应答的细胞及其前身 ,包括造血干细胞、淋巴细胞、单核 巨噬细胞、…     

肝细胞癌患者免疫功能的研究

目的探讨肝细胞癌免疫功能的临床意义。方法对54例HCC患者、64例慢性乙型肝炎患者和23位正常献血员采用双抗体夹心法,一抗为生物素标记的抗IFN-γ、TNF-α、IL-2、IL-4、IL-10、IL-12P70抗体,根据样本的OD值及曲线的斜率计算出细胞因子的含量。采用免疫组织化学方法检测外周血CD3＋、CD4＋和CD8＋T淋巴细胞的百分率。银染法检测T淋巴细胞核仁形成区嗜银蛋白,流式细胞仪测定肝细胞癌患者外周血黏附单个核细胞CD83及HLA-DR表达。结果 HCC患者血清IFN-γ含量为（4.92±2.15）pg/mL,低于健康献血员（19.16±2.34）pg/mL和慢性乙型肝炎患者（11.42±6.86）pg/mL（P〈0.05）。HCC患者IL-2、IL-12P70含量降低,而TNF-α、TGF-β1、IL-4、IL-10含量增高。根据肝癌体积大小对患者分组比较血清IFN-γ水平,随着肿瘤体增大,血清IFN-γ水平下降,调节IFN-γ分泌的IL-12P70水平与IFN-γ的变化趋势一致,但HCC患者血液中都存在IFN-γ。根据甲胎蛋白的水平将未经治疗的HCC患者分成2组,结果提示甲胎蛋白含量高时血清IFN-γ水平下降,调节IFN-γ分泌的IL-12P70水平与IFN-γ的变化趋势一致。与慢性乙型肝炎患者和健康献血员相比,HCC患者CD4＋T淋巴细胞、CD4＋/CD8＋比值降低,反映T淋巴细胞增殖活性的AgNORs降低。黏附细胞悬液CD83和HLA-DR表达降低。结论 HCC患者的免疫功能低下,与肿瘤细胞的免疫逃逸有关。     

化疗对胃癌患者免疫功能的影响

背景：化疗药物可杀灭或抑制胃癌患者的肿瘤细胞，同时亦影响患者机体的免疫状态。分析胃癌患者化疗前后免疫状态的变化有助于准确实施化疗和综合治疗。目的：探讨化疗对胃癌患者免疫功能的影响。方法：共63例接受化疗的胃癌患者入选，化疗前后分别应用流式细胞仪和酶联免疫吸附测定（ELISA）检测外周血T细胞亚群和血清可溶性白细胞介素-2受体（sIL-2R）水平，并设健康者作为正常对照组。结果：胃癌患者化疗前CD3^＋、CD4^＋T细胞数以及CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值显著低于正常对照组（P〈0．05），血清sIL-2R水平显著升高（P〈0．05）。化疗后1周胃癌患者CD3^＋、CD4^＋T细胞数、CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值较化疗前显著降低（P〈0．05），血清sIL-2R水平显著升高（P〈0．05）；化疗后3周，上述指标逐渐恢复。与化疗前水平相比无明显差异，但与正常对照组相比差异仍有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。化疗过程中最常见的不良反应为恶心、呕吐（68.3％）和骨髓抑制（46．0％）。结论：胃癌患者在短期化疗后出现的免疫功能抑制需3周以上才能明显恢复。应于化疗早期使用免疫增强调节剂，以利于实施有效的综合治疗。     

风心病的免疫功能

风湿性心脏病简称风心病(RHD)是A组溶血性链球菌感染诱发的自身免疫性疾病,主要累及40岁以下人群,常损害心内膜、心包、心肌。慢性风湿性瓣膜病中至少95％以上累及二尖瓣,其中单纯二尖瓣病占75％～90％,其中狭窄者占二尖瓣病半数以上。风心病迄今仍是主动脉关闭不全最主要病因,在我国约占主动脉关闭不全的60％～80％,常伴有不同程度的主动脉瓣狭窄。     

老年高血压病患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群及红细胞免疫功能的临床研究

为探讨老年原发性高血压（OEH）患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群及红细胞免疫功能的临床意义，对38例OEH患者的外周血T淋巴细胞亚群及红细胞免疫功能进行测定，并与对照组比较。结果表明：OEH患者CD3＋、CD4＋、CD8＋细胞百分率均低于对照组，CD4＋／DS8＋明显高于对照组（P＜0．01），其中以CD8＋细胞数量变化尤为明显，OEH患者红细胞C3b受体花环率（RBC－C3b）明显降低，而红细胞免疫复合物花环率（RBC-ICR）明显升高（P＜0．01）；CD8＋细胞数量与RBC－C3b呈正相关（T＝0．667P＜0．05），而与RBC－ICR呈负相关（r＝0．721P＜0．05）；RBC－C3b与RBC－ICR呈负相关（r＝－0．581P＜0．05）提示：OEH患者存在免疫功能紊乱，外周血T淋巴细胞亚群与红细胞免疫功能关系密切。     

儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病患者T淋巴细胞免疫功能的研究

目的 :研究儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病 (ALL)患者初治时和完全缓解 (CR)后外周血T淋巴细胞亚群及其分泌细胞因子的能力。方法 :采集B淋巴细胞系ALL儿童初治时、CR后的外周血 ,分离出其中的单个核细胞 (MNC)。用单克隆抗体在流式细胞仪上测定CD3、CD4、CD8以及IL 2受体CD2 5的含量 ;通过T淋巴细胞内细胞因子IFN γ和TNF α的测定 ,在单个细胞水平上分析T淋巴细胞功能的变化。结果 :①初治时 ,患者的CD4 /CD8为 (1.10± 0 .79) ,较健康儿童 (2 .74± 1.2 1)明显降低 (P <0 .0 1) ,CD4、CD8产生细胞因子IFN γ和TNF α的能力均低于正常对照 (P <0 .0 5 )。②CR后 ,CD4 /CD8为 2 .5 4± 1.39,比初治时明显提高 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,CD4、CD8产生细胞因子的能力增强 ,但与正常对照组相比 ,各项数值仍低。③初治患者的CD4 + CD2 5 + T淋巴细胞为 (0 .76± 0 .5 6 ) ,明显低于CR组 (2 0 .4± 5 .1) (P <0 .0 1)和对照组 (16 .3± 6 .3) (P <0 .0 1)。这表明 ,免疫损害在白血病的发病过程中起重要作用的细胞因子的产生和CD2 5都趋于正常。结论 :T淋巴细胞的免疫功能与儿童白血病的预后关系密切 ,促进患者免疫功能的恢复对本病的治疗非常重要     

甲巯咪唑与甲氨蝶呤对Graves病免疫功能的影响

以健康人群为对照，Graves病患者分成甲巯咪唑(MMI)组(MMI 20mg/d)和甲氨蝶呤(MTx)组(MMI20mg/d MTX7．5mg/w)，测得患者组CD4、Th增高而Tc低下，治疗6周后该异常虽无明显改变，可溶性白细胞介素2(sIL-2)受体和甲状腺自身抗体下降，但组间差异无显著性。提示Graves病治疗前存在免疫异常，MMI及其加用MTX治疗6周使sIL-2受体及甲状腺自身抗体明显下降，加用MTX未见对免疫功能的影响优于单用MMI。     

ICE对肝癌患者免疫功能的影响

将146例肝癌患者随机分为三组,单纯手术者为（A组50例）,术后1个月行肝动脉化疗栓塞术（TA．CE）者为B组（48例）,术后1个月行免疫化疗栓塞术（ICE）者为C组（48例）。流式细胞仪测三组患者外周血CD3^＋、CD4^＋、CD8^＋、CD4^＋／CD8^＋。结果显示A组患者术前CD3^＋、CD4^＋、CD4^＋／CD8^＋均较低,而术后4周各项指标升高;B组患者术后1周CD3^＋、CD4^＋、CD4^＋／CD8^＋均降低,CD8^＋升高,而4周后CD3^＋、CD4^＋、CD4^＋／CD8^＋均升高,CD8^＋降低（P〈0．05）;C组患者术后1周CD3^＋、CD4^＋、CD4^＋／CD8＋略有增高,至4周后显著高于术前（P〈0．05）。认为免疫化疗栓塞术不仅不损害患者的免疫功能,还呈现持续改善的趋势。     

LONG-TERM SURVIVAL IN SMALL CELL LUNG CARCINOMA

We assessed outcome in 208 patients with small cell lung carcinoma two to seven years after treatment with combination chemotherapy, with or without chest and cranial radiotherapy. Fourteen patients (6.7%) survived cancer free for 30 months or longer. Nine of these (64%) had limited disease at diagnosis and four others had extensive disease with only one metastatic site. Two patients remain alive and disease free more than five years after diagnosis but median survival is still only 3.2 years. One patient died from intercurrent causes at 5.4 years but was free from small cell lung carcinoma at autopsy. Six patients are alive and disease free at intervals greater than 30 months but less than five years from diagnosis. All surviving patients are fully active with lifestyles similar to that prior to diagnosis. Five patients died from small cell lung carcinoma which relapsed more than 30 months after diagnosis. A few patients with small cell lung carcinoma are cured but 30-month survival is insufficient to show cure as late relapses do occur. Late toxicity from aggressive therapy does not appear to outweigh the benefits of long-term survival and potential cure in small cell lung carcinoma.     

肝癌动脉化疗栓塞术中肝脏能量储备功能研究 

对３６例行ＴＡＥ治疗的肝癌患者，术前氧化还原耐受指数（ＲＴＩ）及术后动脉血酮体比（ＡＫＢＲ）测定来评价肝脏能量储备功能。按术后ＡＫＢＲ值分Ａ：≥０．７，Ｂ：０．４～０．７及Ｃ：＜０．４，在ＲＴＩ≥０．５的２１例中，属Ａ、Ｂ及ｃ者分别为１５、６及０例，术后１个月内无死亡；而在ＲＴＩ＜０．５的１５例中，属Ａ、Ｂ及ｃ者分别为５、８及２例，术后１个月内Ｂ有１例死亡，Ｃ中２例均死亡。由此认为术前ＲＴＩ及术后ＡＫＢＲ测定可准确判断患者肝脏能量储备功能并评价预后。     

EARLY CROSSOVER OF INDUCTION CHEMOTHERAPY IN SMALL CELL LUNG CARCINOMA

The aim of this trial was to assess whether early crossover induction chemotherapy would improve the complete response rate in patients with small cell lung carcinoma. Tumour markers were defined in all 48 patients at diagnosis. The patients were reassessed after three and six cycles of chemotherapy and classified as having either complete, partial or non response of tumour on each occasion. Initial induction therapy consisted of cyclophosphamide, vincristine and adriamycin (T1). The therapy of the patients with no tumour response was changed to a regimen (T2) consisting of VP16-213, procarbazine, CCNU and high dose methotrexate with folinic acid rescue. The patients with partial tumour response were randomised to receive either T1 or T2, while patients with complete tumour response continued with T1. In those patients classified initially as having partial tumour response, crossover chemotherapy did not improve tumour response or survival. Similarly, in patients with no tumour response there was not an acceptable improvement. We conclude that non cross resistant crossover chemotherapy using these drug regimens confers no added benefit when compared with continuing the initial therapy.     

AN ENDOCRINE CELL CARCINOMA WITH GASTRIC‐AND‐INTESTINAL MIXED PHENOTYPE ADENOCARCINOMA COMPONENT IN THE STOMACH

A 77‐year‐old man complained of bodyweight loss, and a Borrmann 3 type lesion was observed endoscopically in the anterior wall of angular region of the stomach. The endocrine cell carcinoma (ECC) having the cytoplasmic staining of chromogranin A (CgA) was detected pathologically in the biopsy samples. The patient underwent distal gastrectomy plus systemic lymph node (LN) dissection (D2 LN dissection), and pathological examination revealed ECC invading the subserosa, and no LN metastasis (pT2N0M0). None of the gastric and intestinal endocrine cell marker expression was apparent in the ECC cells. The lesion also contained a moderately differentiated type tubular adenocarcinoma component, which was judged to be gastric‐and‐intestinal mixed (GI type) phenotype, using gastric and intestinal exocrine cell markers. After the surgery, he left the hospital and started oral doxifluridine (600 mg/day). The patient now (March 2008, about 19 months since the surgery) continues this chemotherapy with no recurrence. In conclusion, we experienced ECC with a GI type adenocarcinoma component. The ECC cases with the GI type adenocarcinoma component may have a relatively good prognosis, being similar to the results of advanced gastric cancers from the viewpoint of gastric and intestinal phenotypic expression.     

PEDUNCULATED GASTRIC SIGNET RING CELL CARCINOMA

Signet ring cell carcinoma (SRCC) is characterized by poor ductal formation and a diffuse progression pattern and generally presents as a depressed lesion in the majority of cases. We describe here an extremely rare case of gastric SRCC that presented as a pedunculated lesion. We hypothesize that the major factor responsible for the elevation of this lesion was proliferation of signet ring cells that did not lose their mutual connections. Among the two cases of early elevated‐type gastric SRCC that have been reported in the literature, this is the first case of pedunculated intramucosal SRCC. Pathological examination revealed no cancer cells in the basal part of the elevated lesion. The cellular morphology was consistent with SRCC, although the ductal structure was well preserved and more similar to well‐differentiated adenocarcinoma. Endoscopic examination showed a smooth‐surfaced lesion with no depressed region around the basal part of the elevated lesion. Because these findings differ significantly from previous reports of elevated SRCC, this report provides further insight into the nature of SRCC.     

SURVEILLANCE OF SMALL INTESTINAL ABNORMALITIES IN PATIENTS WITH HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA: A PROSPECTIVE CAPSULE ENDOSCOPY STUDY

Background: Patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) sometimes suffer from obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Portal hypertension (PH), common in cirrhosis, induces esophagogastric varices. Because of the location, PH also may influence mucosal abnormalities in the small intestine. The objective of this study is to estimate the prevalence of small intestinal mucosal abnormalities in HCC patients using capsule endoscopy (CE). Patients and Methods: We prospectively conducted CE in HCC patients, and analyzed the findings in relation to hepatic function, the number and size of HCC tumor and findings obtained by conventional endoscopy. Results: Thirty‐six patients (aged 66.7 ± 7.5 years, 29 men) underwent CE. Abnormal findings in the small bowel were found in 16 patients (44%), angioectasias in eight patients (22%), erosions in five (14%), varices in four (11%), polyps in four (11%), and submucosal tumor in one (3%). The patients with angioectasia had a larger spleen index than the no abnormal lesions group (85.4 ± 15.8 vs 59.0 ± 24.4, P = 0.02). The former group had been more frequently treated for esophageal varices endoscopically (62% vs 15%, P = 0.02). Large HCC nodules seemed more common in the patients with angioectasia than subjects without abnormal lesions (38% vs 5%, P = 0.06). Small intestinal varices also seemed to have a positive association with large HCC. During the follow up after CE, one patient with small intestinal polyps suffered from obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Conclusions: CE revealed that HCC patients frequently have small intestinal mucosal lesions. In particular, small intestinal angioectasia, which may cause obscure gastrointestinal bleeding, seems to be associated with portal hypertension.     

肝细胞癌患者肝组织中丙型肝炎病毒抗原的定位研究

用过氧化物酶与抗过氧化物酶（ＰＡＰ）法检测了７３例肝细胞癌（ＨＣＣ）患者肝组织中的丙型肝炎病毒抗原（ＨＣＶＡｇ）和ＨＢｓＡｇ及ＨＢｃＡｇ。结果显示：ＨＣＶＡｇ，ＨＢｓＡｇ和ＨＢｃＡｇ的检出率分别为２８．８％，７５．３％和２６．０％，ＨＣＶＡｇ阳性的肝细胞多呈散在分布，ＨＣＶ染色颗粒既可见于细胞浆也可见于细胞核，ＨＣＶＡｇ的检出与ＨＢＶ的感染态多显著相关，提示，ＨＣＶ可在ＨＣＣ患者的肝细胞中表达，Ｈ     

SUPERFICIAL ESOPHAGEAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA WITH BULKY GASTRIC HIATUS LYMPH NODE METASTASIS: A CASE REPORT

In patients with superficial esophageal cancer, especially in those with tumor invasion above the muscularis mucosae, lymph node metastasis is very rare. We report a case of superficial esophageal cancer who presented with lymph node metastasis. In another hospital a 49‐year‐old man was found to have a bulky tumor adjacent to the cardiac area of the stomach and a total gastrectomy was carried out. Postoperatively, the tumor was identified as a lymph node containing metastatic squamous cell carcinoma. The main lesion could not be identified on fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. On esophagogastric endoscopy, using the iodine spray technique, we found an unstained lesion about 32 cm from the incisor teeth. The tumor was removed using endoscopic mucosal resection. The entire resected specimen was examined histopathologically; the depth of the tumor was above the muscularis mucosae. Thirty‐four months after endoscopic mucosal resection, there is no sign of tumor recurrence or metastasis.     

76例血栓闭塞性脉管炎患者红细胞免疫功能的研究

本文应用红细胞葡萄球菌蛋白Ａ混合花环试验对７６例血栓闭塞性脉管炎患者进行红细胞免疫功能的检测，并以５５例健康献血员作为正常对照。结果表明，活动期患者红细胞Ｃ３ｂ受体活性降低，红细胞免疫复合物花环率增高，红细胞免疫促进因子活性降低而抑制因子活性升高，且红细胞免疫粘附促进因子和抑制因子分别与红细胞Ｃ３ｂ受体活性呈正或负相关关系。     

ENDOCYTOSCOPIC OBSERVATION OF ESOPHAGEAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA

The endocytoscopy system (ECS), adapted for clinical use in 2003, is an ultra‐high‐power magnifying endoscope that allows observations at the cell level. ECS is based on the technology of light‐contact microscopy. The most evident use of ECS is for real‐time, high‐resolution diagnosis of nuclear abnormalities, mainly in patients with esophageal cancer. Up to now, three different types of ECS have been available. This diagnostic tool makes it possible to omit histological examination of biopsy samples in approximately 84% of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, as evidence for both an increase of cell density and nuclear abnormalities is considered to be convincing proof that a lesion is malignant. Here we describe the features of ECS and the background that led to its development, and review the published literature pertaining to the observation of esophageal neoplasms using ECS.