5-氮胞苷诱导间质干细胞为心肌细胞的实验研究

分离SD大鼠下肢骨,培养获得骨髓间质干细胞（MSCs）,经5-氮胞苷（5-aza）定向诱导24h后t用免疫细胞化学法检测诱导细胞对连接蛋白43和α横纹肌肌动蛋白的表达,用逆转录-聚合酶链反应鉴定心肌细胞特异性蛋白的表达情况。结果显示,MSCs经5-aza诱导后,细胞形态不规则;3周后5-aza 10μm组细胞连接蛋白43、α横纹肌肌动蛋白阳性表达;RT-PCR显示细胞表达心肌肌钙蛋白Ⅰ、α心肌肌动蛋白。提示5-aza可体外诱导MSCs分化为心肌细胞,用于心肌梗死的治疗。     

心肌细胞裂解液对骨髓间充质干细胞向心肌细胞分化诱导作用的研究

目的通过向骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)培养体系中添加心肌细胞裂解液的方法,体外模拟心肌微环境,观察MSCs向心肌细胞分化的诱导作用,并与诱导分化剂5-氮杂胞苷(5-aza)比较。方法分离新生乳鼠的心肌细胞并制成心肌细胞裂解液,自成年大鼠骨髓中分离MSCs,用含有心肌细胞裂解液的培养基(A组)、含有5-aza的培养基(B组)、含有5-aza和心肌细胞裂解液的培养基(c组)以及普通培养基(对照组)培养。观察细胞形态的改变,并通过免疫组化分析分化后细胞表达α-肌动蛋白、心脏特异性肌钙蛋白T(cTnT)、连接蛋白43及CD31的情况。结果A、B组的MSCs在培养1周后均形成肌细胞形态,并且均表达α-肌动蛋白和cTnT;A组MSCs分化的肌样细胞所含的肌纤维较B组更丰实,细胞生长趋势也优于B组,并且可以表达CD31;B组MSCs分化的肌样细胞不表达CD31;对照组细胞仅表达α-肌动蛋白。结论心肌细胞裂解液是体外诱导MSCs分化为心肌样细胞的理想条件,优于传统的5-aza,在心肌细胞移植技术中可以用于体外模拟心肌细胞微环境。     

诱导骨髓间充质干细胞向心肌样细胞分化的实验研究

目的 观察乳鼠心肌细胞条件培养液、SalB 、5-氮胞苷(5-aza)及SalB联合5-aza体外诱导骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)分化为心肌样细胞的作用及其机制.方法 分离培养及鉴定大鼠MSCs,培养乳鼠心肌细胞,收集条件培养液对其进行分组诱导:①SalB(终浓度为250 μg/L),②5-aza组(终浓度为10 μg/L),③SalB联合5-aza组(终浓度分别为250 μg/L与10 μmol/L),④乳鼠心肌细胞条件培养液,⑤未加诱导剂的阴性对照组.选取MSCs进行诱导,诱导周期为4 w.倒置相差显微镜下观察细胞的生长情况及形态变化,免疫细胞化学法鉴定心肌特异性肌钙蛋白T(cTnT)表达,实时荧光定量RT-PCR法检测心肌早期基因NKX2.5、GATA-4 mRNA的相对表达量.结果 细胞形态学显示,诱导后的MSCs体积增大,增殖减慢,并出现肌管样结构;免疫细胞化学结果显示,诱导后的MSCs表达心肌特异性蛋白cTnT,与5-aza组相比,SalB组和条件培养液两组蛋白表达较低,SalB联合5-aza组蛋白表达升高;实时荧光定量RT-PCR结果显示除阴性对照组外,其他四组表达心肌分化早期基因,SalB联合5-aza组诱导后的MSCs的心肌早期分化基因表达明显高于其他三组.结论 SalB联合5-aza诱导MSCs表达心肌特异性肌钙蛋白cTnT;上调心肌早期基因NKX2.5、GATA-4mRNA的表达,证实其能够向心肌细胞分化能力;条件培养液不能上调心肌细胞的早期基因和蛋白,不能诱导其分化.     

不同浓度5-氮胞苷对小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的诱导作用

目的探讨5-氮胞苷（5-aza）对小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞（MSCs）的最佳诱导浓度。方法分离2周龄小鼠胫骨、股骨,冲洗出骨髓,采用Ficoll淋巴细胞分离液密度梯度离心和贴壁培养的方法获得MSCs。取传第2代MSCs培养48h后分别加入3、5、10、20、50μmol／L5-aza进行诱导,设为3、5、10、20、50μmol／L组。继续培养3周后观察细胞形态变化,免疫细胞化学法检测心肌特异性蛋白α-actin表达。结果5-aza3、5μmol／L组α-actin阳性率分别为0．88％±0．52％、2．61％±0．96％,两组细胞形态均无明显改变;10μmol／L组可见细胞突起回缩,α-actin呈强阳性表达,阳性率为30．57％±1．82％;20、50μmol／L组细胞已脱落。结论MSCs经5-aza体外诱导分化,可获得形态类似、表达心肌特异性蛋白的心肌样细胞,且以10μmol/L浓度诱导作用最佳。     

骨髓间充质干细胞体外诱导分化为心肌细胞

目的观察5-氮杂胞苷(5-aza)体外诱导分化骨髓间充质干细胞(Mesenchymal Stem Cells,MSCs)成为心肌细胞的作用,并为进一步体内研究而进行细胞标记.方法提取小型猪骨髓20ml,体外分离培养骨髓间充质干细胞,分为对照组和诱导组,其中诱导组在培养第3天加入5-aza(10 μmol/L),分别在培养2周和4周时观察两组细胞光镜、电镜下形态,4周时进行磷钨酸-苏木素染色(PTAH)和肌动蛋白(actin)免疫组化染色.诱导组MSCs加入5-溴脱氧尿嘧啶(BrdU,5μg/ml),分别在作用后第2周和第4周,利用BrdU单克隆抗体免疫组化检测BrdU标记方法.此外,用含有LacZ基因的复制缺陷腺病毒转染诱导组MSCs,利用X-gal染色检测LacZ基因表达的半乳糖苷酶,观察诱导分化后MSCs的体外标记情况.结果体外能够成功地分离骨髓MSCs,5-aza诱导分化2周和4周后的MSCs在光镜下明显成为梭形,形态类似肌细胞.电镜下诱导分化后的MSCs在2周时出现肌丝结构,4周时肌丝明显增多.PTAH染色显示超过70%的细胞具有横纹肌的染色性质,actin免疫组化染色显示超过80%的诱导后MSCs肌动蛋白呈阳性表达.体外BrdU单克隆抗体检测BrdU掺入到MSCs细胞核中,X-gal染色证明LacZ基因能够进入MSCs并表达,两种体外标记方法在标记2周和4周时都为阳性.结论5-aza能够诱导骨髓MSCs成为心肌细胞,BrdU掺入和含有LacZ基因的复制缺陷腺病毒转染能够成功对诱导分化后MSCs进行标记,并且标记持续至少4周.     

人骨髓间充质干细胞体外诱导为心肌细胞的观察

体外分离培养人骨髓间充质干细胞(hMSCs),传代纯化后取第3代接种于培养板上,分别加入5、10、20 μmol/L 5氮胞苷(5-aza),孵育12、24、48 h后,更换新鲜培养基继续培养.光镜下动态观察细胞变化,4周后免疫组化染色法检测肌钙蛋白(cTnI)、连接蛋白43(Cx43)表达.结果经5-aza诱导后,hMscs形态变长、增大,排列整齐;除对照组外,其他各组hMscs的cTnI、Cx43表达均阳性;10μmol/L 5-aza孵育24 h hMscs转化率明显增加(P<0.05).提示hMscs体外经5-aza诱导后,可向心肌细胞分化;10μmol/L 5-aza诱导24 h是最佳诱导条件.     

丹酚酸B在大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞分化过程对心肌早期基因mRNA表达的影响

目的 探讨丹参单体丹酚酸B(Salvianolic acid B,SalB)在体外诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)分化为心肌样细胞的情况及Nkx2.5、GATA-4、Desmin和α-actin mRNA的表达,确定大鼠 MSCs 体外诱导为心肌样细胞的条件、规律及转化细胞的特点.方法 选用成年近交系Wistar大鼠,利用percoll分离液进行密度梯度离心法和直接贴壁法进行分离、提纯 MSCs,并进行培养扩增.免疫组化方法对第9代MSCs表面抗原进行鉴定.分别应用10 μmol/L 5-氮胞苷(5-aza)及250 mg/L SalB联合5-aza(5-aza+SalB)对第9代的MSCs进行联合诱导24 h,于诱导后第4周,用实时荧光定量RT-PCR法检测Nkx2.5、GATA-4、Desmin和α-actin的基因表达.结果 ①第9代MSCs免疫组化染色CD44呈阳性表达,CD34呈阴性表达.②诱导4 w后,细胞体积变小,可见由几个细胞连接形成的多核肌管样结构.5-aza组、5-aza+SalB组均出现明确的心肌早期分化基因;与5-aza组相比,5-aza+SalB组的Nkx2.5、GATA-4、Desmin 和α-actin mRNA的表达明显增强.结论 SalB具有促进5-aza诱导的MSCs向心肌样细胞分化的作用,并且在Nkx2.5基因表达上SalB的优势更加明显.     

不同浓度的5-氮胞苷对人骨髓间充质干细胞向心肌细胞分化的影响

目的探讨不同浓度的5-氮胞苷（5-aza）对人骨髓间充质干细胞（hMSCs）向心肌细胞分化的影响。方法抽取人胸骨骨髓35 ml,采用密度梯度离心法和贴壁法进行hMSCs的分离培养。于第3代生长状态良好的hMSCs中,分别加入3、5、10、20和40μmol/L 5-aza处理24 h,更换新鲜的培养基继续培养;对照组的细胞始终用完全培养基培养。光镜下动态观察细胞形态的变化,4周后用免疫组化染色法检测心肌肌钙蛋白I（cTnI）、连接蛋白43（Cx43）的表达。结果经5-aza诱导处理后,hMSCs的形态变长、增大,排列更加紧密、整齐。免疫组化染色法检测表明,对照组与3μmol/L 5-aza组cTnI、Cx43的表达呈阴性,5、10、20和40μmol/L 5-aza组cTnI和Cx43的表达均呈阳性。在一定范围内（<10μmol/L的5-aza）,随着5-aza浓度的增加,hMSCs向心肌细胞的转化率逐渐增高;但高浓度（>10μmol/L）5-aza的毒性可造成细胞大量死亡。结论hMSCs经适当浓度的5-aza处理后,可向心肌细胞分化,10μmol/L的5-aza为最适诱导浓度。     

体外诱导人脐血间充质干细胞未能向心肌细胞转分化

目的选择从人脐带血中分离出的间充质干细胞(UCB1-MSCs),通过5-氮胞苷(5-aza)进行诱导,对其体外向心肌细胞转分化的能力做初步探讨。方法培养第11代 hMSCs,加入6、9、12 μmol/L 的5-aza 分别作用24h 和48h,相差显微镜观察细胞形态直到3周后实验结束。以未经处理的细胞为对照组。采用 RT-PCR 检测心肌转录因子 MEF2C、GATA4、Nkx2.5和心肌特异性基因 MLC-2v、MLC-2a、Connexin 43及α-actinin 的表达;免疫荧光染色检测 Connexin 43和α-actinin 的表达,以共聚焦显微镜成像。结果经5-aza 诱导后观察3周未见细胞的自发搏动。诱导前后的 hMSC 均可不同程度的表达 MEF2C、Connexin 43及α-actinin。在12 μmol/L 水平诱导24h 和6、9、12 μmol/L 水平诱导48h 共4个组中可见 MLC-2a 的表达。GATA4、Nkx 2.5和 MLC-2v 在诱导前后均未见表达。免疫荧光染色显示诱导前后 hMSCs 的胞浆内存在散在排列无序的α-actinin 和 Connexin 43荧光,而始终未见肌小节结构。结论经5-aza 诱导 UCB 来源 hMSCs 在基因水平可以表达部分心肌特异性基因,但是在诱导后的一个月时间内未见相应的心肌特异性结构出现,此类细胞向心肌细胞转分化的能力需再证实。     

犬骨髓间叶干细胞体外定向诱导分化心肌细胞的实验研究

目的:旨在建立骨髓间叶干细胞(MSCs)体外定向诱导分化心肌细胞的方法,为心肌疾患的移值修复治疗提供成体干细胞来源.方法:利用Percoll密度梯度法及MSCs黏附贴壁生长特性进行分离培养与扩增骨髓MSCs,并予以鉴定证实.应用5-氮胞苷对培养早期的骨髓MSCs进行定向诱导分化心肌细胞.通过细胞形态学、细胞免疫组化、透射电镜等技术观察分化细胞的肌管,心肌细胞特异性蛋白与细胞特异性超微结构以鉴定诱导分化的效果.结果:利用Percoll密度梯度法与细胞黏附贴壁生长特性,可分离培养与扩增足量骨髓MSCs.应用化学诱导剂5-氮胞苷10～20 μmol/L孵育早期培养的骨髓MSCs4～5周,可见细胞形成肌管;肌细胞特异性蛋白α-肌动蛋白,肌球蛋白以及心肌细胞特异性分子标志肌钙蛋白I免疫组化染色阳性;透射电镜可见肌丝与房性颗粒.结论:骨髓MSCs可在体外5-氮胞苷的诱导下定向转化为具有典型结构的心肌细胞.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.