1999-2002年南京地区淋球菌分离株抗生素敏感性监测

目的 监测南京地区淋球菌对抗生素的耐药性,报告1999-2002年的结果。方法 采用纸片酸度定量法测定菌株是否产β-内酰胺酶。采用琼脂稀释法测定青霉素、四环素、环丙沙星、大观霉素和头孢曲松对淋球菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果 共对417株淋球菌进行了检测,产青霉素酶淋球菌(PPNG)的阳性率由1999年的8.0%上升到2002年的31.31%(P<0.001),质粒介导的耐四环素淋球菌(TRNG)的阳性率由1999年的1.8%上升到2002年的22.2%(P<0.001)。在非PPNG中,染色体介导的青霉素耐药菌株的阳性率介于64.08%~87.80%。耐环丙沙星淋球菌的阳性率介于83.93%~97.17%。未检出对头孢曲松耐药的淋球菌,但低敏菌株的比例从1999年的17.9%上升到2002年的50.5%(P<0.005)。在2001与2002年各检测出1株对大观霉素耐药的淋球菌。结论 南京地区分离的淋球菌中,质粒介导的耐药性(包括PPNG和TRNG)增长速度较快,染色体介导的对青霉素和环丙沙星耐药的淋球菌比例很高,大观霉素耐药性淋球菌偶见。头孢曲松和大观霉素为治疗淋病的有效药物。     

1988-2002年上海分离的淋球菌对抗菌药的敏感性监测

目的 了解上海地区1988-2002年淋球菌对多种抗菌药耐药的发生率、流行情况和耐药特征.方法 采用琼脂稀释法测定抗菌药耐药性,纸片酸度定量法测定青霉素产β-内酰胺酶菌株(PPNG).结果 青霉素敏感性从1988年的11.28%降至2002年的0,MIC50和MIC90分别增加了8倍和4倍,2002年的耐药率达到94.29%,PPNG株达到了50.95%;高度耐四环素株(TRNG)从1995年的0上升到2002年的20.95%;头孢曲松敏感株已由1995年的100%下降至2002年的23.80%;大观霉素的敏感性维持在高点(>97%);环丙沙星敏感性有较大幅度下降,其耐药率在2002年达到了99.05%.分析多重耐药株,同为耐青霉素、环丙沙星和四环素3种药物的菌株从2001年的20.87%上升到2002年的23.30%.同为耐青霉素和环丙沙星2种药物的菌株近2年都已接近70%.结论 近15年来,淋球菌对多种药物产生了耐药,耐药率逐年提高.建议上海地区将大观霉素和头孢曲松作为治疗淋病的首选药物,并且尽早研制出对淋球菌敏感的抗菌药.     

南京地区淋球菌分离株对阿奇霉素的敏感性研究

从118例淋病患者泌尿生殖道分泌物中分离培养到淋球菌,采用琼脂稀释法测定淋球菌对阿奇霉素的最低抑菌浓度(MIC).118株淋球菌中有11株(9.3%)对阿奇霉素耐药(MIC≥1 mg/L),MIC50和MIC90均为0.5 mg/L.南京地区淋球菌临床分离株对阿奇霉素的耐药率较高,提示阿奇霉素不宜用于淋病的治疗.     

南京地区1999-2004年四环素高度耐药淋球菌tetM基因分型及流行研究

目的 了解南京地区四环素高度耐药淋球菌(TRNG)tetM基因的分子流行病学情况.方法 采用琼脂稀释法检测菌株是否为TRNG,采用纸片酸度定量法测定菌株是否产β-内酰胺酶.采用单管PCR方法对TRNG阳性菌株作tetM基因分型.结果 1999-2004年间南京地区804株淋球菌中共检出136株(16.92%)TRNG,β-内酰胺酶阳性的淋球菌(PPNG)为290株,所有TRNG中69.85%(95/136)为PPNG/TRNG,TRNG的阳性率逐年增高.tetM基因分型结果显示,荷兰变型为135株,美国变型仅1株.结论 南京地区流行的TRNG以荷兰型tetM基因为主(99.26%),美国型仅为偶发.     

淋球菌耐药监测15年

目的:了解我国1987～2001年淋病流行中的淋球菌对抗生素的敏感性,为修改淋病治疗方案和制订防治策略提供依据.方法:用琼脂稀释法检测淋球菌对WHO规定的5种核心抗生素的敏感性,用纸片酸度法测定淋球菌产青霉素酶(PPNG)菌株.结果:15年来用琼脂稀释法共检测了7583株菌,青霉素耐药株5399株,占71.20%;PPNG株占17.71%(1056/5964).四环素的耐药株占92.61%(1090/1177);由质粒介导的高度耐四环素淋球茵茵株(TRNG)占14.03%(811/5779).对环丙沙星的耐药性迅速增高,占61.12%(3311/5417).对大观霉素和头孢曲松的耐药菌百分率较低,分别为0.41%(26/6342)和0.39%(23/5853).对南京地区1993～1995年和1999～2001年大观霉素和头孢曲松对淋球菌的MIC50作了比较,结果显示MIC50值并无明显变化.结论:我国近15年流行的淋球菌对青霉素、四环素和环丙沙星的耐药性相当高,而对大观霉素和头孢曲松仍较敏感.为了防止淋球菌耐药菌株的进一步传播应强调对淋病病人进行范围治疗.     

淋球菌营养型与耐药性及质粒的关系

目的 为了解淋球菌的营养型、耐药性及质粒之间的关系.方法 对重庆市收集的83株淋球菌进行营养型、抗生素敏感性和质粒检测.结果 83株菌共分为8个营养型,以Pro-型(51-8%)和Proto型(18-1%)为主.利用琼脂稀释法检测菌株对青霉素、四环素和壮观霉素的敏感性.青霉素耐药株占15.6%,四环素耐药株占70%,壮观霉素耐药株占1-2%.通过快速碱裂解法对其中的44株菌进行质粒检测,70%菌株含24-5Md质粒,80%含2.6Md质粒,66%同时含24-5Md和2.6Md质粒,16%未查到质粒.并发现Pro^-型菌株中青霉素耐药株高于其它营养型(P<0.05),且含24-5Md质粒菌也显著高于其它营养型(P<0.05).含24-5Md+2.6Md质粒菌株中四环素耐药株更常见(P<0.05).检测到1株产青霉素酶淋球菌(PPNG),经质粒消除试验证实其耐药性由4-4Md质粒介导.结论 本研究不仅表明了重庆地区淋球菌营养型、耐药性及质粒的分布状况,而且揭示了它们之间存在一定关系.这将对该地区淋球菌的流行病学调查和淋病防治提供帮助.     

2006-2011年海南地区淋球菌耐药性监测分析

目的监测2006-2011年海南地区淋球菌对抗菌药物的耐药趋势。方法收集2006-2011年海南部分地区患者中分离的淋球菌384株,用琼脂稀释法测定4种抗生素的最低抑菌浓度(MIC),用纸片酸度法测定β-内酰胺酶。结果产青霉素酶淋球菌(PPNG)阳性率从2006年16.47%上升到2011年30.69%;高水平耐四环素淋球菌(TRNG)阳性率从24.71%上升到53.47%;环丙沙星耐药率在93.33%～100%之间,2010年为86.36%;头孢曲松耐药率从0上升到2.97%,低敏率从24.71%上升到87.88%;大观霉素未发现耐药菌株。结论 PPNG,TRNG,环丙沙星的耐药率明显上升,头孢曲松出现耐药株,低敏株也不断增加,表明了淋球菌的耐药趋势逐渐增强,应引起临床医师的高度警惕;持续监测淋球菌的耐药性十分重要。     

广西地区淋球菌临床分离株对庆大霉素的药物敏感性研究

目的评估中国广西地区淋球菌临床分离株对庆大霉素的药物敏感性以及庆大霉素与其他7种抗生素最小抑菌浓度(MIC)之间的相关性。方法2020年12月至2021年12月在广西地区14个地级市的37家医疗机构收集淋球菌临床分离株584株,采用琼脂稀释法测定淋球菌对头孢曲松、头孢克肟、阿奇霉素、大观霉素、青霉素、四环素、环丙沙星和庆大霉素的药物敏感性。将各抗生素MIC值进行以2为底数的对数转换,采用Spearman相关性分析评估庆大霉素MIC与其他7种抗生素MIC之间的相关性。结果庆大霉素的MIC范围为1~16 mg/L,MIC_(50)及MIC_(90)值分别为4、8 mg/L;361株(61.8%)庆大霉素MIC≤4 mg/L,为完全敏感菌株,223株(38.2%)MIC为8~16 mg/L,为中度敏感株,未见耐药株。淋球菌对阿奇霉素、青霉素、四环素、环丙沙星的耐药菌株数分别为136(23.3%)、415(71.1%)、339(58.0%)和574(98.3%),对头孢曲松和头孢克肟的低敏菌株数分别为17(2.9%)和6(1.0%),未发现对大观霉素耐药的菌株。Spearman相关分析显示,庆大霉素MIC与阿奇霉素、大观霉素、青霉素、四环素、环丙沙星MIC弱相关(均P<0.05),与头孢曲松、头孢克肟MIC之间无相关性(均P>0.05)。结论本研究中测试的所有淋球菌分离株均对庆大霉素表现出一定程度的敏感性,庆大霉素与其他抗生素之间存在交叉耐药性的可能性较小。     

广东省汕头市92株淋球菌药物敏感性检测

目的：了解汕头地区2009年淋球菌对多种抗菌药物耐药的发生率及产β-内酰胺酶淋球菌（PPNG）和四环素高度耐药淋球菌（TRNG）的流行状况.方法：采用琼脂稀释法测定5种抗菌药物最低抑菌浓度（MIC）,纸片酸度法测定青霉素产β-内酰胺酶菌株.结果：92株淋球菌对青霉素耐药率为84.8%、四环素耐药率为89.1%、环丙沙星耐药率为92.4%;未发现大观霉素及头孢曲松耐药菌株.检出PPNG高达31株（33.7%）.TRNG为47株（51.1%）.青霉素﹑四环素和环丙沙星的MIC50及MIC90均已超过耐药标准.结论：大观霉素和头孢曲松为汕头地区治疗淋病的首选药物.     

珠海地区淋球菌对抗生素的耐药性分析

目的:了解珠海地区2010年度分离的淋球菌对青霉素、四环素、大观霉素、头孢曲松和环丙沙星的耐药性,分析产β-内酰胺酶淋球菌(PPNG)和四环素高度耐药淋球菌(TRNG)的流行状况.方法:采用琼脂稀释法测定菌株对5种抗生素的最小抑菌浓度(MIC);用纸片酸度法检测产β-内酰胺酶(PPNG)菌株.结果:105株淋球菌检出PPNG 33株(31 4%),TRNG 51株(48 6%);青霉素耐药率为60 1%,环丙沙星耐药率为100%,四环素耐药率为93 3%,其中同时对青霉素、四环素和环丙沙星三重耐药的有62株(59 1%);未发现大观霉素和头孢曲松耐药株,敏感性分别为100%和62 9%.结论:淋球菌对青霉素、四环素和环丙沙星的耐药率较高,壮观霉素和头孢曲松为珠海地区治疗淋病的首选药物.     

Surveillance of antimicrobial susceptibilities in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Nanjing, China, 1999-2006

OBJECTIVE: To monitor the frequency and types of antibiotic resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Nanjing, China, between 1999 and 2006. METHODS: beta-Lactamase production was determined by paper acidometric testing. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) to penicillin, ceftriaxone, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and spectinomycin were determined by agar plate dilution. Plasmid types were determined for TRNG and PPNG isolates by PCR. RESULTS: One-thousand two-hundred and eight N. gonorrhoeae isolates were examined. The rate of PPNG rose from 8.0% (9 of 112) in 1999 to 57.36% (113 of 197) in 2004, and declined to 44.44% (88 of 198) in 2006. Prevalence of TRNG increased from 1.8% (2 of 112) in 1999 to 32.82% (65 of 198) in 2006. 99.23% (258 of 260) of TRNG contained the Dutch-type tetM gene and 2 strains contained the American-type tetM gene. All PPNG examined contained the Asian type plasmid. Among non-PPNG, chromosomally mediated resistance to penicillin varied from 57.84% (59 of 102) to 87.80% (72 of 82). Chromosomal resistance to ciprofloxacin (QRNG) was detected in 83.93% (94 of 112) of the strains in 1999 and 98.99% (196 of 198) in 2006. Eight spectinomycin-resistant N. gonorrhoeae strains were detected between 2001 and 2006. None of the gonococcal isolates tested was resistant to ceftriaxone but decreased susceptibility was observed in some strains. CONCLUSIONS: Among N. gonorrhoeae strains isolated in Nanjing, China, plasmid mediated resistance including PPNG and TRNG increased significantly between 1999 and 2006. Chromosomally mediated resistance to both penicillin and ciprofloxacin was also high during this period. Spectinomycin resistance of N. gonorrhoeae was sporadic. Ceftriaxone and spectinomycin can be considered effective antimicrobial agents for the treatment of gonorrhea in Nanjing at the present time.     

Antimicrobial susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Cuba (1995-1999): implications for treatment of gonorrhea

BACKGROUND: Antibiotic-resistant strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, especially those resistant to penicillin and tetracycline, have spread with remarkable rapidity in many Caribbean countries. GOAL: The goal of the study was to survey the antibiotic susceptibilities of N gonorrhoeae strains isolated from 1995 to 1999 in Cuba and to discuss the impact of antimicrobial resistance on the management of gonorrhea in the country. STUDY DESIGN: Susceptibility of the strains to penicillin, tetracycline, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, spectinomycin, and azithromycin were determined by an agar dilution method. RESULTS: Penicillin and tetracycline resistance was noted in 60.8% and 54.2%, respectively, of the N gonorrhoeae strains tested. A total of 63.35 (76/120) of the N gonorrhoeae strains exhibited plasmid-mediated resistance to penicillin, tetracycline, or both. Strains with chromosomally mediated resistance to these antibiotics accounted for 10% (12/120) of the strains. The strains were susceptible to ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, spectinomycin, and ciprofloxacin. One strain's ciprofloxacin MIC was 0.125 mircog/ml. Of the 52 strains tested, 23.1% displayed intermediate resistance to azithromycin. CONCLUSIONS: N gonorrhoeae strains exhibited a high frequency of resistance and multiresistance to penicillin and tetracycline. Therefore, these antibiotics should no longer be used to treat gonococcal infections in Cuba and should be substituted with effective drugs such as third-generation cephalosporins, spectinomycin, and fluoroquinolones. The detection of intermediate resistance to azithromycin and ciprofloxacin underlines the importance of periodic surveillance for susceptibility of N gonorrhoeae strains to antimicrobials agents used as primary therapy for gonorrhea.     

广东省5市525株淋球菌临床分离株耐药性的流行病学研究

目的:对2011²012年广东省广州、佛山、江门、肇庆和珠海等五市临床分离的525株淋球菌流行株对青霉素、四环素、环丙沙星、头孢克肟、头孢曲松和大观霉素等6种抗生素的敏感性监测结果进行分析,了解我省不同地区淋球菌耐药株的流行现状。方法:采用琼脂稀释法测定菌株对6种抗菌药物的最小抑菌浓度(MIC),敏感性判断按WHO西太区淋球菌耐药性监测统一标准,其中头孢克肟敏感性试验和判断标准按美国临床和实验室标准化研究所(CLSI)标准判断。用纸片酸度法检测产β-内酰胺酶淋球菌(PPNG)菌株。结果:来自五地525株淋球菌中检出430株对青霉素耐药(81.9%),四环素和环丙沙星耐药株(率)分别为484株(92.2%)和514株(97.9%),未发现对大观霉素、头孢克肟和头孢曲松耐药菌株,但头孢曲松中敏有178株(33.9%),头孢克肟中敏只有7株(1.3%)。青霉素、四环素和环丙沙星的MIC50及MIC90均已超过耐药标准。检出PPNG株189株(36.0%),四环素高度耐药淋球菌(TRNG)248株(47.2%)。2分析显示,肇庆市淋球菌流行株对青霉素的耐药率高于总体水平(2=13.88,P<0.01);广州市四环素耐药率最高(2=10.58,P<0.01);五地市淋球菌对环丙沙星的耐药率较一致(94.1%2012年广东省广州、佛山、江门、肇庆和珠海等五市临床分离的525株淋球菌流行株对青霉素、四环素、环丙沙星、头孢克肟、头孢曲松和大观霉素等6种抗生素的敏感性监测结果进行分析,了解我省不同地区淋球菌耐药株的流行现状。方法:采用琼脂稀释法测定菌株对6种抗菌药物的最小抑菌浓度(MIC),敏感性判断按WHO西太区淋球菌耐药性监测统一标准,其中头孢克肟敏感性试验和判断标准按美国临床和实验室标准化研究所(CLSI)标准判断。用纸片酸度法检测产β-内酰胺酶淋球菌(PPNG)菌株。结果:来自五地525株淋球菌中检出430株对青霉素耐药(81.9%),四环素和环丙沙星耐药株(率)分别为484株(92.2%)和514株(97.9%),未发现对大观霉素、头孢克肟和头孢曲松耐药菌株,但头孢曲松中敏有178株(33.9%),头孢克肟中敏只有7株(1.3%)。青霉素、四环素和环丙沙星的MIC50及MIC90均已超过耐药标准。检出PPNG株189株(36.0%),四环素高度耐药淋球菌(TRNG)248株(47.2%)。2分析显示,肇庆市淋球菌流行株对青霉素的耐药率高于总体水平(2=13.88,P<0.01);广州市四环素耐药率最高(2=10.58,P<0.01);五地市淋球菌对环丙沙星的耐药率较一致(94.1%¹00%);头孢曲松的中敏率之间相差较大(2=19.60,P<0.01),广州收集的淋球菌对头孢曲松的中敏率高于总体中敏率(2=6.96,P<0.01);5地市PPNG流行率有明显差异(2=15.67,P<0.01),其中肇庆PPNG流行率高于总体水平(2=6.31,P<0.05);5地市TRNG流行率无统计学差异(2=4.16,P>0.05)。结论:不同地区的淋球菌流行株对抗菌药物的耐药性有明显差别,广州市收集的淋球菌流行株对头孢曲松中敏率较高,肇庆市收集的淋球菌流行株中PPNG流行率较高。     

Trends of chromosomally mediated antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Canada: 1994-1999

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: We monitored the trends of chromosomally mediated resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae (CMRNG) in Canada. Chromosomally resistant N. gonorrhoeae (CMRNG) were defined as having resistance to 3 antibiotics: penicillin (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] > or =2.0 mg/L), tetracycline (MIC > or =2.0 mg/L and < or =8.0 mg/L), and erythromycin (MIC > or =2.0 mg/L). GOAL: The goal was to provide surveillance data for public health interventions for the control of gonococcal infections. STUDY DESIGN: Antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed on N. gonorrhoeae isolates obtained from 1994 to 1999 in Canada. Strains were further characterized by auxotype (A), serovar (S), and plasmid profile (P). RESULTS: Between 1994 and 1999, 19.2% of strains were CMRNG, 12.9% had a combined resistance to tetracycline and erythromycin, and 4.7% were resistant to tetracycline. The incidence of ciprofloxacin resistance and azithromycin resistance was 2.3% and 0.8%, respectively. CONCLUSION: This survey of N. gonorrhoeae provides strain characterization data and temporal trends of strains in the Canadian population. CMRNG strains are on the rise, and the continual monitoring and characterization of these strains is important for the evaluation of current recommended antibiotic therapies used in Canada.     

淋球菌对大观霉素耐药基因的初步检测

【摘要】 目的 检测导致大观霉素耐药的淋球菌16S rRNA基因中的突变位点。 方法 对6株大观霉素耐药淋球菌［最小抑菌浓度（MIC） ≥ 128 mg/L］、20株大观霉素敏感菌株（MIC 32 mg/L和16 mg/L各10株）的16S rRNA基因进行DNA扩增和序列测定,分析16S rRNA基因突变情况。 结果 6株大观霉素耐药淋球菌的16S rRNA基因均发生了突变,其中2株（MIC > 256 mg/L）为C1192T突变,1株（MIC 256 mg/L）为C1344T和T1345A突变,1株（MIC 256 mg/L）为T990G和T991C突变,1株（MIC 128 mg/L）为T990G、G1343C和C1344T突变,1株（MIC 128 mg/L）为T991C突变。20株大观霉素敏感菌株均未发生突变。 结论 淋球菌16S rRNA基因不同位点突变可能与大观霉素不同程度的耐药相关,C1192T突变可能导致高度耐药,其他单一位点或多位点突变与不同程度的耐药相关。 【关键词】 奈瑟球菌,淋病; 壮观霉素; 点突变; RNA,核糖体,16S; 抗药性,细菌     

淋球菌对头孢克肟等6种抗生素敏感性及耐药质粒分型研究

目的:检测2011年广东省广州、佛山、江门、肇庆四市临床分离的淋球菌流行株对青霉素、四环素、环丙沙星、头孢克肟、头孢曲松和大观霉素等6种抗生素的敏感性,对质粒介导的产β-内酰胺酶淋球菌(PPNG)和四环素高水平耐药淋球菌(TRNG)进行耐药质粒TEM-1和tetM基因分型。方法:采用琼脂稀释法测定菌株对6种抗菌药物的最小抑菌浓度(MIC),判断敏感性按WHO西太区淋球菌耐药性监测统一标准,其中头孢克肟敏感性试验和判断标准按美国临床和实验室标准化研究所(CLSI)判断。用纸片酸度法检测产β-内酰胺酶淋球菌(PPNG)菌株,多重PCR方法鉴定β-内酰胺酶质粒并进行TEM-1和TRNG tetM基因分型。结果:来自四市429株淋球菌中检出青霉素耐药364株(84.8%),四环素和环丙沙星耐药株(率)分别为389株(90.7%)和418株(97.4%),未发现对大观霉素、头孢克肟和头孢曲松耐药菌株,但头孢曲松低敏率达到34.0%(146/429),头孢克肟低敏只有1株(0.2%)。青霉素、四环素和环丙沙星的MIC50及MIC90均已超过耐药标准。检出PPNG株156株(36.4%),TRNG株201株(46.9%)。耐药质粒TEM-1基因分型以亚洲型为主(94.9%,148/156),只有8株携带非洲型质粒;tetM基因分型均为荷兰型。结论:四市淋球菌对青霉素、四环素和环丙沙星耐药率较高,对大观霉素、头孢克肟和头孢曲松的敏感性较高,TEM-1基因质粒分型以亚洲型为主,tetM基因分型均为荷兰型。     

广州淋球菌基因特征及其多抗原序列分型与环丙沙星耐药相关性研究

目的 探讨2014年广州市97株淋球菌环丙沙星耐药株的基因特征及其多抗原序列分型（NG-MAST）与淋球菌耐环丙沙星的相关性。 方法 用琼脂稀释法测定淋球菌对环丙沙星的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）,PCR分别扩增淋球菌的gyrA、parC基因和NG-MAST分型基因porB、tbpB基因并测序,获取耐药菌株的ST型别。 结果 97株淋球菌中95株（97.9%）对环丙沙星耐药。95株环丙沙星耐药菌株均在gyrA基因对应丝氨酸的第91和95位点上发生了突变,其中93株菌出现了parC基因突变。41株高水平耐药株（MIC ≥ 16 mg/L）中35株（85.4%）出现了parC基因87位点突变,54株低水平耐药株中32株（59.3%）出现此突变,差异有统计学意义（χ2 = 7.64,P < 0.05）。96株淋球菌分离株配对后,50株为网站已编号型别,共35个不同的ST型,其中10个ST型含有2 ~ 4个不同的分离株,ST型别中最常见ST5309。对淋球菌菌株系统进化树分析,淋球菌流行株可分为两群,第1群84株中MIC ≥ 16 mg/L的菌株39株占46.4%,第2群12株中只有1株MIC值为16 mg/L,差异有统计学意义（χ2 = 6.27,P = 0.012）。 结论 淋球菌对环丙沙星的高水平耐药主要与parC基因87位点突变相关。NG-MAST分型与环丙沙星耐药程度高低可能存在相关性。     

Antimicrobial susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains isolated in Guangzhou, China, 1996-2001

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility and resistant trends of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains isolated in Guangzhou, from 1996 to 2001. METHODS: The agar dilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) to four antimicrobials, penicillin G, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, and spectinomycin. The resistance of all strains to four antibiotics was interpreted according to criteria used in the project of surveillance of gonococcal antibiotic susceptibility in the WHO Western Pacific Region. Penicillinase producing N gonorrhoeae (PPNG) was analysed by the paper acidometric method. RESULTS: 793 consecutive N gonorrhoeae isolates collected in Guangzhou were studied from 1996 to 2001. A total of 55 strains of PPNG were identified and the prevalence rapidly spread from 2% to 21.8%. Of the four antibiotics examined, ceftriaxone and spectinomycin appeared to be the most effective agents although two spectinomycin resistant strains were isolated in 1996. Their MIC(50), MIC(90), and geometric mean MIC (MICmean) were all between the sensitive ranges of the interpretative criteria and remained stable over the years. However, resistance increased continuously to penicillin G and dramatically to ciprofloxacin. In 1996-2001, MIC(50), MIC(90), and MICmean of penicillin G increased from 1 micro g/ml to 2 micro g/ml, 4 micro g/ml to 32 micro g/ml, and 0.68 micro g/ml to 2.35 micro g/ml, respectively; those of ciprofloxacin steeply increased from 0.12 micro g/ml to 4 micro g/ml, 2 micro g/ml to 32 micro g/ml, and 0.14 micro g/ml to 2.62 micro g/ml in 1996-9, respectively, and then declined slightly in 2000-1. The prevalence of resistant isolates spread from 57.2% to 81.8% for penicillin G and from 17.6% to 72.7% for ciprofloxacin over the 6 years. CONCLUSION: Resistance to penicillin and ciprofloxacin increased greatly during 1996-2001. Ceftriaxone and spectinomycin should be used as the first line agents in treating gonorrhoea. It is of great importance to continuously survey the susceptibilities of N gonorrhoeae to antibiotics in controlling the spread of gonococcal infections.     

抗MtrC单克隆抗体对淋球菌环丙沙星耐药水平的影响

目的　探讨用抗MtrC单克隆抗体（MtrC Ab）干预淋球菌多传递耐药（multiple transferable resistance, mtr）系统后，mtr主动外排泵与环丙沙星耐药的关系。方法　利用MtrC Ab、NaN3阻断mtr主动外排泵，分别测定加入和未加入阻断剂时，淋球菌对环丙沙星的吸收剩余和积累量。结果 敏感组和耐药组的吸收剩余极限分别介于70 ～ 120 ng和0 ～ 80 ng之间。未加入阻断剂时，敏感组环丙沙星积累量高于耐药组。加入MtrC Ab后，耐药组环丙沙星积累量与未加入阻断剂时敏感组无差别。加入MtrC Ab后，敏感组环丙沙星 积累量与未加入阻断剂时无差别。加入NaN3后，耐药组环丙沙星积累量与未加入阻断剂时敏感组无差别。加入NaN3后，敏感组环丙沙星积累量与未加入阻断剂时无差别。6株敏感菌均没有外排泵起作用，4 株高水平耐药菌有外排泵起作用，2 株低水平耐药菌没有外排泵起作用。结论　淋球菌外排泵主动泵出环丙沙星，导致菌体内环丙沙星积累量不足，这是引起淋球菌对环丙沙星高水平耐药的重要因素。MtrC Ab、NaN3可以阻断外排泵蛋白泵出环丙沙星，恢复淋球菌对环丙沙星的敏感性。