Immigration and leisure-time physical inactivity: a population-based study

Objective. To investigate the relationship between migration status and sedentary leisure-time physical activity status in the city of Malmö, Sweden. Methods. The public health survey in 1994 is a cross-sectional study. A total of 5600 individuals aged 20-80 completed a postal questionnaire. The response rate was 71%. The population was categorized according to country of birth. Multivariate analysis was performed using a logistic regression model to investigate the importance of possible confounders for the differences in sedentary leisure-time physical activity status. Results. The prevalence of a sedentary leisure-time physical activity status was 18.1% among men and 26.7% among women. The odds ratio of a sedentary leisure-time physical activity status was significantly higher among men born in Arabic-speaking countries, in All other countries, and among women born in Yugoslavia, Poland, Arabic-speaking countries, and the category 'all other countries', compared to the reference group born in Sweden. The multivariate analysis including age, sex, and education did not alter these results. Conclusion. There were significant ethnic differences in leisure-time physical activity status. This is a CVD risk factor that could be affected by intervention programs aimed at specific ethnic subgroups of the population.     

Variables associated with leisure-time physical inactivity and main barriers to exercise among industrial workers in Southern Brazil

The aim of this study was to identify the main perceived barriers to leisure-time physical activity and factors associated with physical inactivity among industrial workers in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. A cross-sectional study with analysis of secondary data included 2,265 workers. Thirteen barriers were investigated: fatigue, weather, overwork, lack of will, study obligations, family obligations, distance to the facility/setting, affordability, lack of motor skills, poor physical conditioning, lack of facilities, lack of money, security, and others. Prevalence of physical inactivity among workers was 45.4%, and the most common barriers were fatigue (15.1%), overwork (12.7%), and family obligations (9.2%). Fatigue, overwork, family obligations, lack of will, affordability, study obligations, and weather were associated with leisure-time physical inactivity. Government policies focused on overarching interventions could help these workers overcome such barriers and adopt an active lifestyle.     

Acculturation and leisure-time physical inactivity in Mexican American adults: results from NHANES III, 1988-1994

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the relationship between acculturation and leisure-time physical inactivity among Mexican American adults. METHODS: Using data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, we estimated the prevalence of physical inactivity according to place of birth and language used at home. RESULTS: Spanish-speaking Mexican Americans had a higher prevalence of physical inactivity during leisure time than those who spoke mostly English, independent of place of birth. CONCLUSIONS: Acculturation seems to be positively associated with participation in leisure-time physical activity.     

南京市城区居民体力活动与体重过多的关系

目的探讨南京市城区居民体力活动与体重过多之间的关系,为制定体重过多(Excess Body Weight,EBW)的防控措施提供依据。方法采用横断面研究,于2007年抽取南京市2个主城区6个居民小区,年满30岁常住人口2 016人为研究对象,采用Logistic回归模型分析其体力活动与体重过多之间的关系。结果城区居民中体力活动充足的比例为50.9%,体重过多的比例为48.3%。多因素Logistic回归模型分析表明,蓝领职业、大学及以上文化、充足蔬菜摄入量的人群、有慢病史者、体重正常者等,达到充足体力活动的比例较多;与体力活动不足的人相比,体力活动充足者发生体重过多的风险降低了33%(Adj.OR=0.67,95%CI=0.55～0.82)。结论体力活动是影响体重过多的危险因素之一。     

Effects of body composition and leisure-time physical activity on transitions in physical functioning in the elderly

Physical activity and body composition were examined with respect to variation in functional limitation over a 6-year period (four surveys conducted between 1994 and 2000) based on a cohort of 1,655 community-dwelling older women and men living in Sonoma, California. Measures of functional limitation and physical activity were based on standard self-report questions. Measures of body composition (lean mass, fat mass) were estimated from bioelectric impedance by using population-specific prediction equations derived from dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. For women, a one-unit gain in lean mass:fat mass ratio reduced the report of limitation at all surveys 65.5% (95% confidence interval: 21.8, 87.4). A similar reduction was not observed for men; however, there was a 3% increase in the report of no limitation at any survey. The effect of high levels of physical activity reduced new functional limitation that occurred at the last survey by 36.8% (95% confidence interval: 0.0, 92.2) for men and 52.7% (95% confidence interval: 13.5, 91.9) for women. In summary, higher levels of physical activity appeared to reduce the risk of future functional limitation conditional on the level of functioning established early in the disablement process by lean mass:fat mass ratio.     

Trends in leisure-time physical inactivity by age, sex, and race/ethnicity--United States, 1994-2004

Physical inactivity is associated with increased risk for certain chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and osteoporosis. Despite the benefits of physical activity, more than half of adults in the United States are not regularly active at the recommended levels. Trends in the proportion of adults who achieve the recommended levels of leisure-time physical activity have remained relatively stable over time. However, the proportion of adults from 35 states and the District of Columbia who reported that they did not engage in any leisure-time physical activity declined from 1996 to 2002. To further examine trends in no leisure-time physical activity by population subgroup, CDC analyzed data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) for the period 1994-2004. This report is the first analysis of BRFSS physical-inactivity trends that includes all 50 states and the District of Columbia (DC). State and local health departments should continue to create programs that encourage adults to be physically active during leisure time.     

Estimation of cancer incidence and mortality attributable to overweight, obesity, and physical inactivity in China

The objective was to provide an evidence-based, systematic assessment of the burden of cancer due to overweight/obesity and physical inactivity in China. This study evaluated the proportion of cancers of colon, rectum, pancreas, breast (postmenopausal), endometrium, and kidney attributable to overweight [30 kg/m(2) > body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m(2))/obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m(2)) and physical inactivity in China in 2005. Data of prevalence of overweight/obesity and lack of physical activity were derived from cross-sectional surveys among representative samples of Chinese population, and data of relative risks on cancers were derived from meta-analyses or large-scale studies from China and East Asian populations. The attributable fractions were calculated by combining both data of prevalence and relative risks. In China in 2005, 0.32% of cancer deaths and 0.65% of cancer cases were attributable to overweight and obesity combined. Lack of physical activity was responsible for 0.27% of cancer deaths and 0.39% of cancer cases. Future projections indicate that the contribution of overweight and obesity to the overall cancer burden will increase in the next decades. The largest increased attributable fractions will be for endometrial cancer. The increase in attributable fractions would be greater in men and in rural populations. Although the current burden of cancer associated with overweight/obesity and physical inactivity is still relatively small in China, it is expected to increase in the future.     

The role of physical activity in prevention and treatment of body weight gain in adults

Overweight and obesity are increasing in prevalence, and this has resulted in a significant public health burden. Therefore, it is important to identify interventions that prevent weight gain and prevent weight regain after weight loss. Energy expended in physical activity has the potential to affect energy balance, and this can potentially affect body weight regulation. There is some evidence that physical activity can minimize weight gain, and it appears that needs to be moderate to vigorous in intensity to significantly affect body weight. Moreover, it appears that improvements in fitness are associated with reductions in risk of weight gain. Physical activity also is associated with improved maintenance of weight loss. Although it appears that interventions targeting physical activity are necessary to affect weight gain and improve long-term weight loss, the impact of these interventions on other components of energy balance should be examined. In addition, although minimal public health recommendations can significantly affect health outcomes, additional research is needed to identify the optimal dose of physical activity to prevent weight gain and improve long-term weight loss.     

南京市中小学生身高、体重和超重肥胖自我报告值的准确性

目的  评价南京市中小学生身高、体重和体重状况的自我报告值的准确性及其影响因素。 方法  采用多阶段随机整群抽样方法,抽取南京市12个区小学4年级至高中3年级的在校学生进行面对面问卷调查及体格检查。采用配对t检验分析客观测量值与自我报告值之间差异,不同方法所收集数据之间的一致性比较采用kappa和Bland-Altman法进行分析。 结果  南京地区中小学生人群中依据客观测量数据所得的超重和肥胖比例分别为16.70%和10.97%。调查对象的身高自我报告值被高估1.33 cm,体重和体重指数（body mass index,BMI）分别被低估1.16 kg和0.76 kg/m²,差异均具有统计学意义（均有P < 0.05）。性别、年级、父母文化程度、城乡情况和体重状况均可影响自我报告值的准确性。自我报告与客观测量参数的体重状况分类的总体一致率为83.89%（κ=0.662）。Bland-Altman分析显示身高、体重和体BMI自我报告与客观测量数据的差值超出95%一致性限范围的点均小于5%。 结论  南京市中小学生身高和体重自我报告值与客观测量数值之间存在较好的一致性,适用于儿童青少年人群的大样本流行病学调查。     

International differences in body height and weight and their relationship to cancer incidence

The relationship between body size (adult height and weight) and cancer incidence was investigated in an international ecological study of 24 populations. Site-specific and total cancer incidence rates (age standardized) from 1973 to 1977 were correlated with body size data generally obtained between 1954 and 1974. All-sites cancer incidence was highly correlated with height among both men (r = 0.50; p less than or equal to 0.01) and women (r = 0.70; p less than or equal to 0.001). Among men, there were significant correlations between height and cancers of the central nervous system (r = 0.72), prostate (r = 0.66), bladder (r = 0.65), pancreas (r = 0.59), lung (r = 0.47), and colon (r = 0.46). Significant correlations were observed for cancers of the rectum (r = 0.76), pancreas (r = 0.75), ovary (r = 0.73), central nervous system (r = 0.68), breast (r = 0.65), uterine corpus (r = 0.50), and bladder (r = 0.48) in women. Adjustment for weight altered these correlations only minimally. Weight was significantly correlated to all-sites cancer only among women (r = 0.44; p less than 0.05), and site-specific correlations were significant for the same sites as for height, but the magnitude of the correlation coefficients was somewhat diminished. In addition, adjustment for height greatly reduced the correlations with weight. These findings support previously observed associations between height and specific cancers (e.g., breast and colon) and identify several additional cancer sites that may be similarly related.     

Early-life exposure to antibiotics and excess body weight in childhood and adolescence: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundThe association between early-life exposure to antibiotics and overweight/obesity is unclear. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to address this issue.MethodsWe searched PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and grey literature from inception to August 10, 2022, for cohort studies investigating the association between early-life exposure to antibiotics and weight outcomes. Two independent reviewers screened studies for eligibility, extracted data, assessed risk of bias, and examined the certainty of the evidence. Random-effects meta-analyses was used for pooling the data. The review was registered in PROSPERO, CRD42021265417.ResultsWe included 42 studies and data from 28 of them were pooled in the quantitative synthesis. Overall antenatal (OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.04–1.16; 518,095 children, very low certainty) and second trimester (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.08–1.14, 248,469 children, low certainty) exposure to antibiotics were associated with increased risk of overweight/obesity in childhood/adolescence. Overall early postnatal antibiotic exposure was also associated with increased likelihood of overweight/obesity in childhood/adolescence (OR 1.09, 95% CI 1.05–1.12, 1,488,316 children, very low certainty). The magnitude of the association increased from exposure to one (OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.00–1.15, 512,954 children) to four or more courses of antibiotics (OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.17–1.46, 543,627 children).ConclusionAntenatal and early postnatal exposure to antibiotics is associated increased likelihood of overweight/obesity, although the findings are limited by the very low certainty of evidence. We highlight the need for homogeneous prospective studies addressing potential confounding factors to further explore the link between exposure to antibiotics and the risk of excess body weight.     

Metabolic Reponses to a physical exercise session in women with excess body mass: randomized clinical trial

Background

There are various factors that influence the effect of physical exercise on the lipid profile, among them the body mass index and calorie expenditure of the exercise are some of the main factors. To test the hypothesis that a physical exercise session based on caloric expenditure may acutely modify the glycemia and lipid values of women with excess body mass.

Methods

The study included 66 women, randomly divided into two groups, control and experimental, with BMI of 29 ± 4.4 kg/m² vs 29 ± 4.3 kg/m² (p = 0.45) sedentary and aged 23 ± 3.8 vs 24 ± 3.5 years, respectively (p = 0.25). After 12 h fasting, the volunteers underwent the first blood collection. The experimental group was submitted to a physical exercise session corresponding to energy expenditure of 250Kcal, of light intensity based the Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE), 12 h after the first blood collection. The control and experimental group volunteers underwent a second blood collection 24 h after the first. Glycemia, insulin status and lipid profile were measured and Homa IR and Homa-beta were calculated. The t-test for independent and dependent samples was used, and a level of significance of 5% was adopted.

Results

Physical exercise changed the glycemic response in both the intragroup analysis (before = 96 ± 6.6 mg/dL vs after = 92 ± 6.6 mg/dL), (p = 0.01), and in the intergroup analysis (control = Δ 0.9 ± 6.1 vs experimental = Δ -4.1 ± 6.3) (p = 0.02). No changes were shown for the Homa IR, Homa Beta and Insulin indexes. When the lipid profiles were evaluated, differences in HDL were shown in the intragroup analysis (before = 89 ± 10.5 mg/dL vs. after = 91 ± 10.3 mg/dL) (p = 0.04). For the other parameters (LDL, TG, Total Cholesterol, TG/HDL), no changes were shown.

Conclusion

In women with excess body weight, a low intensity exercise session diminished the glycemia, but did not change the lipid response.

Trial registration

NCT03170973. Retrospectively registered.

     

Changes in leisure-time physical activity after transition to retirement: a follow-up study

Background  

Retirement is a major life change that is likely to affect lifestyles. The aim of this study was to examine changes in leisure-time physical activity of moderate and vigorous intensity among ageing employees facing transition to retirement over a follow-up of 5-7 years.