The association between leisure-time physical activity and dietary fat in American adults.

Relations between leisure-time physical activity and dietary fat were examined in a population-based probability sample of 29,672 adults in the 1990 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Consumption of 13 high-fat food items and participation in physical activities were measured, and fat and activity scores were calculated. Dietary fat and physical activity were strongly and inversely associated. This association was independent of nine other demographic and behavioral risk factors. Etiologic researchers should consider that diet and physical activity can potentially confound each other, and creators of public health messages that target one behavior should consider including the other.     

The association of daily physical activity and birth outcome: a population-based cohort study

The potential relationship between daily physical activity and pregnancy outcome remains unclear because of the wide variation in study designs and physical activity assessment measures. We sought to prospectively quantify the potential effects of the various domains of physical activity on selected birth outcomes in a large unselected population. The sample consisted of 11,759 singleton pregnancies from the Avon longitudinal study of parents and children, United Kingdom. Information on daily physical activity was collected by postal questionnaire for self-report measures. Main outcome measures were birth weight, gestational age at delivery, preterm birth and survival. After controlling for confounders, a sedentary lifestyle and paid work during the second trimester of pregnancy were found to be associated with a lower birth weight, while ‘bending and stooping’ and ‘working night shifts’ were associated with a higher birth weight. There was no association between physical exertion and duration of gestation or survival. Repetitive boring tasks during the first trimester was weakly associated with an increased risk of preterm birth (<37 weeks) (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.25, 95% CI 1.04–1.50). ‘Bending and stooping’ during the third trimester was associated with a reduced risk of preterm birth (adjusted OR = 0.73, 95% CI 0.63–0.84). Demanding physical activities do not have a harmful effect on the selected birth outcomes while a sedentary lifestyle is associated with a lower birth weight. In the absence of either medical or obstetric complications, pregnant women may safely continue their normal daily physical activities should they wish to do so.     

The association between neighborhood characteristics and body size and physical activity in the California teachers study cohort

Objectives. We considered interactions between physical activity and body mass index (BMI) and neighborhood factors.Methods. We used recursive partitioning to identify predictors of low recreational physical activity (< 2.5 hours/week) and overweight and obesity (BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m²) among 118 315 women in the California Teachers Study. Neighborhood characteristics were based on 2000 US Census data and Reference US business listings.Results. Low physical activity and being overweight or obese were associated with individual sociodemographic characteristics, including race/ethnicity and age. Among White women aged 36 to 75 years, living in neighborhoods with more household crowding was associated with a higher probability of low physical activity (54% vs 45% to 51%). In less crowded neighborhoods where more people worked outside the home, the existence of fewer neighborhood amenities was associated with a higher probability of low physical activity (51% vs 46%). Among non–African American middle-aged women, living in neighborhoods with a lower socioeconomic status was associated with a higher probability of being overweight or obese (46% to 59% vs 38% in high–socioeconomic status neighborhoods).Conclusions. Associations between physical activity, overweight and obesity, and the built environment varied by sociodemographic characteristics in this educated population.The prevalence of overweight and obesity has reached epidemic levels in the United States. The most recent national prevalence data report that 68% of US adults are overweight or obese.¹ This prevalence poses a significant public health problem given that obesity is a risk factor for many chronic conditions and certain cancers.^1–3 Because of the health benefits of physical activity in preventing and treating overweight and obesity, increasing physical activity has become a public health priority.⁴With these high levels of overweight and obesity in the United States,¹ researchers have begun to search for neighborhood factors, including the built environment, that may influence physical activity and overweight or obesity. The built environment comprises the physical attributes of a person''s surroundings, including the existence and condition of sidewalks and walking trails for walking and other types of recreation, the spatial configuration of street networks, the availability of health-promoting resources, and the number of walkable destinations. The research to date suggests that elements of the built environment influence physical activity and levels of overweight or obesity.^5–7 Most studies, however, have focused on relatively specific geographic areas (e.g., a given city or county), have not assessed the influence of the built environment across different sociodemographic groups, and have not considered interactions between individual and neighborhood factors.We aimed to determine the association between measures of the built environment and physical activity levels and body mass index (BMI, defined as weight in kg divided by height in m²) across geographically and sociodemographically diverse neighborhoods. We applied recursive partitioning, a tree-based classification method, to identify both independent associations and interactions between these variables in a large, established cohort of California women.     

The association between leisure time physical activity and coronary heart disease among men with different physical work demands: a prospective cohort study

The interplay of occupational and leisure time physical activity (LTPA) in affecting cardiovascular health is subject to debate. This study aimed to examine the independent and interacting associations of leisure time and occupational physical activity (OPA) with the incidence of coronary events within the BELSTRESS cohort. The study included 14,337 middle-aged men free from coronary heart disease at baseline. Standardized questionnaires and clinical examinations were used to assess socio-demographic factors, level of physical activity, job strain and classical coronary risk factors. The incidence of clinical coronary events was monitored during a mean follow-up time of 3.15 years. Results demonstrated overall a beneficial relation of LTPA and an adverse relation of physical work demands with cardiovascular health. However, an interaction effect between both physical activity types was observed, showing that men with high physical job demands who also engaged in physical activity during leisure time had an almost four times increased incidence of coronary events after adjusting for socio-demographic and classical coronary risk factors (HR 3.82; 95 % CI 1.41–10.36). Stratified analyses revealed that moderate to high physical activity during leisure time was associated with a 60 % reduced incidence rate of coronary events in men with low OPA (age adjusted HR 0.40; 95 % CI 0.21–0.76), while this protective association was not observed in workers being exposed to high physical work demands (age adjusted HR 1.67; 95 % CI 0.63–4.48). These findings suggest that recommendations regarding LTPA should be tailored according to the level of occupational physical activity.     

Is physical activity a modifier of the association between air pollution and arterial stiffness in older adults: The SAPALDIA cohort study

Introduction and objectives

Air pollution and insufficient physical activity have been associated with inflammation and oxidative stress, molecular mechanisms linked to arterial stiffness and cardiovascular disease. There are no studies on how physical activity modifies the association between air pollution and arterial stiffness. We examined whether the adverse cardiovascular effects of air pollution were modified by individual physical activity levels in 2823 adults aged 50–81 years from the well-characterized Swiss Cohort Study on Air Pollution and Lung and Heart Diseases (SAPALDIA).

The association between physical fitness and cardiovascular disease risk factors in children in a five-year follow-up study

The relation between physical fitness and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors was studied in 633 children selected from all fourth grades in 37 elementary schools in New York. They were participating in the control group of an intervention study to reduce CVD risk factors in children. Blood pressure, total and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and physical fitness were measured at baseline and at four subsequent examinations during five years of follow-up. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) at baseline was highest in children with poor physical fitness. The five-year change in physical fitness was inversely associated with the change in SBP, ie, children with the strongest decline in physical fitness showed the largest rise in SBP. HDL cholesterol at baseline was lowest in boys with poor physical fitness. The five-year change in physical fitness was positively related to the change in HDL cholesterol levels in boys; ie, boys with the largest decline in physical fitness had the largest decrease in HDL cholesterol level. These observations indicate that unfavourable long-term changes in physical condition in childhood may be related to unfavourable changes in blood pressure and serum lipids.     

The association between physical activity and quality of life in older women

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the association between physical activity and quality of life in older women. Women over the age of 60 years, living independently or in assisted-care facilities, answered a number of questions pertaining to their health status, physical activity levels, and quality of life. Results indicated that the women living independently had significantly (P < .05) higher physical activity levels compared to the women living in assisted-care facilities. In addition, overall quality of life and the domains of physical health, social relationships, and environment were found to be significantly (P < .05) higher in the women living independently compared to the women living in assisted-care facilities. Correlational analyses revealed that physical activity levels correlated significantly (P < .05) with overall quality of life and the physical health domain. It is concluded that there is an association between physical activity levels and quality of life in older women.     

Bidirectional association between mental health and physical activity in older adults: Whitehall II prospective cohort study

ObjectiveTo investigate longitudinal and bidirectional associations between mental health and physical activity from midlife into old age.MethodsAnalysis was based on data from 6909 participants (aged 45 to 69 in 1997/99) from the Whitehall II cohort in the UK. Latent growth curve analysis examined possible bidirectional associations between the SF-36 Mental Component Summary and weekly physical activity measured at three time-points over ten years.ResultsMental health and physical activity were associated at baseline (β = 0.17, 95% CI 0.13, 0.21) and associations persisted into old age. In the latent growth curve model, both mental health and physical activity increased and their rates of change ‘moved together’ over time (β = 0.24, 95% CI 0.11, 0.37). Relatively high baseline levels of either variable were associated with slightly slower increases in the other outcome (β = − 0.02, 95% CI − 0.03, − 0.01; β = − 0.07, 95% CI − 0.11, − 0.13), which are thought to reflect regression to the mean. However, those who started high on either variable remained the most advantaged at end of follow-up.ConclusionsFrom midlife to old age, greater physical activity is associated with better mental health and vice versa. These findings suggest persistent longitudinal and bidirectional associations between physical activity and mental health.     

The association between discrepant weight perceptions and objectively measured physical activity

BackgroundSome individuals perceive themselves as being normal weight, despite having an excess body fat percentage (e.g., underestimate weight). Conversely, other individuals perceive themselves as being overweight, despite having a normal body fat percentage (e.g., overestimate weight). When perceived and actual weight statuses are incongruent, individuals possess a discrepant weight perception. The association between discrepant weight perceptions and engagement in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) has not been thoroughly investigated, which was this study's purpose.MethodsFor this cross-sectional study, data from the 2003–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were utilized (N = 5462 adults). MVPA was assessed via accelerometry. Based on measured body mass index and whether participants considered themselves as overweight, underweight, or about the right weight, we classified individuals as accurate perception, overestimate weight (discrepant), or underestimate weight (discrepant). A negative binomial logistical regression was used to assess the association between discrepant weight perception (independent variable) and engagement in MVPA (outcome variable).ResultsFemales who said that they are normal weight, but were in fact overweight based on body mass index, engaged in 13% less MVPA (rate ratio = .87, 95% confidence interval: .769–.999, P = .05). Also, older adults (> 60 yrs) who said that they are normal weight, but were overweight based on body mass index, engaged in 23% less MVPA (rate ratio = .77, 95% confidence interval: .616–.965, P = .025).ConclusionDiscrepant weight perceptions were associated with less objectively measured MVPA. Interventions should take weight perceptions into consideration when designing and evaluating intervention impact.     

基于人群的身体活动水平与脑卒中发病风险的队列研究

目的:探讨≥40岁成年人身体活动水平对脑卒中发病的影响。方法:通过宁波市2015年具有人群代表性的成年人慢性病监测调查获得身体活动和人口特征基线数据,利用2015-2019年宁波市慢性病监测信息协同管理系统获得脑卒中发病数据,将数据库进行匹配形成队列。身体活动按照每周身体活动量（METs）分为低、中等和高强度身体活动。...     

The association between physical activity,cardiorespiratory fitness and self-rated health

Objective

To investigate the joint association between self-reported physical activity as well as cardiorespiratory fitness and self-rated health among healthy women and men.

Method

Data from 10,416 participants in The Danish Health Examination Survey 2007–2008 which took part in 13 Danish municipalities were analyzed. Leisure time physical activity level and self-rated health were based on self-reported questionnaire data. Optimal self-rated health was defined as “very good” or “good” self-rated health. Cardiorespiratory fitness (mL O₂·min^− 1·kg^− 1) was estimated from maximal power output in a maximal cycle exercise test.

Results

A strong dose–response relation between cardiorespiratory fitness and self-rated health as well as between physical activity level and self-rated health among both women and men was found. Within categories of physical activity, odds ratios for optimal self-rated health increased with increasing categories of cardiorespiratory fitness, and vice versa. Hence, participants who were moderately/vigorously physically active and had a high cardiorespiratory fitness had the highest odds ratio for optimal self-rated health compared with sedentary participants with low cardiorespiratory fitness (odds ratio = 12.2, 95% confidence interval: 9.3–16.1).

Conclusion

Although reluctant to conclude on causality, this study suggests that an active lifestyle as well as good cardiorespiratory fitness probably increase self-rated health.     

The influence of duration of follow-up on the association between alcohol and cause-specific mortality in a prospective cohort study

PURPOSE: To investigate whether duration of follow-up influences the association between alcohol and cause-specific mortality in a prospective cohort study with only baseline assessment of alcohol intake. METHODS: In a cohort of 14,223 men and women participating in the first investigation of the Copenhagen City Heart Study between 1976 and 1978 and followed until 2001, we assessed whether the association between alcohol and mortality was modified by duration of follow-up. The 24 years of follow-up were divided into four intervals, and Cox survival analyses were conducted separately for these four succeeding 6-year periods of follow-up. RESULTS: The authors found differences in the predictive values of alcohol and beverage-specific types of alcohol depending on duration of follow-up both in terms of all-cause mortality and death from coronary heart disease and cancer. The apparent protective effect of a moderate alcohol consumption on coronary heart disease attenuated during prolonged follow-up, whereas high alcohol consumption became associated with higher risk of death from cancer with longer follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: This study accentuates the importance of taking duration of follow-up into consideration when interpreting risk estimates from prospective studies on the association between alcohol and mortality.     

糖尿病与原发性肝癌队列研究的Meta分析

目的 探讨糖尿病与原发性肝癌发病风险的关系.方法 利用中国学术期刊全文数据库、万方全文数据库及Medline数据库,检索1989年1月到2010年2月国内外公开发表的关于糖尿病与肝癌关系的队列研究文献,共收集到28篇文献.利用固定效应模型及随机效应模型计算检索文献的合并RR值及其95%CI值,并根据入选文献的研究人群来源、性别、地域差别,以及入选文献质量评分的高低进行亚组分析.结果 纳入Meta分析的文献共14篇,随访队列总人数为3 672 248例(名),累计肝癌患者3800例.经Meta分析,与未患糖尿病者相比,糖尿病患者肝癌发病的RR值为3.33(95%CI值:1.82～6.10),提示糖尿病与肝癌的发生有较密切的关系;亚组资料分析显示,研究对象为一般人群和已患某种疾病的患者的各个研究合并RR值(95%CI值)分别为3.76(1.69～8.38)和2.41(1.34～4.32);男性经Meta分析综合后糖尿病的RR值(95%CI值)为2.32(1.70～3.17),女性为1.63(1.08～2.47).结论 糖尿病与肝癌的发生有一定的关联,可能是原发性肝癌的危险因素之一.     

Mortality among German vegetarians: first results after five years of follow-up

A prospective study of vegetarians recruited from all regions of the Federal Republic of Germany, including West Berlin, was started in 1978 after a preparatory phase of two years in which the cohort was established. The mortality of the 1,904 study participants was evaluated after a follow-up of five years, comparing observed deaths with expected rates based on the national mortality statistics. Of the 858 men and 1,046 women, 89% had followed their diet for at least five years at study entry, the majority of them as strict vegetarians (1,163). By the end of 1983, only 82 persons had died, whereas 219 deaths were expected. In both sexes, the mortality was lowest from cardiovascular diseases [standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for ischemic heart disease about 20] and from cancer (SMR 58 for men, 54 for women). Deaths from diseases of the respiratory and digestive system were also reduced. For individual cancer sites the observed numbers were extremely small, but the risk of dying from lung cancer was significantly reduced; however, deaths from cancers of the colon and rectum, prostate, and breast were rare or even absent. More deaths than expected were observed from stomach, pancreatic, testicular, and brain cancers. An internal comparison of mortality between strict and moderate vegetarians (741) suggests a higher mortality from all causes and malignant neoplasms among strict vegetarians in both sexes, although not statistically significant, and a lower mortality from circulatory system diseases for males. The possible influence of selection factors (e.g., "healthy participant effect," socioeconomic level, and body weight) on the findings of a decreased mortality is discussed together with the role of diet.     

Six year follow-up of students who participated in a school-based physical activity intervention: a longitudinal cohort study

Background  

The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the long-term impact of a childhood motor skill intervention on adolescent motor skills and physical activity.     

The association between well-being and a large variation of accelerometer-assessed physical activity and sedentary behavior measures

Higher well-being has been associated with more physical activity (PA) and less sedentary behavior (SB), both when assessed by self-report or accelerometers. Most studies using accelerometer data only examined estimates of total volume or daily average of PA/SB in relation to well-being. Taking into account the richness of accelerometer data, we investigated the association of different measures of SB, light PA (LPA) and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and well-being including the combined effect and the PA/SB timing and patterns. We explored whether results differed between occupational and non-occupational time.In an adult sample (n = 660, M_age: 30.4, SD = 8.1, 74.5% female), we applied pre-registered analyses. First, we created different global scores of SB, LPA and MVPA based on 4 to 7-days of Actigraph data and investigated associations with well-being, i.e., defined as life satisfaction. These analyses were done using raw scores and transformed scores using compositional data analysis. Next, we applied multilevel models including time of the day and well-being as predictors of PA/SB. Finally, we clustered participants based on PA/SB intensity, timing and accumulation and explored differences in well-being across clusters.In total wear time, there were no associations between different measures of SB/LPA/MVPA and well-being. Restricting to non-occupational wear time, less total SB and more total LPA were associated with higher well-being, both in absolute and relative sense. Well-being was not associated with the PA/SB timing or patterns. In conclusion, beyond the association between total non-occupational SB and LPA and well-being, the PA/SB timing or patterns had no added value in explaining the association between PA/SB and well-being.     

Health and nutrition education in primary schools in Crete: 10 years follow-up of serum lipids, physical activity and macronutrient intake

The current study is a 4-year follow-up after the 6-year-long health and nutrition intervention programme applied in the primary schools of Crete. The aim of the current work was to identify whether the benefits obtained in certain health indices at the end of the intervention period were also present 4 years later. From a representative population of 441 pupils (250 from the intervention schools and 191 from the control schools), biochemical, dietary and physical activity data were obtained at baseline, at the end of the intervention period and after intervention (academic years 1992- 1993, 1997-1998 and 2001-2002, respectively). The findings of the current study revealed that the favourable changes in serum lipids observed at the end of the intervention period were maintained from baseline to after intervention for total cholesterol (-24-3 (SE 1.65) v. -9.70 (SE 2.03) mg/dl; P = 0-001), LDL-cholesterol(-18.6 (SE 1-41) v. -2.49 (SE 1.75) mg/dl; P < 0-001), HDL-cholesterol (-8-34 (SE 0.75) v. -9-60 (SE 1-10) mg/dl; P = 0-014) and total cholesterol :HDL-cholesterol ratio (0.31 (SE 0.06) v. 0.04 (SE 0.05); P = 0001). Similar favourable changes for the intervention group were observed in leisure-time physical activities (38.3 (SE 11-7) v. -13.2 (SE 10.9) min/week; P = 0.038) and BMI (6-05 (SE 0.18) v. 6.67 (SE 0-21) kg/m(2);P = 0.014), whereas no changes were observed in the fitness and dietary indices examined. The findings of the current study are encouraging, indicating maintenance of the favourable changes observed in serum lipids, BMI and physical activity 4 years after the programme had ended.     

Changes in leisure-time physical activity after transition to retirement: a follow-up study

Background  

Retirement is a major life change that is likely to affect lifestyles. The aim of this study was to examine changes in leisure-time physical activity of moderate and vigorous intensity among ageing employees facing transition to retirement over a follow-up of 5-7 years.