昆明市三级公立医院基本药物配备使用情况分析

目的 了解昆明市三级公立医院的基本药物配备使用情况。方法 根据国家药物和卫生技术综合评估中心与国家卫生健康委药具管理中心2020年11月发布的《药品临床综合评价管理指南（试行）》,参考世界卫生组织（WHO）/国际卫生行动组织（HAI）药物可及性的标准化法,对2017年至2020年昆明市9家三级公立医院基本药物配备品种数、采购金额及占比等指标进行统计与分析,评价基本药物的可获得性和可负担性。结果 2017年至2020年9家医院基本药物平均配备品种数占国家基本药物目录品种数的比例分别为29.26%,30.03%,31.89%,32.46%,平均采购金额占机构药品采购总金额的比例分别为23.70%,26.46%,29.01%,28.59%,均总体呈逐年升高趋势;高血压、糖尿病、胃溃疡使用金额排名前3的基本药物治疗期药品费用占最低日薪的比例总体呈逐年降低趋势,但仍有部分药品的可负担性比值大于1。结论 昆明市三级公立医院基本药物的配备使用情况总体逐年向好,可获得性及可负担性均呈逐步改善趋势。     

2010—2012年陕西省常见慢性病用药的可获得性及可负担性调查分析

目的：了解实施国家基本药物制度以来常见慢性病用药的可获得性及可负担性情况,为后续制订和完善相关政策提供数据支撑。方法：采用世界卫生组织／国际健康行动机构的标准化调查方法,分别于2010年和2012年对陕西省6个城市的公立医院和零售药店中的26种慢性病用药的可获得性及可负担性进行调查和评价。结果：陕西省常见慢性病用药的可获得性情况不容乐观,与2010年相比,2012年部分慢性病用药的原研药（OBs）可获得性升高,但所有慢性病用药的最低价格仿制药（LPGs）可获得性均降低;与2010年相比,2012年慢性病用药的可负担性明显提高,虽然使用OBs治疗慢性病可负担性仍较差,但使用LPGs治疗除心血管疾病以外的慢性病可负担性良好。与其他发展中国家相比,陕西省慢性病用药的可获得性相对较低,但可负担性相对较好。结论：建议公立医院提高慢性病用药的采购效率,保障药物的可获得性;政府部门加大政策扶持力度,鼓励慢性病仿制药的生产供应;进行慢性病用药药品价格成分调查,提高药品定价的科学性;改善慢性病用药结构和报销水平,进一步提升慢性病用药的可负担性。     

云南某边境县基层医疗机构基本药物使用情况分析

目的 掌握基本药物在边疆少数民族地区使用情况。方法 对2021年边境县6家基层医疗机构基本药物配备、销售金额、常用药物排名、可负担性、合理用药情况进行统计分析。结果 基本药物配备数量、占比相对稳定，但有区域特点；常用的20种药物的使用排名差异较大；可负担性整体较好；合理用药存在一定安全隐患。结论 边境县6家基层医疗机构基本药物政策落实到位，可及性达到云南省整体平均水平，但常用药物受用药习惯影响加大，用药差异明显。     

湖北省孝感市农村地区基本药物可获得性研究

目的:了解湖北省孝感市农村地区基本药物的可获得性和价格情况。方法:参考世界卫生组织和欧洲国际健康行动组织推荐的标准化药品价格调查方法,对湖北省孝感市农村地区4家医疗机构和3家药店的基本药物配备情况和价格水平进行调查。结果:该地区医疗机构和药店的基本药物可获得性均较低;药店的药品价格较医疗机构低;与国际参考价格相比,药店的价格较低,医疗机构则相对较高。除1家医疗机构的加成率远高于15.0%之外,其余2家基本控制在15.0%之内。结论:湖北省孝感市农村地区药品可获得性有待提高,药品价格还有降低的空间。     

医保制度改革对医院慢性病药物可及性影响的探索性研究——基于一线临床与药学工作实践

目的 探讨近年医疗保障制度改革相关政策对慢性病药物可及性的影响。方法 于2022年8月抽取15名临床和药学一线工作者作为研究对象，采用半结构式提纲开展1对1深度访谈，基于主题框架法进行资料分析。结果 医保支付方式改革提高了低价药物的可获得性和可接近性，对于高价药物作用相反。药品集中采购对慢病患者药物的可负担性存在双向影响：用药习惯的改变降低了部分患者的可接受性，医生和患者对于药物选择的受限降低了患者对原研药物的可获得性和可接近性。国家谈判药物提高了慢病患者用药的可负担性与高价药物的可获得性。“互联网+医保服务”的发展提升了药物可接近性，但覆盖面较小，应用尚不广泛。结论 医保制度改革对慢性病药物可及性具有多重影响，相关决策者要充分考虑医保政策对药物可及性的影响，保障广大慢性病患者权益。     

潍坊市儿童基本药物可获得性及价格评价研究

目的：分析潍坊市儿童基本药物的可获得性情况和价格水平,为我国儿童基本药物目录的出台和促进儿童基本药物的合理使用提供参考。方法：采用世界卫生组织和健康行动国际组织共同制定的标准化法,对潍坊市6个县的34家公立医院和37家零售药店的30种儿童基本药物的价格和可获得性进行调研, 将价格与国际参考价进行对比研究,评价药物的可负担性。结果：原研药在公立医院和零售药店的可获得性分别为15.8%和30.3%,最低价格仿制药在公立医院和零售药店的可获得性分别为44.8%和36.7%。原研药在公立医院和零售药店的中位MPR大于1.5,最低价格仿制药在公立医院的中位MPR小于1.5,在零售药店大于1.5。原研药可负担性小于1的品种数占比在公立医院和零售药店分别为50.0%和57.14%,最低价格仿制药品种占比在两类机构中分别为88.89%和100%。结论：儿童基本药物的可获得性一般;原研药的价格远高于国际参考价;最低价格仿制药公立医院的价格低于零售药店;原研药的可负担性一般,最低价格仿制药的可负担性较好。建议尽快出台儿童基本药物目录,鼓励医疗机构对儿童专用剂型和规格的采购,促进原研药合理定价。     

基于WHO/HAI标准调查方法的武汉市骨质疏松治疗药物的可获得性及可负担性分析（英文）

本研究分析了武汉市骨质疏松治疗药物的使用情况,可为相关政策的制定提供参考。研究采用WHO/HAI标准化法,对武汉市骨质疏松治疗药物进行调研,并收集药品信息进行统计分析,对可获得性和可负担性进行评价。结果显示,在可获得性方面,双膦酸盐类、活性维生素D及其类似物的可获得性相对较高;地舒单抗、鲑降钙素以及特立帕肽可获得性一般;依降钙素、雷洛昔芬及雷奈酸锶可获得性较低。在可负担性方面,阿仑膦酸仿制药的可负担性较好,其余10种骨质疏松治疗药物的可负担性均较差。研究表明,武汉市骨质疏松治疗药物的总体可获得性一般,并且可负担性较差。随着中国老龄化问题的加剧,相关部门可考虑将更多种类的骨质疏松治疗药物纳入医保目录以及集中带量采购工作中,进一步提高骨质疏松治疗药物的可获得性和可负担性。     

我国基本药物可及性实证研究

目的:为促进我国基本药物可及性提供参考。方法:采用文献调研的方法,通过各种数据库查询国内、外关于我国基本药物可及性实证研究的文献,并对其进行分析。结果:我国基本药物可及性的实证研究主要从可获得性(包括对基本药物认知情况的调查、利用和基本药物的生产供应情况等)、可负担性(通过世界卫生组织和国际健康行动机构提出的标准调查方法对基本药物的负担性的调查)、合理选择使用(通过对处方分析来调查研究基本药物的合理使用问题)等3个方面进行。结论:建议通过统计处方,筛选出我国基层医疗卫生机构临床首选的非基本药物,并将其与同类的基本药物进行循证药学和可负担性的比较研究,同时应加大对基本药物药品说明书在基本药物可及性中的重要作用的研究。     

陕西省基层医疗卫生机构基本药物制度实施效果评估研究

目的分析陕西省基层医疗机构基本药物制度实施情况,为完善相关政策提供实证依据与对策建议。方法采用分层抽样的方法选取陕西省基层医疗机构样本,监测陕西省2012年基层医疗机构基本药物制度实施情况,具体指标包括样本医疗机构基本药物的配备、采购、缺断货、中标情况以及合理用药等。结果陕西省基层医疗机构基本药物的配备率为100%。所配备的基本药物中,按品种计,国家基本药物、陕西省增补基本药物和陕西省县区增补的基本药物所占的比例依次为67.2%、26.0%、6.8%;陕西省基层医疗机构基本药物采购金额中,国家基本药物、陕西省增补基本药物和陕西省县区增补基本药物所占的比例依次为67.5%、23.5%、9.0%;80%的样本机构存在不同程度的药品缺(断)货情况;基本药物招标尚存在一些问题。陕西省基层医疗机构合理用药的各项指标情况:注射类药物处方率为27%,二联及以上抗菌药物处方率为12%,激素类药物的处方率为6%。结论陕西省基层医疗机构基本药物的采购和配备情况良好,但是多数机构存在不同程度的药品缺(断)货现象,合理用药水平还需进一步提高。建议不断加强药品供应监督管理,做好药品招标采购和缺(断)货的管理工作,加大基本药物宣传力度,提高基层医疗机构合理用药水平,促进基本药物制度的不断巩固和完善,使其更加惠及百姓。     

山东省公立医疗机构2018—2019年抗肿瘤类基本药物配备使用情况及药学服务能力分析

目的对比分析《国家基本药物目录(2018年版)》颁布前后各一年,山东省公立医疗机构抗肿瘤类基本药物配备使用情况的变化,并对药学服务能力进行调研。方法利用山东省卫健委大数据平台进行数据提取,并结合问卷调查的方式,对2018—2019年山东省二级及以上公立医疗机构中抗肿瘤类基本药物的采购金额、医疗机构配备使用情况、日治疗费用、药学服务能力等进行调研分析。结果山东省17地市中,济南市抗肿瘤类基本药物采购金额最大,潍坊市采购金额增幅最大。二级医疗机构抗肿瘤类基本药物的配备率低于三级医疗机构。靶向药物、辅助用药、激素类、烷化剂类药物的采购金额呈增长趋势,抗代谢药、抗生素、植物成分药、其它类抗肿瘤药物用量减少。首次进入《国家基本药物目录》的5种新型抗肿瘤药物使用金额较前增长明显。表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(EGFR-TKI)中,目前吉非替尼的使用量居首位,且日治疗费用最低。对于医疗机构肿瘤患者随访工作,药师参与度低;不良反应收集与上报是抗肿瘤药物安全监测与评价的主要手段。结论山东省各地市各级医疗机构中,各类抗肿瘤类基本药物间的配备使用情况差距大;《国家基本药物目录(2018年版)》的颁布有效促进了抗肿瘤药物在山东省内各级医疗机构的配备和使用;目录新纳入药物,特别是新型抗肿瘤药物,在医疗机构中的配备使用增加明显;医疗机构整体抗肿瘤药学服务能力有待提高。     

Role of glutathione in reduction of arsenate and of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in disposition of arsenite in rats

Arsenate (AsV), the environmentally prevalent form of arsenic, is converted sequentially in the body to arsenite (AsIII), monomethylarsonic acid (MMAsV), monomethylarsonous acid (MMAsIII), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAsV) and some trimethylated metabolites. Although the biliary excretion of arsenic in rats is known to be glutathione (GSH)-dependent, involving transport of arsenic-GSH conjugates, the role of GSH in the reduction of AsV to the more toxic AsIII in vivo has not been defined. Therefore, we studied how the fate of AsV is influenced by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), which depletes GSH in tissues. Control and BSO-treated rats were given AsV (50 micromol/kg, i.v.) and arsenic metabolites in bile, urine, blood and tissues were analysed by HPLC-HG-AFS. BSO increased retention of AsV in blood and tissues and decreased appearance of AsIII in blood, bile (by 96%) and urine (by 63%). The biliary excretion of MMAsIII was also nearly abolished, the appearance of MMAsIII and MMAsV in the blood was delayed and the renal concentrations of these monomethylated arsenicals were decreased by BSO. Interestingly, appearance of DMAsV in blood and urine remained unchanged and the concentrations of this metabolite in the kidneys and muscle were even increased in response to BSO. To test the role of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) in arsenic disposition, the effect of the of the GGT inhibitor acivicin was investigated in rats injected with AsIII (50 micromol/kg, i.v.). Acivicin lowered the hepatic and renal GGT activities and increased the biliary as well as urinary excretion of GSH, but failed to alter the disposition (i.e. blood and tissue concentrations, biliary and urinary excretion) of AsIII and its metabolites. In conclusion, shortage of GSH decreases not only the hepatobiliary transport of arsenic, but also reduction of AsV and the formation of monomethylated arsenic, while not hindering the production of dimethylated arsenic. While GSH plays an important role in the disposition and toxicity of arsenic, GGT, which hydrolyses GSH and GSH conjugates, apparently does not influence the fate of the GSH-reactive trivalent arsenicals in rats.     

微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用研究进展

本文综述了微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用,介绍微透析取样技术的原理、组成、探针类型、特点,重点阐述了微透析取样技术在测定脑、血液、皮肤等组织器官中中药有效成分浓度的应用实例。表明微透析取样技术在中药药效研究中具有广阔的前景。     

应用PASS系统分析我院2010年住院医嘱

目的:了解我院2010年住院患者的合理用药情况,探讨如何利用合理用药监测系统( PASS)提高合理用药水平.方法:利用PASS对我院2010年15 966例住院患者的1 184 997条用药医嘱进行监测,以黑色警示医嘱为依据,收集不合理用药信息,并对监测结果进行统计、分析.结果:不合理用药医嘱50 261条,发生率为4.24％.绝对禁止黑色医嘱5441条,主要为药物相互作用(66.54％)、注射液体外配伍(17.86％)、用法用量(15.46％)、儿童警告(1.14％).结论:应用PASS系统能有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药情况,有利于提高临床合理用药水平,但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善.     

Changes in levels of dependency and predictors of mortality in elderly people in institutional care in Dunedin

The 1983 study of dependency of subjects in institutional care in Dunedin was repeated two years later. A significant increase in levels of dependency in residential homes, particularly in the Religious and Welfare sector was found. In 1983 there were 29 high dependency residents and 73 medium dependency residents in residential homes. In 1985 these numbers had increased to 55 and 86 respectively. There was no change in the number of low dependency residents. In 1983, 6 high dependency residents had been admitted to residential home care in the year prior to the study. In 1985 the number of high dependency residents recently admitted had increased to 23. There had also been a significant increase in the dependency of patients in Religious and Welfare continuing care hospitals. Of the 933 subjects in institutional care in 1983 who were able to be followed, 354 (37.9%) died in the following 2 years. Mortality rate was higher for those in hospital care (48.1%) than for those in residential home care (29.6%). Mortality rates were higher in more dependent subjects and this was evident for each measure of dependency.     

应用PASS系统对我院2008年住院医嘱的分析

目的监测分析2008年我院住院患者用药情况。方法将PASS系统嵌入医生工作站、临床药学工作站等子系统,构建合理用药计算机网络系统,对住院医嘱进行及时监测,将监测结果向医生反馈,并对其进行统计、分析。结果2008年共监测医嘱3 620 241条,不合理医嘱908条,占0.02%。不合理医嘱中,配伍禁忌(381条)占41.96%,用法用量(381条)占41.96%,药物相互作用(108条)占11.89%,儿童用药(38条)占4.19%。经与医生沟通后,更改不合理医嘱856条,占94.27%。结论PASS系统可有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药,通过与医生交流,大大减少药物不良事件的发生,值得临床推广应用,也为临床药师开展工作带来了极大的便利。但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善。     

Role of desacetylation in the detoxification of cephalothin in renal cells in culture

The toxicity of three cephalosporin antibiotics to rabbit kidney cells in culture was compared to their known nephrotoxic potential in vivo (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). While cephalothin is considered to be a relatively nonnephrotoxic cephalosporin when administered to many species including humans and rabbits, in several in vitro systems involving rabbit renal tissue, cephalothin was comparatively more toxic than anticipated based on in vivo data. Cephalothin is extensively desacetylated in rabbits to a less microbiologically active metabolite, desacetylcephalothin. When a microsomal S9 fraction from rabbit kidney was added to the in vitro assay in cultured rabbit renal cells, cephalothin was desacetylated and its toxicity to kidney cells was reduced. The addition of S9 in vitro provided a toxicity ranking of the cephalosporins that correlated with their known in vivo nephrotoxic potentials (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). The in vitro detoxification of cephalothin by S9 was blocked by the coadministration of the esterase inhibitor, aminocarb. Desacetylcephalothin was relatively nontoxic to rabbit renal tissue in vitro. These results suggest that the desacetylation of cephalothin in vivo represents a previously unrecognized mechanism of detoxification of this cephalosporin antibiotic. Furthermore, this mechanism of detoxification may be applicable to other acetylated cephalosporins.     

2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药用药调查

目的:分析讨论某院抗真菌药使用的合理性,为临床安全有效地使用抗真菌药提供参考。方法:回顾性统计分析某院2009年住院患者抗真菌药用药信息。结果:2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药DDDs排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、制霉菌素和伊曲康唑;使用金额排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、米卡芬净及卡泊芬净;更换一种抗真菌药进行治疗的患者数为176人,在全部患者中占13.4%。结论:应进一步强化用药指征的意识,提高标本送检率,同时改善某些抗真菌用药不合理更换的现象,以避免耐药性发生,从而更好更长远地体现抗真菌药的治疗价值。     

Kinetics of in vitro metabolism of methoxyphenamine in rats

1. Methoxyphenamine (MP) was metabolized in vitro by rat liver preparations to O-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (O-desmethyl-MP), N-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (N-desmethyl-MP) and 5-hydroxymethoxyphenamine (5-hydroxy-MP). These metabolic pathways were inhibited by SKF 525-A and carbon monoxide, which indicates that these reactions were mediated at least partly by an NADPH-dependent cytochrome P-450 system. 2. Strain differences in the metabolism of this drug in vitro were observed in female Lewis and Dark Agouti (DA) rats, which are proposed models for human debrisoquine phenotypes. Methoxyphenamine O-demethylase and 5-hydroxylase activity in DA rats were lower than those in Lewis rats. 3. The metabolic transformation of methoxyphenamine in vitro to O-desmethyl-MP was inhibited competitively by debrisoquine and sparteine. This indicates that the cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme mediating the metabolism of MP to O-desmethyl-MP is similar to that mediating metabolism of debrisoquine and sparteine. However, no inhibition was observed with methenytoin.     

Comparison of in vitro cell models in predicting in vivo brain entry of drugs

Although several in vitro models have been reported to predict the ability of drug candidates to cross the blood-brain barrier, their real in vivo relevance has rarely been evaluated. The present study demonstrates the in vivo relevance of simple unidirectional permeability coefficient (P(app)) determined in three in vitro cell models (BBMEC, Caco-2 and MDCKII-MDR1) for nine model drugs (alprenolol, atenolol, metoprolol, pindolol, entacapone, tolcapone, baclofen, midazolam and ondansetron) by using dual probe microdialysis in the rat brain and blood as an in vivo measure. There was a clear correlation between the P(app) and the unbound brain/blood ratios determined by in vivo microdialysis (BBMEC r=0.99, Caco-2 r=0.91 and MDCKII-MDR1 r=0.85). Despite of the substantial differences in the absolute in vitro P(app) values and regardless of the method used (side-by-side vs. filter insert system), the capability of the in vitro models to rank order drugs was similar. By this approach, thus, the additional value offered by the true endothelial cell model (BBMEC) remains obscure. The present results also highlight the need of both in vitro as well as in vivo methods in characterization of blood-brain barrier passage of new drug candidates.