温郁金醋制前后5种成分含量变化考察

摘要：目的:比较温郁金醋制前后5种成分含量变化。方法:采用HPLC法对温郁金和醋温郁金中的莪术二酮、吉马酮、莪术醇、β-榄香烯、姜黄素5种成分进行定量分析。结果:莪术二酮、吉马酮、莪术醇、β-榄香烯、姜黄素5种成分能够良好分离,线性范围分别为2.506～20.050μg·ml-1（r=0.999 5）、0.919～7.355μg·ml-1（r=0.999 6）、0.964～7.714μg·ml-1（r=0.999 7）、0.927～7.416μg·ml-1（r=0.999 4）、1.123～8.982μg·ml-1（r=0.999 3）;平均加样回收率分别为99.59%（RSD=0.95%）,98.84%（RSD=0.91%）,99.41%（RSD=1.19%）,98.72%（RSD=0.79%）,98.94%（RSD=1.06%）（n=6）。温郁金经醋制后莪术二酮及吉马酮的含量显著降低（P<0.05）,莪术醇和β-榄香烯的含量则有所增加,而姜黄素含量无明显变化,5-羟甲基糠醛为炮制后新增加的成分。结论:基于HPLC法对温郁金和醋温郁金中5种成分进行定量分析,为进一步对温郁金炮制前后的质量变化和药效物质基础提供参考依据。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定不同产地莪术饮片中5种倍半萜类成分的含量

目的:建立HPLC法同时测定不同产地莪术中莪术二酮、莪术醇、吉玛酮、呋喃二烯、β-榄香烯等5种倍半萜类成分的含量。方法:采用Kromasil C18柱(4.6mm×250mm,5μm);流动相:乙腈(A)-水(B),梯度洗脱(0～35min,45%A→70%A;35～40min,70%A→90%A;40～60min,90%A→95%A),流速1.0mL·min-1;检测波长214nm;柱温25℃。结果:莪术二酮、莪术醇、吉玛酮、呋喃二烯、β-榄香烯分别在27.88～278.8,20.42～204.2,3.475～34.75,5.380～53.80,10.12～101.2μg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好,r≥0.999 6。平均加样回收率(RSD)分别为97.36%(1.85%),97.96%(2.30%),97.47%(2.02%),98.10%(2.38%),98.94%(2.01%)。结论:本方法操作简便、准确可靠,适用于莪术中5种倍半萜类成分的定量分析。     

HPLC法测定椒莪合剂中5种成分的含量

摘要：目的:建立HPLC法测定椒莪合剂中莪术二酮、莪术醇、牻牛儿酮、呋喃二烯和α-亚麻酸的含量。方法:采用Diamonsil Plus C18色谱柱（250 mm×4. 6 mm,5μm）,流动相为乙腈-水,梯度洗脱测定椒莪合剂中莪术二酮、莪术醇、牻牛儿酮、呋喃二烯的含量,检测波长为216 nm,流速:1. 0 ml·min-1,柱温:30℃,进样量:10μl。以乙腈-1%醋酸溶液（85∶15）为流动相,检测波长为205 nm,柱温:25℃,进样量:10μl,检测α-亚麻酸的含量。结果:莪术二酮、莪术醇、牻牛儿酮、呋喃二烯、α-亚麻酸在4. 49～71. 84μg·ml-1,5. 60～73. 52μg·ml-1,2. 67～42. 64μg·ml-1,1. 84～21. 44μg·ml-1,20. 00～428. 48μg·ml-1范围内线性关系良好,r≥0. 999 6;平均加样回收率分别为97. 83%,96. 41%,98. 31%,98. 31%,97. 83%,RSD分别为2. 9%,2. 9%,2. 5%,2. 9%,1. 8%（n=6）。结论:该方法操作简单、数据准确、重复性好,能够对椒莪合剂中的5种成分进行含量测定,为提高椒莪合剂的质量标准提供了有效的方法。     

莪术油葡萄糖注射液中莪术醇及牻牛儿酮的含量测定

目的建立测定莪术油葡萄糖注射液中莪术醇及牻牛儿酮含量的高效液相色谱法。方法以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂,流动相为乙腈-0.5%冰醋酸水溶液(65∶35),流速为1mL/min,检测波长为210nm。结果莪术醇及牛儿酮的线性范围分别为25.61～2.561μg/mL和25.42～2.542μg/mL,r分别为0.9997和0.9999(n=6),平均回收率分别为99.43%和99.50%,RSD分别为0.38%和0.40%(n=9)。结论该法简便、准确,能同时测定莪术油葡萄糖注射液中莪术醇及牻牛儿酮的含量,可用于其质量控制。     

GC法测定不同品种莪术药材中3种成分的含量

目的建立莪术药材中β-榄香烯、=牛儿酮和莪术二酮的GC含量测定方法 ,并比较不同品种莪术药材中3种成分的含量。方法采用DB-225毛细管柱,FID检测器。结果β-榄香烯、=牛儿酮和莪术二酮的线性范围分别为：1.019-5.095mg.mL-1（r=1.0000）;1.0609-10.609mg.mL-1（r=0.9999）;2.218-4.436mg.mL-1（r=0.9999）。平均回收率分别为：β-榄香烯100.6%,RSD=1.95%（n=9）;=牛儿酮100.6%,RSD=1.85%（n=9）;莪术二酮99.6%,RSD=2.13%（n=9）。结论不同品种莪术药材挥发油中莪术二酮的含量存在显著性的差异。该法准确、可靠,可用于莪术药材的质量控制。     

温州瑞安不同产区温郁金须根中4种挥发油成分的比较

目的 采用HPLC法同时测定温郁金须根挥发油中莪术二酮、莪术醇、吉马酮、呋喃二烯等4种成分的含量,比较温州瑞安5个产区温郁金须根中4种挥发油成分的含量差异.方法 采用Agilent Zorbax SB-C18柱,以乙腈-水为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速1 mL·min-1,柱温30℃,检测波长216 nm,进样量5μL.结果...     

HPLC法测定不同贮藏条件下莪术中6种化学成分的含量

摘要：目的:建立同时测定不同贮藏条件下莪术中吉马酮、莪术二酮、莪术醇、β-榄香烯、姜黄素、去甲氧基姜黄素含量的方法。方法:采用HPLC法,色谱柱为WATERS Atlantisd C18（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）,以0.3%甲酸乙腈溶液（A）-水溶液（B）为流动相,梯度洗脱;检测波长:215 nm（检测吉马酮、莪术二酮、莪术醇、β-榄香烯）,420 nm（检测姜黄素和去甲氧基姜黄素）;流速:1.0 ml·min-1,柱温:25℃,进样量:10μl。结果:吉马酮、莪术二酮、莪术醇、β-榄香烯、姜黄素、去甲氧基姜黄素分别在的线性范围分别为0.080 3～0.884 2 mg·ml-1、0.037 7～0.415 5 mg·ml-1、0.018 3～0.201 1 mg·ml-1、0.047 5～0.523 4mg·ml-1、0.005 2～0.057 2 mg·ml-1、0.003 1～0.034 3 mg·ml-1范围内有良好线性（r=0.999 3～0.999 8）。精密度、稳定性、重复性试验的RSD均小于5%（n=6）,平均加样回收率在98.09%～101.48%范围内（RSD <1.2%,n=6）。6批莪术药材中吉马酮、莪术二酮、莪术醇、β-榄香烯、姜黄素、去甲氧基姜黄素的含量分别为7.893 6～8.956 2 mg·ml-1、7.893 6～8.956 2 mg·ml-1、0.981 2～1.119 9 mg·ml-1、3.000 5～3.199 7 mg·ml-1、0.091 9～0.098 5 mg·ml-1、0.064 7～0.073 5 mg·g-1,均呈下降趋势,且下降速率为室温> 15℃> 5℃;在相同贮藏温度下的下降速率为聚乙烯塑料袋<聚丙烯编织袋;莪术醇及β-榄香烯的含量分别为0.981 2～1.119 9 mg·ml-1、3.000 5～3.199 7 mg·ml-1,反而有所增加。结论:该法简便、准确,用于同时测定莪术中6种成分的含量。建议莪术药材密封包装后于干燥阴凉处贮藏,且贮藏时间不宜过长。     

不同产地醋莪术饮片中β-榄香烯的含量比较

目的:建立以气相色谱法测定不同产地醋莪术饮片中β-榄香烯含量的方法。方法:以水杨酸甲酯为内标物,采用HP-5弹性石英毛细管色谱柱,程序升温,氢火焰离子化检测器,气化室温度为240℃,检测室温度为250℃,不分流进样,进样量为1μL。结果:β-榄香烯进样量在0.01507～0.15070μg范围内同其与水杨酸甲酯峰面积的比值呈良好线性关系(r=0.9996);平均回收率为96.13%,RSD=1.37%(n=9)。温郁金中的β-榄香烯含量相对较高。结论:本方法可作为不同产地醋莪术饮片中β-榄香烯的含量测定方法。     

温莪术药材中的牛儿酮含量测定

目的建立温莪术药材的牛儿酮含量测定方法。方法采用HPLC法,色谱柱为HypersilCN(4.6mm×250mm,5μm);乙腈-水(40∶60)为流动相;流速为1.0mL/min,检测波长为210nm。结果牛儿酮的线性范围为1.9～22.8μg/mL(r=0.9999),平均回收率为96.95%,RSD为1.12%。结论该测定方法简便易行,结果准确,可作为温莪术药材的质量控制方法。     

温莪术和温郁金中牛儿酮的含量测定

目的建立温莪术和温郁金药材中牛儿酮的含量测定方法。方法采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法，色谱柱为Hypersil CN(4.6 mm×250 mm，5 μm)；乙腈 水（40∶60）为流动相；流速为1.0 mL·min 1，检测波长为210 nm。结果牛儿酮的线性范围为1.9～22.8 μg·mL 1(r＝0.999 9)，平均回收率为96.95 %，RSD为1.12 %。结论该测定方法简便易行，结果准确，可作为温莪术、温郁金药材的质量控制方法。     

Role of glutathione in reduction of arsenate and of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in disposition of arsenite in rats

Arsenate (AsV), the environmentally prevalent form of arsenic, is converted sequentially in the body to arsenite (AsIII), monomethylarsonic acid (MMAsV), monomethylarsonous acid (MMAsIII), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAsV) and some trimethylated metabolites. Although the biliary excretion of arsenic in rats is known to be glutathione (GSH)-dependent, involving transport of arsenic-GSH conjugates, the role of GSH in the reduction of AsV to the more toxic AsIII in vivo has not been defined. Therefore, we studied how the fate of AsV is influenced by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), which depletes GSH in tissues. Control and BSO-treated rats were given AsV (50 micromol/kg, i.v.) and arsenic metabolites in bile, urine, blood and tissues were analysed by HPLC-HG-AFS. BSO increased retention of AsV in blood and tissues and decreased appearance of AsIII in blood, bile (by 96%) and urine (by 63%). The biliary excretion of MMAsIII was also nearly abolished, the appearance of MMAsIII and MMAsV in the blood was delayed and the renal concentrations of these monomethylated arsenicals were decreased by BSO. Interestingly, appearance of DMAsV in blood and urine remained unchanged and the concentrations of this metabolite in the kidneys and muscle were even increased in response to BSO. To test the role of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) in arsenic disposition, the effect of the of the GGT inhibitor acivicin was investigated in rats injected with AsIII (50 micromol/kg, i.v.). Acivicin lowered the hepatic and renal GGT activities and increased the biliary as well as urinary excretion of GSH, but failed to alter the disposition (i.e. blood and tissue concentrations, biliary and urinary excretion) of AsIII and its metabolites. In conclusion, shortage of GSH decreases not only the hepatobiliary transport of arsenic, but also reduction of AsV and the formation of monomethylated arsenic, while not hindering the production of dimethylated arsenic. While GSH plays an important role in the disposition and toxicity of arsenic, GGT, which hydrolyses GSH and GSH conjugates, apparently does not influence the fate of the GSH-reactive trivalent arsenicals in rats.     

微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用研究进展

本文综述了微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用,介绍微透析取样技术的原理、组成、探针类型、特点,重点阐述了微透析取样技术在测定脑、血液、皮肤等组织器官中中药有效成分浓度的应用实例。表明微透析取样技术在中药药效研究中具有广阔的前景。     

应用PASS系统分析我院2010年住院医嘱

目的:了解我院2010年住院患者的合理用药情况,探讨如何利用合理用药监测系统( PASS)提高合理用药水平.方法:利用PASS对我院2010年15 966例住院患者的1 184 997条用药医嘱进行监测,以黑色警示医嘱为依据,收集不合理用药信息,并对监测结果进行统计、分析.结果:不合理用药医嘱50 261条,发生率为4.24％.绝对禁止黑色医嘱5441条,主要为药物相互作用(66.54％)、注射液体外配伍(17.86％)、用法用量(15.46％)、儿童警告(1.14％).结论:应用PASS系统能有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药情况,有利于提高临床合理用药水平,但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善.     

Changes in levels of dependency and predictors of mortality in elderly people in institutional care in Dunedin

The 1983 study of dependency of subjects in institutional care in Dunedin was repeated two years later. A significant increase in levels of dependency in residential homes, particularly in the Religious and Welfare sector was found. In 1983 there were 29 high dependency residents and 73 medium dependency residents in residential homes. In 1985 these numbers had increased to 55 and 86 respectively. There was no change in the number of low dependency residents. In 1983, 6 high dependency residents had been admitted to residential home care in the year prior to the study. In 1985 the number of high dependency residents recently admitted had increased to 23. There had also been a significant increase in the dependency of patients in Religious and Welfare continuing care hospitals. Of the 933 subjects in institutional care in 1983 who were able to be followed, 354 (37.9%) died in the following 2 years. Mortality rate was higher for those in hospital care (48.1%) than for those in residential home care (29.6%). Mortality rates were higher in more dependent subjects and this was evident for each measure of dependency.     

应用PASS系统对我院2008年住院医嘱的分析

目的监测分析2008年我院住院患者用药情况。方法将PASS系统嵌入医生工作站、临床药学工作站等子系统,构建合理用药计算机网络系统,对住院医嘱进行及时监测,将监测结果向医生反馈,并对其进行统计、分析。结果2008年共监测医嘱3 620 241条,不合理医嘱908条,占0.02%。不合理医嘱中,配伍禁忌(381条)占41.96%,用法用量(381条)占41.96%,药物相互作用(108条)占11.89%,儿童用药(38条)占4.19%。经与医生沟通后,更改不合理医嘱856条,占94.27%。结论PASS系统可有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药,通过与医生交流,大大减少药物不良事件的发生,值得临床推广应用,也为临床药师开展工作带来了极大的便利。但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善。     

Role of desacetylation in the detoxification of cephalothin in renal cells in culture

The toxicity of three cephalosporin antibiotics to rabbit kidney cells in culture was compared to their known nephrotoxic potential in vivo (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). While cephalothin is considered to be a relatively nonnephrotoxic cephalosporin when administered to many species including humans and rabbits, in several in vitro systems involving rabbit renal tissue, cephalothin was comparatively more toxic than anticipated based on in vivo data. Cephalothin is extensively desacetylated in rabbits to a less microbiologically active metabolite, desacetylcephalothin. When a microsomal S9 fraction from rabbit kidney was added to the in vitro assay in cultured rabbit renal cells, cephalothin was desacetylated and its toxicity to kidney cells was reduced. The addition of S9 in vitro provided a toxicity ranking of the cephalosporins that correlated with their known in vivo nephrotoxic potentials (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). The in vitro detoxification of cephalothin by S9 was blocked by the coadministration of the esterase inhibitor, aminocarb. Desacetylcephalothin was relatively nontoxic to rabbit renal tissue in vitro. These results suggest that the desacetylation of cephalothin in vivo represents a previously unrecognized mechanism of detoxification of this cephalosporin antibiotic. Furthermore, this mechanism of detoxification may be applicable to other acetylated cephalosporins.     

2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药用药调查

目的:分析讨论某院抗真菌药使用的合理性,为临床安全有效地使用抗真菌药提供参考。方法:回顾性统计分析某院2009年住院患者抗真菌药用药信息。结果:2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药DDDs排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、制霉菌素和伊曲康唑;使用金额排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、米卡芬净及卡泊芬净;更换一种抗真菌药进行治疗的患者数为176人,在全部患者中占13.4%。结论:应进一步强化用药指征的意识,提高标本送检率,同时改善某些抗真菌用药不合理更换的现象,以避免耐药性发生,从而更好更长远地体现抗真菌药的治疗价值。     

Kinetics of in vitro metabolism of methoxyphenamine in rats

1. Methoxyphenamine (MP) was metabolized in vitro by rat liver preparations to O-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (O-desmethyl-MP), N-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (N-desmethyl-MP) and 5-hydroxymethoxyphenamine (5-hydroxy-MP). These metabolic pathways were inhibited by SKF 525-A and carbon monoxide, which indicates that these reactions were mediated at least partly by an NADPH-dependent cytochrome P-450 system. 2. Strain differences in the metabolism of this drug in vitro were observed in female Lewis and Dark Agouti (DA) rats, which are proposed models for human debrisoquine phenotypes. Methoxyphenamine O-demethylase and 5-hydroxylase activity in DA rats were lower than those in Lewis rats. 3. The metabolic transformation of methoxyphenamine in vitro to O-desmethyl-MP was inhibited competitively by debrisoquine and sparteine. This indicates that the cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme mediating the metabolism of MP to O-desmethyl-MP is similar to that mediating metabolism of debrisoquine and sparteine. However, no inhibition was observed with methenytoin.     

Comparison of in vitro cell models in predicting in vivo brain entry of drugs

Although several in vitro models have been reported to predict the ability of drug candidates to cross the blood-brain barrier, their real in vivo relevance has rarely been evaluated. The present study demonstrates the in vivo relevance of simple unidirectional permeability coefficient (P(app)) determined in three in vitro cell models (BBMEC, Caco-2 and MDCKII-MDR1) for nine model drugs (alprenolol, atenolol, metoprolol, pindolol, entacapone, tolcapone, baclofen, midazolam and ondansetron) by using dual probe microdialysis in the rat brain and blood as an in vivo measure. There was a clear correlation between the P(app) and the unbound brain/blood ratios determined by in vivo microdialysis (BBMEC r=0.99, Caco-2 r=0.91 and MDCKII-MDR1 r=0.85). Despite of the substantial differences in the absolute in vitro P(app) values and regardless of the method used (side-by-side vs. filter insert system), the capability of the in vitro models to rank order drugs was similar. By this approach, thus, the additional value offered by the true endothelial cell model (BBMEC) remains obscure. The present results also highlight the need of both in vitro as well as in vivo methods in characterization of blood-brain barrier passage of new drug candidates.