儿童医院常用药物说明书中儿童用药标项分析

目的:调查我院常用药品说明书中儿童用药项的标注情况,分析儿童用药现状,对儿童合理用药提出建议。方法:选取我院目前使用频率较高药品的说明书338份,其中口服制剂、注射剂、吸入剂及喷剂294份,五官、皮肤科外用药44份。按照有儿童用法用量、儿童慎用禁用提示、儿童用药尚不明确及儿童用药项缺省等标注情况进行统计分析。结果:294份说明书按厂家分类调查,外资、国产药品中有儿童用法用量的标注率分别为78%,65.7%,国产药儿童用法标注率明显低于外资药;按西药和中成药进行分类调查,涉外西药、国产西药、中成药中有儿童用法的标注率分别为79%,64.9%,47.4%,儿童用法的标注率涉外西药最高,中成药最低;按剂型进行调查分析,口服制剂、注射剂、吸入与喷剂、外用制剂中有儿童用法的标注率分别为68.1%,55.6%,78.9%,13.6%,外用制剂儿童用法缺省严重。结论:儿童常用药品的说明书中儿童用法项标注率太低,针对儿童的药品太少,应当引起相关部门的重视。     

药品说明书中儿童用药信息标注情况与儿童用药风险

目的：调查药品说明书关于儿童用药信息标注情况,了解儿童用药风险。方法：收集医院儿科常用药品说明书521份,对儿童用药信息标注情况进行调查分析。结果：儿童专用药品86份,占16.5%。药品辅料标注率38.8%。外资、国产药品中有儿童临床试验和药动学数据的比率分别为17.5%,2.5%和40.0%,8.4%,儿童用法用量标注率为82.5%和73.8%,国产药低于外资药;涉外西药、国产西药、中成药有儿童药代动力学数据的比率分别为39.5%,10.5%,0,中成药低于西药（P<0.05）;儿童用法用量标注率分别为81.4%,80.0%,62.0%。其他儿童常用药品中有儿童临床试验比率和儿童用法用量标注率明显低于儿童专用药品（P<0.05）。中药不良反应、禁忌、相互作用等项缺省超过50%。结论：儿童专用药品少,儿童常用药品说明书中儿童用药信息标注不充分,儿童用药存在风险隐患。     

注射剂说明书中儿童用药信息标注情况与儿童用药风险分析

目的：调查注射剂药品说明书中关于儿童用药安全信息的标注情况，分析儿童用药风险。方法：统计我院141份常用注射剂说明书，分析儿童用药安全信息标注情况。结果：儿童专用药品说明书4份，占2.8%。国产药和外资药儿童临床试验数据和儿童药代动力学的数据标注率分别为4.7%、40.0%和11.3%、34.3%，儿童用法用量标注率分别为51.9%、68.6%，外资药高于国产药；抗感染类药物说明书儿童临床试验项、儿童药代动力学项标注率分别为29.4%、37.3%，明显高于其他类别。限制级抗菌药物的儿童临床试验项、儿童药代动力学项标注率分别为77.8%、77.8%，明显高于其他类别。外资西药和国产西药的儿童临床试验项、儿童药代动力学项标注率分别为40.0%、34.3%和4.9%、11.8%，西药高于中成药。儿童专用药品未出现儿童用药安全信息的标注缺失情况；非儿童专用药品的儿童用法用量项、儿童药代动力学项标注率分别为54.7%和17.5%，非儿童专用药品标注率低于儿童专用药品。部分国产西药与外资西药说明书儿童用药项存在差异。结论：注射剂中儿童专用药品较少，非儿童专用药品中儿童用药安全信息标注不充分，儿童用药存在风险隐患     

重庆市某三甲儿童医院基本药物说明书的调查与分析

目的:通过对重庆市某三甲儿童医院的基本药物说明书进行调查,了解该院药品说明书存在的问题,为进一步规范儿童药品说明书提供参考。方法:收集该院使用的全部基本药物的说明书,分别按剂型、涉外及国产、中药及西药对说明书中关于儿童用药标注情况进行统计分析。结果:共调查310份药品说明书,其中儿童用药项缺失的159份,占51.29%;不同剂型的药品说明书中儿童用药标注情况存在一定差异,其中注射制剂及口服制剂的药品说明书儿童用药缺项率分别52.50%及47.15%;涉外药品较国产药物的说明书中儿童用药标注率高;儿童用法用量缺失是说明书存在的最主要问题,口服西药及中成药的说明书中儿童用药用量缺失率分别为49.45%、62.50%。结论:临床用于儿童的药品说明书中关于儿童用药项内容缺失情况严重,说明书中信息不完整以及标注内容不规范等较多问题需要进一步修正。     

51种外用药膏说明书标注项情况分析

目的:为生产企业合理设计外用药膏说明书提供参考。方法:根据《药品说明书和标签管理规定》和《化学药品和治疗用生物制品说明书规范细则》对药品说明书应标注项目,分析我院2016年1-6月使用的51种外用药膏说明书标注项情况。结果:在51种外用药膏中,国产品种39种,进口品种12种。在39种国产药膏说明书中,标注率较低的项目有药物过量、药动学、使用指导、药理毒理,标注率分别为2.6%、5.1%、15.4%、28.2%,而进口品种的标注率分别为16.7%、83.3%、75.0%、100%。与进口药膏说明书比较,国产药膏说明书标注内容不够详细的项目有成分、用法用量、不良反应、禁忌、注意事项、药物相互作用、特殊人群用药。结论:建议生产企业咨询医药学专家,按照《药品说明书和标签管理规定》要求列出全部辅料,细化和完善用法用量、不良反应、注意事项、特殊人群用药、药理毒理及药物过量等项的标注内容,同时行政主管部门要加强监管审批力度。     

113份抗感染药物说明书中儿童用药内容标注情况分析及合理用药商榷

目的:分析抗感染药物说明书中儿童用药内容标注情况及合理用药商榷。方法:采集医院2018年1月—2019年9月间抗感染药物说明书113份,统计与分析其有关儿童用药内容标注情况,并提出相关合理用药建议。结果:113份抗感染药物说明书中标注儿童用法用量80份(占70.80%),标注儿童药动学占30份(占26.55%),详细标注儿童用药注意事项24份(占21.24%);国内药品说明书中标注儿童药动学24份(占25.53%),标注儿童用药用量67份(占71.28%),详细标注儿童用药注意事项17份(占18.09%);国外药品说明书中标注儿童药动学6份(占31.58%),标注儿童用药用量13份(占68.42%),详细标注儿童用药注意事项7份(占36.84%)。结论:抗感染药物说明书中关于儿童用药内容标注状况较差,应需完善药品说明书中用药描述,加强其用药指导作用,以降低不良反应发生风险,促进临床合理用药。     

90种中成药说明书中妊娠禁忌证及儿童用药标注情况调查分析

目的了解中成药药品说明书中妊娠禁忌证以及儿童用药标注存在的问题并提出建议。方法收集长江航运总医院使用的90种中成药说明书,参考2015年版《中华人民共和国药典》(一部)及2015年版《临床用药须知》中药成方制剂卷中妊娠禁用、忌用、慎用药材和饮片,依据《中华人民共和国药典》及2015年版《临床用药须知》中"注意"项,对比分析药品说明书中妊娠禁忌及儿童用药标注存在的问题。结果90种中成药药品说明书中有妊娠禁忌标注仅47份,缺乏的为43种,标注率52.2%,仅3种药品说明书与《中华人民共和国药典》《临床用药须知》妊娠禁忌标注一致;有儿童用法用量提示5种,缺乏儿童用法用量提示85种,标注率和缺标率分别为6%,94%,仅2种药品说明书儿童用药用量提示与《中华人民共和国药典》《临床用药须知》中儿童用药用量标注一致。结论该院大部分中成药药品说明书妊娠禁忌以及儿童用药标注缺省严重,中成药不能简单以是否含有妊娠禁忌成分作为评估孕期用药宜忌;中成药的妊娠及儿童应用信息还需要更多的临床数据和循证药学数据支持。     

对部分中西药说明书的调查与分析

目的 为规范药品说明书提供信息.方法 收集近2年来本院及附近医院临床常用药品说明书676份,进行汇总分析.结果 部分国产西药和中成药说明书中的项目未能按国家规定标注,缺项严重.特别是药物过量、不良反应、禁忌证、孕妇及哺乳期用药、儿童用药、老年患者用药、药理毒性、药代动力学、注意事项、药物相互作用等10项内容缺项最多.进口药品说明书项目标注优于国产西药;国产西药优于中成药;注射制剂优于口服制剂;口服制剂优于外用制剂.结论 不规范的药品说明书影响安全合理用药.     

756份药品说明书中儿童用药项的调查分析

目的了解药品说明书中有关儿童用药内容的标注情况,为儿童合理用药提供参考。方法调查医院门诊常用药品的药品说明书756份,对其儿童用法用量项进行分析。结果药品说明书中儿童用药项内容缺失严重,只有34.9%标注有儿童用法用量,国产药品与涉外药品的标注率无明显差异,儿童用药的剂量换算没有规范、统一的标准。结论药品监管部门应该加大监管力度,药品生产企业应该强化责任感和法制观念,提高药品说明书的规范化程度,使其真正成为合理用药的指南。     

我院儿童适用药品的说明书标注信息的调查与分析

目的:为规范儿童临床用药提供参考。方法:收集我院2015年1-3月门诊药房、住院药房和急诊药房在架使用的儿童药品说明书,对药品说明书中涉及的用药信息,包括药品名称、适应证或功能主治、规格、用法与用量等的标注情况进行统计、分析。调查我院使用的815种成人、儿童均适用的药品,就其药品说明书中标明儿童适用的剂型、规格、用法用量进行汇总分析。结果:共收集儿童药品说明书438份,包括化学药品和生物制品327份,其中儿童用药信息进口及合资药品的标注情况较国产药品齐全;中成药及天然药物111份,其中儿童用药信息缺项严重。815种药品说明书中,儿童适用的剂型和规格占比分别为51.17%、31.65%,主要为注射剂、片剂或胶囊剂、颗粒剂和口服液体制剂,其中儿童适用的规格中按儿童年龄段标明幼儿、学龄前、学龄期、青春期儿童(1~18岁)用量的占61.24%,标明婴儿(28 d~1岁)用量的占26.74%,标明新生儿(<28 d)用量的占12.02%。结论:儿童适用的药品信息和品种严重缺乏。建议国家制订相关政策,增加儿童药品开发,完善儿童药品临床使用资料,保障儿童临床用药安全。     

Role of glutathione in reduction of arsenate and of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in disposition of arsenite in rats

Arsenate (AsV), the environmentally prevalent form of arsenic, is converted sequentially in the body to arsenite (AsIII), monomethylarsonic acid (MMAsV), monomethylarsonous acid (MMAsIII), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAsV) and some trimethylated metabolites. Although the biliary excretion of arsenic in rats is known to be glutathione (GSH)-dependent, involving transport of arsenic-GSH conjugates, the role of GSH in the reduction of AsV to the more toxic AsIII in vivo has not been defined. Therefore, we studied how the fate of AsV is influenced by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), which depletes GSH in tissues. Control and BSO-treated rats were given AsV (50 micromol/kg, i.v.) and arsenic metabolites in bile, urine, blood and tissues were analysed by HPLC-HG-AFS. BSO increased retention of AsV in blood and tissues and decreased appearance of AsIII in blood, bile (by 96%) and urine (by 63%). The biliary excretion of MMAsIII was also nearly abolished, the appearance of MMAsIII and MMAsV in the blood was delayed and the renal concentrations of these monomethylated arsenicals were decreased by BSO. Interestingly, appearance of DMAsV in blood and urine remained unchanged and the concentrations of this metabolite in the kidneys and muscle were even increased in response to BSO. To test the role of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) in arsenic disposition, the effect of the of the GGT inhibitor acivicin was investigated in rats injected with AsIII (50 micromol/kg, i.v.). Acivicin lowered the hepatic and renal GGT activities and increased the biliary as well as urinary excretion of GSH, but failed to alter the disposition (i.e. blood and tissue concentrations, biliary and urinary excretion) of AsIII and its metabolites. In conclusion, shortage of GSH decreases not only the hepatobiliary transport of arsenic, but also reduction of AsV and the formation of monomethylated arsenic, while not hindering the production of dimethylated arsenic. While GSH plays an important role in the disposition and toxicity of arsenic, GGT, which hydrolyses GSH and GSH conjugates, apparently does not influence the fate of the GSH-reactive trivalent arsenicals in rats.     

微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用研究进展

本文综述了微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用,介绍微透析取样技术的原理、组成、探针类型、特点,重点阐述了微透析取样技术在测定脑、血液、皮肤等组织器官中中药有效成分浓度的应用实例。表明微透析取样技术在中药药效研究中具有广阔的前景。     

应用PASS系统分析我院2010年住院医嘱

目的:了解我院2010年住院患者的合理用药情况,探讨如何利用合理用药监测系统( PASS)提高合理用药水平.方法:利用PASS对我院2010年15 966例住院患者的1 184 997条用药医嘱进行监测,以黑色警示医嘱为依据,收集不合理用药信息,并对监测结果进行统计、分析.结果:不合理用药医嘱50 261条,发生率为4.24％.绝对禁止黑色医嘱5441条,主要为药物相互作用(66.54％)、注射液体外配伍(17.86％)、用法用量(15.46％)、儿童警告(1.14％).结论:应用PASS系统能有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药情况,有利于提高临床合理用药水平,但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善.     

应用PASS系统对我院2008年住院医嘱的分析

目的监测分析2008年我院住院患者用药情况。方法将PASS系统嵌入医生工作站、临床药学工作站等子系统,构建合理用药计算机网络系统,对住院医嘱进行及时监测,将监测结果向医生反馈,并对其进行统计、分析。结果2008年共监测医嘱3 620 241条,不合理医嘱908条,占0.02%。不合理医嘱中,配伍禁忌(381条)占41.96%,用法用量(381条)占41.96%,药物相互作用(108条)占11.89%,儿童用药(38条)占4.19%。经与医生沟通后,更改不合理医嘱856条,占94.27%。结论PASS系统可有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药,通过与医生交流,大大减少药物不良事件的发生,值得临床推广应用,也为临床药师开展工作带来了极大的便利。但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善。     

Role of desacetylation in the detoxification of cephalothin in renal cells in culture

The toxicity of three cephalosporin antibiotics to rabbit kidney cells in culture was compared to their known nephrotoxic potential in vivo (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). While cephalothin is considered to be a relatively nonnephrotoxic cephalosporin when administered to many species including humans and rabbits, in several in vitro systems involving rabbit renal tissue, cephalothin was comparatively more toxic than anticipated based on in vivo data. Cephalothin is extensively desacetylated in rabbits to a less microbiologically active metabolite, desacetylcephalothin. When a microsomal S9 fraction from rabbit kidney was added to the in vitro assay in cultured rabbit renal cells, cephalothin was desacetylated and its toxicity to kidney cells was reduced. The addition of S9 in vitro provided a toxicity ranking of the cephalosporins that correlated with their known in vivo nephrotoxic potentials (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). The in vitro detoxification of cephalothin by S9 was blocked by the coadministration of the esterase inhibitor, aminocarb. Desacetylcephalothin was relatively nontoxic to rabbit renal tissue in vitro. These results suggest that the desacetylation of cephalothin in vivo represents a previously unrecognized mechanism of detoxification of this cephalosporin antibiotic. Furthermore, this mechanism of detoxification may be applicable to other acetylated cephalosporins.     

2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药用药调查

目的:分析讨论某院抗真菌药使用的合理性,为临床安全有效地使用抗真菌药提供参考。方法:回顾性统计分析某院2009年住院患者抗真菌药用药信息。结果:2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药DDDs排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、制霉菌素和伊曲康唑;使用金额排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、米卡芬净及卡泊芬净;更换一种抗真菌药进行治疗的患者数为176人,在全部患者中占13.4%。结论:应进一步强化用药指征的意识,提高标本送检率,同时改善某些抗真菌用药不合理更换的现象,以避免耐药性发生,从而更好更长远地体现抗真菌药的治疗价值。     

Changes in levels of dependency and predictors of mortality in elderly people in institutional care in Dunedin

The 1983 study of dependency of subjects in institutional care in Dunedin was repeated two years later. A significant increase in levels of dependency in residential homes, particularly in the Religious and Welfare sector was found. In 1983 there were 29 high dependency residents and 73 medium dependency residents in residential homes. In 1985 these numbers had increased to 55 and 86 respectively. There was no change in the number of low dependency residents. In 1983, 6 high dependency residents had been admitted to residential home care in the year prior to the study. In 1985 the number of high dependency residents recently admitted had increased to 23. There had also been a significant increase in the dependency of patients in Religious and Welfare continuing care hospitals. Of the 933 subjects in institutional care in 1983 who were able to be followed, 354 (37.9%) died in the following 2 years. Mortality rate was higher for those in hospital care (48.1%) than for those in residential home care (29.6%). Mortality rates were higher in more dependent subjects and this was evident for each measure of dependency.     

Kinetics of in vitro metabolism of methoxyphenamine in rats

1. Methoxyphenamine (MP) was metabolized in vitro by rat liver preparations to O-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (O-desmethyl-MP), N-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (N-desmethyl-MP) and 5-hydroxymethoxyphenamine (5-hydroxy-MP). These metabolic pathways were inhibited by SKF 525-A and carbon monoxide, which indicates that these reactions were mediated at least partly by an NADPH-dependent cytochrome P-450 system. 2. Strain differences in the metabolism of this drug in vitro were observed in female Lewis and Dark Agouti (DA) rats, which are proposed models for human debrisoquine phenotypes. Methoxyphenamine O-demethylase and 5-hydroxylase activity in DA rats were lower than those in Lewis rats. 3. The metabolic transformation of methoxyphenamine in vitro to O-desmethyl-MP was inhibited competitively by debrisoquine and sparteine. This indicates that the cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme mediating the metabolism of MP to O-desmethyl-MP is similar to that mediating metabolism of debrisoquine and sparteine. However, no inhibition was observed with methenytoin.     

Comparison of in vitro cell models in predicting in vivo brain entry of drugs

Although several in vitro models have been reported to predict the ability of drug candidates to cross the blood-brain barrier, their real in vivo relevance has rarely been evaluated. The present study demonstrates the in vivo relevance of simple unidirectional permeability coefficient (P(app)) determined in three in vitro cell models (BBMEC, Caco-2 and MDCKII-MDR1) for nine model drugs (alprenolol, atenolol, metoprolol, pindolol, entacapone, tolcapone, baclofen, midazolam and ondansetron) by using dual probe microdialysis in the rat brain and blood as an in vivo measure. There was a clear correlation between the P(app) and the unbound brain/blood ratios determined by in vivo microdialysis (BBMEC r=0.99, Caco-2 r=0.91 and MDCKII-MDR1 r=0.85). Despite of the substantial differences in the absolute in vitro P(app) values and regardless of the method used (side-by-side vs. filter insert system), the capability of the in vitro models to rank order drugs was similar. By this approach, thus, the additional value offered by the true endothelial cell model (BBMEC) remains obscure. The present results also highlight the need of both in vitro as well as in vivo methods in characterization of blood-brain barrier passage of new drug candidates.