灌流模式软骨膜-软骨-软骨膜复合体重建上鼓室外侧壁的临床应用

目的 探讨耳内镜灌流模式下应用软骨膜-软骨-软骨膜复合体重建上鼓室外侧壁在上鼓室胆脂瘤(包含外耳道胆脂瘤和中耳胆脂瘤)手术中的临床治疗效果。方法 回顾性分析纳入研究的29例患者(外耳道胆脂瘤14例,中耳胆脂瘤15例),其上鼓室全部被胆脂瘤侵犯破坏,彻底清除上鼓室及听骨链病变后,应用耳内镜在灌流模式下选取耳屏或耳甲腔软骨膜-软骨-软骨膜复合体重建上鼓室外侧壁。结果 术前气导听力(42.51±3.55)dBHL,术后3个月为(26.22±5.12)dBHL;术前气骨导差(28.67±6.31)dBHL,术后3个月为(13.11±6.56)dBHL,经比较差异均具有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。术后定期随访,出现耳鸣5例,眩晕3例,内陷袋1例,人工听骨赝复物脱出1例,外耳道狭窄3例,鼓膜穿孔1例;耳鸣、耳闷、眩晕经对症处理后症状消失,内陷袋及人工听骨赝复物脱出的患者听力改善尚可,继续观察随访;鼓膜穿孔及外耳道狭窄再次行手术处理后痊愈。结论 耳内镜灌流模式下软骨膜-软骨-软骨膜复合体在清除胆脂瘤后,重建上鼓室外侧壁,可有效恢复中耳鼓室解剖结构,显著提高患者术后听力,促进患者术后恢复,降低...     

重建上鼓室外侧壁的保留骨桥乳突切开鼓室成形术

目的探讨完桥式乳突切开鼓室成形术(intact-bridge tympanomastoidectomy,IBM)并用自体骨片重建上鼓室外侧壁的临床疗效。方法对48例(50耳)慢性化脓性中耳炎和中耳胆脂瘤患者采用IBM术式,清除病变后自体外耳道后壁骨片重建上鼓室外侧壁及听力重建,观察鼓膜愈合情况及听力提高水平,总结手术技术要点和术后疗效。结果术后随访3-21个月,干耳时间3-14周,平均6.7周;鼓膜穿孔愈合率92%(46/50耳),3耳因术后感染及1耳胆脂瘤上皮残留导致鼓膜穿孔不愈,经再次手术愈合。患耳的气导平均纯音听力(pure tone average,PTA)由术前53.7±6.9 d BHL提高到术后36.3±9.1d BHL,气骨导差(air-bone gap,ABG)由术前26.4±7.3 d BHL缩小到术后15.0±4.2d BHL,手术听力提高成功率(术后PTA-ABG≤20d BHL)为72%(36/50耳)。结论 IBM术式保留的"骨桥"对重建上鼓室外侧壁的骨片和鼓膜移植物起到支撑作用,结合上鼓室外侧壁重建保持了中上鼓室含气腔和正常外耳道后壁形态结构,减少术后鼓膜内陷袋形成,是中耳乳突手术的理想选择。     

钛网应用于开放式鼓室成形术32例

目的 探讨应用钛网重建外耳道后壁并上鼓室外侧壁开放式鼓室成形术中的手术疗效。方法 胆脂瘤型及骨疡型中耳炎患者32例（32耳）根治病灶后,均应用钛网重建外耳道后壁并上鼓室外侧壁,同期行开放式鼓室成形术。结果 术后30耳外耳道形态接近正常生理状态,29耳鼓膜移植物生长良好,干耳率90.62%,干耳时间平均（15.89±4.02）d。术后气导听力提高在15dBHL以上者27耳,区骨导差＜20dBHL者22耳。结论 应用钛网重建外耳道后壁并上鼓室外侧壁的开放式鼓室成形术,可较好地恢复外耳道和中耳的解剖结构和生理功能,患者听力提高远期效果显著。     

乳突腔同种异体牙充填在开放式鼓室成形术中的应用

目的 :探讨乳突腔同种异体牙充填并上鼓室外侧壁重建的开放式鼓室成形术的手术疗效。方法 :对5 2例 (5 2耳 )胆脂瘤型及骨疡型中耳炎患者 ,根治病灶后 ,以同种异体牙乳突腔充填并上鼓室外侧壁重建 ,同期行开放式鼓室成形术。结果 :术后 4 8耳外耳道形态接近正常生理状态 ;4 6耳鼓膜移植物生长良好 ;干耳率 92 .3% ,干耳时间平均 (17.6± 4 .2 )d。术后气导听力提高在 15dBHL以上者为 4 1耳 ,气骨导差小于 2 0dBHL者为 31耳。结论 :乳突腔同种异体牙充填并上鼓室外侧壁重建的开放式鼓室成形术 ,可较好地恢复外耳道和中耳的解剖结构和生理功能 ,听力提高远期效果显著     

耳内镜下耳屏软骨-软骨膜重建上鼓室外侧壁的临床应用

目的 探讨耳内镜下耳屏软骨-软骨膜重建外耳道后壁或上鼓室外侧壁的临床应用及术后效果.方法 回顾性分析2015年8月～2019年8月期间住院手术的52例(52耳)外耳道及中耳胆脂瘤患者的临床资料,病变均累及上鼓室及鼓窦,其中45例为中耳胆脂瘤,7例为外耳道胆脂瘤,均在耳内镜下行上鼓室开放术同期行鼓室成形,术中用耳屏软骨-...     

保留外耳道后壁上鼓室切开软骨重建术治疗中耳胆脂瘤

目的探讨在保持外耳道后壁完整的情况下,切除上鼓室外侧壁并软骨封闭治疗中耳胆脂瘤的疗效。方法2009年11月～2012年7月对123例（123耳）中耳胆脂瘤患者行保留外耳道后壁的乳突切开、上鼓室盾板切除及面神经隐窝向上鼓室开放,清除病变后行上鼓室软骨封闭及乳突腔填塞术,术后随访6～38个月,观察胆脂瘤复发、上鼓室回缩袋形成情况及听力提高水平,分析其疗效。结果123例中,2例中耳腔胆脂瘤复发,6例术后耳后切口感染,3例鼓膜边缘穿孔延迟愈合,2例人工听骨脱出,4例术后耳道后壁肿胀或皮肤缺损,其余病例术后换药2～3次后鼓膜、外耳道形态恢复,痊愈时间1个月。听力资料完整的83例（67．5％,83/123）中,0．5、1、2 kHz气骨导差术前平均32．2±11．25 dB ,术后平均20．69±12．41 dB ,手术前后气骨导差缩小11．59±10．1 dB（P＜0．001）。结论乳突切开同时保留外耳道后壁使耳道形态得以保留,术后恢复时间短;切除上鼓室外侧壁能够更充分暴露病变,病灶清除彻底;上鼓室外侧壁软骨封闭重建可有效防止回缩袋的形成,避免胆脂瘤复发。     

上鼓室进路并外耳道及鼓室成形术的临床分析

目的:观察上鼓室切开结合外耳道和鼓室成形术治疗主要局限于上鼓室胆脂瘤的临床疗效。方法:采用上鼓室进路治疗31例病灶主要限于上鼓室的胆脂瘤患者,并于清除病灶后,用耳屏或耳甲腔软骨/软骨膜行外耳道成形和鼓室成形术,重建上鼓室外侧壁和恢复传音结构。结果:经上鼓室外侧壁重建和鼓室成形术后,除2耳鼓室硬化者外,余听力都有提高或保持正常状态,仅有1例出现鼓膜穿孔,31例均未发现囊袋状内陷或胆脂瘤再发。结论:上鼓室切开进路,I期用软骨/软骨膜行外耳道成形和鼓室成形术,较好地恢复了外耳道及中耳结构形态和功能,对治疗局限于上鼓室的胆脂瘤和防止复发的效果好。     

中耳胆脂瘤行乳突根治术中保留外耳道后壁完整性的意义

目的 探讨中耳胆脂瘤行乳突根治术中保留外耳道后壁完整性的临床意义及技巧.方法 2016年1月～2019年1月对140例(140耳)中耳胆脂瘤患者行乳突根治术,术中切除上鼓室盾板及开放上鼓室,清除病灶后行全人工听小骨或部分听小骨听骨链重建,耳屏软骨-软骨膜修补鼓膜,以耳屏软骨及骨片重建上鼓室外侧壁及外耳道后壁,保持外耳道...     

上鼓室外侧壁软骨重建技术在乳突根治鼓室成形术中的应用

目的：评价上鼓室外侧壁软骨重建技术应用于中耳胆脂瘤手术的远期疗效。方法回顾分析2010年2月～2012年7月57例（57耳）中耳胆脂瘤行乳突根治鼓室成形术并行上鼓室外侧壁软骨重建患者的临床资料,随访6～24个月,观察并分析术后干耳率及患者听力提高情况。结果所有患者均获得干耳,鼓膜愈合良好,干耳时间1～2个月,无一例复发。术前言语频率平均气骨导差41．2±15．8 dB,术后为17．0±12．4 dB,较术前明显缩小（P＜0．01）,其中术后言语频率平均气骨导差缩小15 dB 以上52例（52耳）,有效率91．23％。结论上鼓室外侧壁软骨重建技术在根除病灶的基础上有助于保存或提高患者的听力。     

正常听力新生儿低频探测音鼓室导抗测试特点

目的:探讨瞬态诱发耳声发射(TEOAE)听力筛查通过的正常新生儿(2～7 d龄)低频(226 Hz)探测音鼓室导抗图的特点,获得外耳道容积,峰声导纳值等指标的特征.方法:采用AccuScreen Pro型TEOAE听力筛查仪对135名新生儿进行筛查;然后,采用GSI-33型中耳分析仪对首次双耳通过TEOAE听力筛查的新生儿进行低频探测音下的鼓室导抗测试,并获取鼓室导抗图、声导纳值和外耳道容积等相关数据.结果:135名新生儿中有105名新生儿首次双耳通过TEOAE听力筛查;在测得的鼓室导抗图中,双峰型202耳(占96.19%),单峰型8耳(占3.81%).双峰型鼓室导抗图第一峰的声导纳值为(0.91±0.18)mmho,峰声导纳值处外耳道压力为(18.02±12.26)daPa;第二峰的声导纳值为(1.05±0.23)mmho,峰声导纳值处外耳道压力为(-35.05±16.80)daPa;两峰间最低点处声导纳值为(0.74±2.57)mmho,其对应的外耳道压力为(0.37±7.61)daPa;外耳道容积(0.50±0.08)ml.结论:听力筛查通过的新生儿低频探测音鼓室导抗图以双峰型为主,相应的峰声导纳值、峰声导纳值处外耳道压力、外耳道容积等指标的正常值为临床新生儿中耳功能的评估提供了参考依据.     

Rehabilitation of the tympanomastoid cavity in Canal Wall Down procedures

During 1980 to 2004, 1602 Canal Wall Down (CWD) procedures was performed of which 978 had primary surgery and 624 were revision cases. We have highlighted various methods for total clearance of disease process from the tympanomastoid area, making of a smooth cavity, augmentation of middle ear space for better functional results, inlay temporalis fascia grafting, ossiculoplasty with live tissue grafts, natural obliteration of the cavity and meatoplasty. Healing of cavity and tympanic membrane (TM) graft was achieved in 1548 (94.2%) of cases. Revision surgery was performed in 32 cases for recurrence or residual cholesteatoma, mostly in the attic and middle ear. Persisting discharge was present in 12 cases. Serviceable hearing (airbone (A–B) gap closure up to 20 dB) was achieved in 1017 (63.5%) cases. Hearing was worse than pre-operative level in 154 (9.6%) cases. There was no improvement in hearing in 397 (24.8%) cases. Serviceable hearing was obtained after second stage ossiculoplasty in 34 (2%) cases.     

Lateral Wall Histopathology and Endocochlear Potential in the Noise-Damaged Mouse Cochlea

Noise exposure damages the stria and spiral ligament and may contribute to noise-induced threshold shift by altering the endocochlear potential (EP). The aim of this study was to correlate lateral wall histopathology with changes in EP and ABR thresholds. CBA/CaJ mice were exposed to octave band (8–16 kHz) noise for 2 h at intensities ranging from 94 to 116 dB SPL and evaluated 0 h to 8 weeks postexposure. EP in control mice averaged 86 and 101 mV in apical and basal turns, respectively. The 94 dB exposures caused a 40 dB temporary threshold shift (TTS), and there was with no corresponding change in EP. The 112 and 116 dB exposures caused >60 dB threshold shifts at 24 h, and EP was transiently decreased, e.g., to 21 and 27 mV in apical and basal turns after 116 dB. By 1 week postexposure, EP returned to control values in all exposure groups, although those exposed to 112 or 116 dB showed large permanent threshold shifts (PTS). Cochleas were plastic-embedded and serial-sectioned for light microscopic and ultrastructural analysis. Acute changes included degeneration of type II fibrocytes of the spiral ligament and strial edema. The strial swelling peaked at 24 h when significant EP recovery had taken place, suggesting that these changes reflect compensatory volume changes. In the chronic state, massive loss of type II fibrocytes and degeneration of strial intermediate and marginal cells was observed with drastic reduction in membrane surface area. The results suggest that EP shifts do not occur with TTS and also do not add significantly to PTS in the steady state. However, EP loss could contribute to acute threshold shifts that resolve to a PTS. EP recovery despite significant strial degeneration may be partly due to decreased transduction current caused by hair cell damage.     

canal wall reconstruction mastoidectomy

Objective To investigate the advantages of canal wall reconstruction(CWR) mastoidectomy, a single-stage technique for cholesteatoma removal and posterior external canal wall reconstruction, over the open and closed procedures in terms of cholesteatoma recurrence. Methods: Between June 2002 and December 2005, 38 patients (40 ears) with cholesteatoma were admited to Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital and received surgical treatments. Of these patients, 25 were male with ages ranging between 11 and 60 years(mean = 31.6 years) and 13 were female with ages ranging between 20 and 65 years (mean = 38.8 years). Canal wall reconstruction(CWR)mastoidectomy was performed in 31 ears and canal wall down(CWD) mastoidectomy in 9 ears. Concha cartilage was used for ear canal wall reconstruction in 22 of the 31 CWR procedures and cortical mastoid bone was used in the remaining 9 cases. Results At 0.5 to 4 years follow up, all but one patients remained free of signs of cholesteatoma recurrence, i.e., no retraction pocket or cholesteatoma matrix. One patient, a smoker, needed revision surgery due to cholesteatoma recurrence 1.5 year after the initial operation. The recurrence rate was therefore 3.2% (1/31). Cholesteatoma recurrence was monitored using postoperative CT scans whenever possible. In the case that needed a revision procedure, a retraction pocket was identified by otoendoscopy in the pars flacida area that eventually evolved into a cholesteatoma. A pocket extending to the epitympanum filled with cholesteatoma matrix was confirmed during the revision operation, A decision to perform a modified mastoidectomy was made as the patient refused to quit smoking. The mean air-bone gap in pure tone threshold was 45 dB before surgery and 25 dB after(p < 0.05). There was no difference between using concha cartilage and cortical mastoid bone for the reconstruction regarding air-bone gap improvement, CT findings and otoendoscopic results. Conclusion CWR mastoidectomy can be used for most patients with acquired middle ear cholesteatoma, including children. The CWR technique provides improved exposure of the middle ear, especially the anterior epitympanum, without creating a mastoid bowl and reduces the incidence of residual and recurrent disease, including cholesteatoma and otorrhea.     

Fontanelle and Uncinate Process in the Lateral Wall of the Human Nasal Cavity

Objectives: Although a complete anatomic knowledge of the fontanelle is a prerequisite to perform a surgical antrostomy opening, little is known about the boundary, shape, and size of the fontanelle. The purpose of this paper is to determine the best site for maintaining the patency of a surgical antrostomy opening by defining the anatomic boundaries, shape, and size of the fontanelle as well as its histological structure. Materials and Methods: One hundred sagittally divided heads were utilized. Mucosa overlying the lateral nasal wall was carefully removed with an operating microscope under 6× magnification. In some cases, a double mucous membrane, including the posteroinferior portion of the uncinate process, was cut as a whole and embedded in paraffin. The sections were stained with H&E. Results: The boundary of the fontanelle and the location of the natural ostium were described in detail. Eight patterns of the posteroinferior portion of the uncinate process were observed. There were three major fontanelle shapes when observed from the medial aspect to the lateral: triangular, pencil‐like, and oval. The triangular type was the most common. The anterior portion of the fontanelle was shorter than the posterior when observed medially and was wider than the posterior portion when observed inferiorly. Conclusions: The anterior portion of the fontanelle is more prone to stenosis than the posterior portion. An antrostomy in the posterior fontanelle may be more ideal for a middle meatal antrostomy of the maxillary sinus.     

蝶窦外侧壁的应用解剖

６３侧尸头解剖测量结果表明，蝶窦外侧壁上颈内动脉骨性隆起可分为①鞍前段，其长度、骨质厚度及至中线距离的均值分别为６．８、１．０、６．２ｍｍ；②鞍下段，其长度、骨质厚度及至中线距离的均值分别为６．６、１．０、５．０ｍｍ；③鞍后段，其长度、骨质厚度及至中线距离的均值分别为６．６、１．８及７．１ｍｍ。视神经管隆起的长度，骨质厚度及至中线距离的均值分别为４．８、１．０、５．５ｍｍ。上颌神经隆起的长度，骨质厚度及至中线距离的均值分别为５．３、１．２、８．５ｍｍ。     

Three-Dimensional Distribution of Cochlear Macrophages in the Lateral Wall of Cleared Cochlea

Objectives Resident macrophages are well known to be present in the cochlea, but the exact patterns thereof in spiral ligaments have not been discussed in previous studies. We sought to document the distribution of macrophages in intact cochleae using three-dimensional imaging.Methods Cochleae were obtained from C-X3-C motif chemokine receptor 1^+/GFP mice, and organ clearing was performed. Three-dimensional images of cleared intact cochleae were reconstructed using two-photon microscopy. The locations of individual macrophages were investigated using 100-μm stacked images to reduce bias. Cochlear inflammation was then induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inoculation into the middle ear through the tympanic membrane. Four days after inoculation, three-dimensional images were obtained.Results Macrophages were scarce in areas adjacent to the stria vascularis, particularly the area just beneath it even though many have suspected macrophages to be abundant in this area. This finding remained consistent upon LPS-induced cochlear inflammation, despite a significant increase in the number of macrophages, compared to non-treated cochlea.Conclusion Resident macrophages in spiral ligaments are scarce in areas adjacent to the stria vascularis.     

Hearing Outcomes According to the Types of Mastoidectomy: A Comparison between Canal Wall Up and Canal Wall Down Mastoidectomy

Objectives

The aim of this study was to compare the hearing outcomes between canal wall up mastoidectmy (CWUM) and canal wall down mastoidectmy (CWDM).

Methods

One hundred seventy one chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) patients were enrolled in this retrospective study. The patients who underwent the second staged ossiculoplasty at least 6 months after mastoidectomy and who had an intact, well aerated tympanic cavity as well as intact mobile stapes at the time of operation were selected from the medical record. Based on the type of mastoid surgery, the patients were categorized into two groups: the CWUM (n=38) and CWDM groups (n=133). The hearing results of the CWUM and CWDM groups were compared using the pre- and post-operative air-bone gap (ABG) at 3 months after ossiculoplasty.

Results

The preoperative ABG in both groups (CWUM and CWDM) were 28.4±15.6 dB and 31.8±14.5 dB, respectively (P=0.18). Both groups didn''t show any significant difference (10.9 dB vs. 13.5 dB, respectively) (P=0.21) for the postoperative ABG closure. The proportion of patients with an ABG less than 20 dB was 58.6% of the CWDM patients and 68.4% of the CWUM patients (P=0.25).

Conclusion

The type of mastoid surgery (CWUM and CWDM) did not affect the hearing results of CSOM patients. When choosing the type of mastoidectomy procedure for CSOM surgery, the hearing outcomes are basically the same for both types of procedure.