一种新的六电极人体阻抗测量方法

目前的阻抗分段测量方法是人体成分测量比较精确的办法,但这种测量方法比较复杂,费时较长而且电极费用较高。新方法只需人站在脚踏板上,双手抓住手握架,解决了上述问题,对二十四个人采用同一台阻抗测量仪用新方法与旧方法进行对比实验,结果一致性很好。     

一种新的人体成分分析分段模型——检测系统设计及初步实验

目的针对全身阻抗测量方法和传统分段阻抗测量法存在的问题,优化生物电阻抗人体成分分析（BIA）的分段模型,研制基于新模型的测量系统,进行初步实验。方法分析人体胸部和腹部对脂肪测量的不同影响,提出新的躯干细分模型;对新模型进行理论分析,构建基于躯干细分模型BIA系统,进行多层螺旋CT（MSCT）法与新方法的人体成分测量对照实验。结果以人体躯干部分为检测重点,基于躯干细分模型的BIA法能有效区分躯干上段和下段的阻抗值,从而得到人体的胸部和腹部脂肪含量。2种方法的对照试验结果显示出良好的相关性。结论基于躯干细分模型的新方法,弥补了全身和传统5段分段法的缺陷,是对传统人体成分分析方法的有效改进,更符合临床上人体成分测量的要求和目标,更具生理学意义。     

水下称重系统的研制

本文自行研制一种新的人体脂肪测量系统（水下称重系统）。该系统用于测量人体的体表体积,精度为100毫升,人体的残余肺活量,需另行测量,该系统可作为人体脂肪测量的定标系统。     

便携式生物阻抗相位角测量仪

目的设计一台便携式的生物阻抗相位角测量系统,用于分析人体各身体成分及营养状况。方法为提高测量仪精度和数据分析能力,采用八电极分段阻抗测量方法,通过计算即可得到身体分段的阻抗。采用TI公司生产的AFE4300高集成度前端方案,以为提高便携性和测量精度。该测量仪主要分为6个部分,分别是AEF4300芯片集成前端、STM32单片机电路、有机发光二极管(organic lightemitting diode,OLED)显示器、电池及电源电路、USB数据传输电路及Flash数据存储器。其中,AFE4300集成前端实现电极的驱动与测量、ADC转换和IQ解调等功能; STM32单片机用于控制整个测量仪;OLED显示器进行数据显示;电池及电源电路通过低压差线性稳压器(low dropout regulator,LDO)技术实现并采用锂电池供电; USB数据传输电路实现数据的上传和锂电池的充电功能; Flash数据存储器用于存储测量数据和校准数据。结果通过对人体阻抗RC三元件模型的测量验证,该测量仪在阻抗模测量和相位角测量方面的误差分别低于2%和4%。通过对志愿者实测,测量时间约为30 s,符合相关文献数据。结论该测量仪的精度和测量速率都可以满足实用化要求,具有一定的市场价值。     

一个临床应用的实时电阻抗断层成像系统的设计与初步结果

一个临床应用的实时电阻抗断层成像系统的设计与初步结果１引言电阻抗断层显像（ＥＩＴ）是通过对导电区域表面电阻抗进行测量形成的二维电阻抗分布的图像。阻抗测量是通过贴附于人体的一组电极，并采用一系列的二电极、四电极测量方法进行的，接着使用一种图像重建的算法...     

人体组织阻抗的无创伤测量

本文讨论应用多电极生物阻抗测量仪对人体肢体和皮肤阻抗进行无创伤测量的原理和计算方法，并澄清了目前国内医学文献及教材中有关生物组织阻抗测量中存在的一些问题。     

人体红血球阻抗谱仪:系统定标和非线性模型〔英〕

人体红血球阻抗谱仪：系统定标和非线性模型〔英〕／ＪｉａｎＺＢ／／ＩＥＥＥＴｒａｎｓＢＭＥ．－１９９３，４０（４）．－３６４本文详细描述了人体红细胞的阻抗测量方法和实现技术以及对四电极阻抗测量系统进行准确定标的方法。该定标方法能在１Ｈｚ～１０ＭＨｚ的频...     

基于EIT不同面积银导电布电极的试验研究

目的研究不同面积的电极对电阻抗成像的影响,选择一种最适合电阻抗成像的电极。方法使用不同面积的电极对人体进行电阻抗成像测量,通过对测得数据进行统计分析,来选择最适合人体电阻抗成像的电极。结果使用1.5cm×5cm的电极所测得的信号强于其他面积的电极,并且信号的标准差比其他电极小。结论通过试验,初步确定了基于EIT电极的最优面积,为整个EIT电极系统的研究做了必要的前提准备。     

阻抗成像技术状况的评价

阻抗成像技术状况的评价电阻抗断层图像技术（ＥＩＴ：ＥｌｅｃｔｒｉｃａｌＩｍｐｅｄａｎｃｅＴｏｍｏｇｒａｐｈｙ）或阻抗成像（ＩｍｐｅｄａｎｃｅＩｍａｇｉｎｇ）利用人体组织的电特性而形成人体内部的图像。它通过体表电极向人体送入一交流电流，测量其产生的电压...     

主动固定电极在右室流出道间隔部起搏的临床研究

目的 评价主动固定电极在右室流出道间隔部起搏应用中的可行性和稳定性。方法 64例患者随机分为两组，每组32例，一组采用主动固定电极行右室流出道间隔部起搏。另一组应用被动电极行右室心尖部起搏，观察电极置人时X线曝光时间和心电图QRS波宽度，电极置人后随访观察起搏阈值、感知、阻抗．电极脱位及相关并发症。结果 主动固定电极组的X线曝光时间均长于被动固定电极（18．76±4．35 vs 9．03±3．23．P〈0．01），主动固定电极组的QRS波时限较被动固定电极组短（0．13±0．03 vs 0．16±0．04，P〈0．01）。术后随访1月两组间的起搏阈值、感知、阻抗均无差异，主动固定电极组未见电极脱位等并发症。结论 主动固定电极在右室流出道间隔部起搏中的应用是可行和稳定的。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.