凋亡抑制基因Survivin siRNA真核表达载体的构建

目的构建靶向survivin siRNA真核表达载体,通过RNA干扰技术阻断survivin基因表达。方法针对目的基因survivin序列设计双链DNA(dsDNA),采用DNA重组技术与载体连接,转化感受态细胞经诱导表达筛选阳性克隆子。结果重组质粒经酶切、测序鉴定,证实插入载体目的基因片段大小与插入方向正确,符合其物理图谱。结论靶向survivin siRNA真核表达载体可用于转染肿瘤细胞,阻断survivin基因表达并诱导细胞凋亡的RNAi实验研究,为肿瘤的基因治疗提供一种新的方法。     

靶向人血管紧张素原小干扰RNA表达质粒的构建和鉴定

背景:RNA干扰技术通过将具有一定结构特点、长19～25 bp的双链小干扰RNA导入哺乳动物细胞,特异性降解与其序列具有同源性的mRNA分子,导致目的基因表达抑制.目的:拟构建针对人血管紧张素原mRNA的小干扰RNA表达载体,从而抑制肾素基因在脂肪细胞的表达.方法:从NCBI中查找人血管紧张素原基因全长mRNA序列(NM000029),利用GeneScript公司提供的在线小干扰RNA模板序列设计软件,自行设计靶向血管紧张素原的两条shRNA的DNA模板单链,合成靶向血管紧张素原基因转录可形成茎环结构的寡聚核苷酸,退火后与酶切后的psiRNAT-U6.1/Neo质粒连接,在TOP10菌株中扩增,并测序鉴定.结果与结论:将含有血管紧张素原-mRNA目标序列19 bp的双链DNA插入片段,连接到pRNAT-U6.1/Neo质粒形成重组质粒.EcoR Ⅰ和Hind Ⅲ双酶切后,空载体得到351 bp小片段,而人重组质粒得到397 bp小片段,与预期相符.EcoRI和Kpv Ⅰ双酶切后,空载体得到1条345 bp小片段,而人重组载体没有得到小片段条带,与预期相符.测序结果表明psiRNAT-U6.1/Neo质粒已经插入人脂肪细胞的干扰合成片段,无碱基突变,成功构建了靶向血管紧张素原-小干扰RNA表达载体.     

WT1基因干扰质粒的构建

目的构建WT1(Wilms’tumor susceptibility gene,WT1)基因siRNA(small interference RNA,siRNA)载体, 为进一步探讨WT1的生物学功能奠定基础。方法根据针对WT1 mRNA的有效的siRNA序列,设计合成两条shRNA(small hair RNA,shRNA)的DNA模板单链,同时模板链两端分别设计不同的两个限制酶切位点。退火形成siRNA载体插入片断。用限制性内切酶将siRNA空载体线性化,T4连接酶将插入片断插入siRNA空质粒中。结果经酶切、PCR及测序鉴定确定构建成功。结论成功构建了WT1的干扰质粒,可对其生物学行为作进一步研究。     

核糖核酸干扰沉默survivin基因对A549细胞增殖及顺铂敏感性的影响

目的：利用核糖核酸干扰（RNA interference,RNAi）技术沉默抗凋亡基因survivin,观察其对人肺腺癌细胞A549增殖以及顺铂药物敏感性的影响。方法：将靶向survivin的基因片段插入带有绿色荧光蛋白基因的载体后构建重组质粒,将其导入A549细胞,RT-PCR分析转染前后survivin mRNA的表达情况,免疫荧光及Western blot分析转染前后survivin蛋白的表达情况,TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡情况,MTT法检测转染后A549细胞对顺铂的敏感性变化。结果：成功构建pGenesil1。1-survivin重组质粒。与对照组相比,转染重组质粒后,survivin mRNA和蛋白的表达明显降低,抑制率分别为65%和71%;细胞凋亡率增加;转染前顺铂对A549细胞的IC50为转染后的7.68倍,两者比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：靶向survivin的RNA干扰表达载体能下调survivin基因表达,增强A549细胞对顺铂药物敏感性。     

构建survivin shRNA重组载体及靶向下调PC3细胞survivin mRNA的表达

背景：survivin基因特异性表达于肿瘤和胚胎组织,与肿瘤细胞的分化增殖、浸润转移以及多药耐药密切相关。目的：构建靶向survivin基因的shRNA重组质粒表达载体,转染前列腺癌细胞PC3,验证该载体能否下调细胞survivin基因mRNA水平。方法：以survivin基因为靶点设计具有短发夹结构的shRNA序列,经退火成互补双链后克隆入pENTR/U6建立重组表达载体pENTR/U6-SUR;转化E.coliTOP10菌株,挑取阳性菌落进行菌落PCR和测序鉴定;将重组质粒转染前列腺癌细胞株PC3细胞,RT-PCR检测重组质粒对细胞survivin基因mRNA水平的抑制效果。结果与结论：将设计合成的shRNA序列经退火后克隆至pENTR/U6载体中,菌落PCR可扩增出目的条带,测序结果证实插入片段为所需序列;pENTR/U6-SUR重组质粒转染后PC3细胞survivin基因mRNA表达水平显著下降,且24h比48h作用更明显。成功构建了靶向survivin基因的shRNA质粒表达载体,并证实该载体显著下调了PC3细胞中survivin基因mRNA水平。     

有效抑制T24细胞survivin表达的小RNA筛选及其载体构建

目的:筛选有效抑制T24细胞survivin表达的si RNA序列,并构建其质粒载体,为后续研究提供基础。方法:设计并合成针对survivin的si RNA,转染T24细胞。用RT-PCR方法测定干扰后细胞survivin mRNA表达,Western-blot方法测定干扰后survivin蛋白表达,比较其抑制率,筛选出有效抑制靶基因表达的si RNA,并构建相应的质粒载体(shRNA)。结果:si RNA转染T24细胞有较高的转染效率;②半定量RT-PCR:1号si RNA干扰T24细胞48h后survivin基因mRNA表达最低,有显著差异(P<0.05),抑制率70%左右。③Western-blot:1号si RNA干扰T24细胞72h后survivin蛋白表达最低,有显著差异(P<0.05),抑制率60%左右。④Western-blot方法测定T24细胞转染1号si RNA后连续7d survivin蛋白表达量变化:干扰后48~96h survivin蛋白表达量最低,有显著差异(P<0.05)。⑤以1号si RNA序列构建质粒载体并转染T24细胞成功,转染效率较高,质粒本身对细胞无毒无害。结论:所设计、合成的si RNA中,1号survivin-si RNA对T24细胞sur-vivin表达有明显抑制作用;②根据实验结果构建的质粒载体及其对照质粒可用于T24细胞转染,供进一步实验研究。     

RNA干扰沉默STAT3基因表达对膀胱癌细胞生长影响的实验研究

目的探讨应用RNA干扰技术沉默信号转导和转录激活因子3（STAT3）基因对膀胱癌T24及5637细胞的影响。方法针对STAT3 mRNA序列设计合成3对编码小干扰RNA（siRNA）的DNA模板，构建pGenesil-1-shRNASTAT3重组质粒，转染人膀胱癌T24及5637细胞。通过半定量RT-PCR、Western印迹检测STAT3基因不同水平的表达情况，采用四甲基偶氮唑盐（MTT）实验、流式细胞仪检测转染后细胞增殖及细胞周期的变化。结果成功构建pGenesil-1-shRNA—STAT3重组质粒，并成功转染T24及5637膀胱癌细胞；半定量RT-PCR、Western印迹检测结果显示，重组质粒实验组细胞的STAT3基因表达在RNA及蛋白水平上显著低于对照组（P〈0．05）；MTT实验、流式细胞仪检测结果显示，重组质粒实验组细胞的增殖明显受到抑制并出现凋亡现象。结论pGenesil-1-shRNA—STAT3转染T24及5637膀胱癌细胞后，可有效抑制STAT3的表达，并抑制膀胱癌细胞的生长及增殖。     

c-jun siRNA的构建及其对胃癌细胞株SGC7901中β3GnT8基因表达的影响

目的 构建c-jun干扰载体,有效沉默胃癌SGC7901细胞株中的c-jun基因表达,研究其对胃癌SGC7901细胞株中β3GnT8基因表达的影响.方法 ①利用互联网资源针对c-jun基因的靶序列设计合成四条siRNA,将四条siRNA插入到RNA干扰载体pGPU6/GFP/Neo中构建成四条干扰载体.②将构建好的c-jun siRNA载体质粒pGPU6/GFP/Neo-sic-jun-1949、pGPU6/GFP/Neo-sic-jun-1050、pGPU6/GFP/Neo-sic-jun-1111、pGPU6/GFP/Neo-sic-jun-1276通过阳离子脂质体将表达质粒分别转染SGC7901细胞,48h后荧光显微镜下观察不同浓度质粒的转染效率,通过RT-PCR法检测c-jun和β3GnT8基因mRNA的表达.结果 ①成功构建了四条正确的c-jun siRNA表达质粒;②成功筛选出一条对c-jun有明显抑制作用的siRNA干扰质粒,阻断c-jun表达后,糖基转移酶β3GnT8的表达受到明显抑制.结论 构建的c-jun siRNA表达质粒可以有效抑制胃癌SGC7901细胞株的c-jun基因表达,同时抑制糖基转移酶β3GnT8的表达,为研究胃癌的分子机制提供了一定的理论基础.     

RNA干扰缄默survivin基因对K562细胞生长的抑制作用

RNA干扰（RNAi）是一种转录后的基因缄默.它能触发某种转录后监控程序,导致特定mRNA单链的降解.我们利用RNAi技术,针对survivin基因的2个不同部位设计2对编码小干扰RNA（siRNA）的DNA模板,用基因重组的方法将其置于质粒pGCsilencer的U6启动子下,构建pGCsi-lencer-survivin siRNA重组质粒,转导人白血病K562细胞,以阻抑survivin基因的过度表达,诱导K562细胞凋亡.期望为肿瘤的基因治疗提供实验基础.     

siRNA抑制人膀胱癌T24细胞株VEGF 的表达及细胞增殖

目的探讨siRNA（small interfering RNA）对T24人膀胱癌细胞株VEGF基因表达的抑制及癌细胞增殖抑制和诱导凋亡作用。方法体外构建两个针对VEGF基因的siVEGF的重组质粒，转染124细胞；应用逆转录聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）测定VEGF基因的表达，并用MTT法和流式细胞仪检测siVEGF对细胞的增殖抑制率和凋亡的影响。结果构建的两个siVEGF重组质粒分别使VEGF基因表达下调到空白组的21．02％和30．13％；control siRNA组的VEGF基因表达与空白组无明显差异。转染siVEGF后T24细胞生长受到抑制，并发生细胞凋亡，凋亡率分别为45．5％和35．9％。结论siVEGF可以有效抑制124细胞株中VEGF的表达，从而抑制细胞增殖，并诱导细胞凋亡。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.